| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
 Qutub Minar | |
| Location | Mehrauli, India |
| Criteria | Cultural: v |
| Reference | 233 |
| Inscription | 1993 (17thSession) |
| Coordinates | 28°31′28″N77°11′08″E / 28.524382°N 77.185430°E /28.524382; 77.185430 |
  Qutb Minar complex Location of Qutb Minar complex in Delhi  Qutb Minar complex Qutb Minar complex (India) Show map of India | |
TheQutb Minar complex are monuments and buildings from theDelhi Sultanate atMehrauli inDelhi, India.[1] Construction of theQutub Minar "victory tower" in the complex, named after the religious figure Sufi Saint KhwajaQutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, was begun byQutb-ud-din Aibak, who later became the firstSultan of Delhi of theMamluk dynasty (Gulam Vansh). It was continued by his successorIltutmish (a.k.a.Altamash), and finally completed much later byFiroz Shah Tughlaq, aSultan of Delhi from theTughlaq dynasty (1320–1412) in 1368 AD. The Qubbat-ul-Islam Mosque (Dome of Islam), later corrupted into Quwwat-ul Islam,[2] stands next to the Qutb Minar.[3][4][5][6]
Many subsequent rulers, including theTughlaqs,Alauddin Khalji and theBritish added structures to the complex.[7] Apart from theQutb Minar and the Quwwat ul-Islam Mosque, other structures in the complex include theAlai Darwaza gate, the Alai Minar and theIron pillar.Inside the complex lie the tombs ofIltutmish,Alauddin Khalji and Imam Zamin.[4]
Today, the adjoining area spread over with a host of old monuments, includingBalban's tomb, has been developed by theArchaeological Survey of India (ASI) as theMehrauli Archaeological Park, andINTACH has restored some 40 monuments in the Park.[8] It is also the venue of the annual 'Qutub Festival', held in November–December, where artists, musicians and dancers perform over three days.[9]
The Alai Darwaza is a main gateway from the southern side of the qutub.[10] It was built by the secondKhaljiSultan of Delhi,Ala-ud-din Khalji in 1311 AD, who also added a court to the pillared to the eastern side. Thedomed gateway is decorated with redstone and inlaid white marble decorations, inscriptions inNaskh script, latticed stone screens and showcases the remarkable craftsmanship of the Turkish artisans who worked on it. This is the first building in India to employIslamic architecture principles in its construction and ornamentation.[4]
TheSlave dynasty did not employ trueIslamic architecture styles and usedfalse domes and false arches. This makes the Alai Darwaza, the earliest example of first true arches and true domes in India.[11] It is considered to be one of the most important buildings built in theDelhi sultanate period. With its pointed arches and spearhead of fringes, identified as lotus buds, it adds grace to the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque to which it served as an entrance.
TheQutb Minar is inspired by theMinaret of Jam in Afghanistan, it is an important example of earlyAfghan architecture, which later evolved intoIndo-Islamic Architecture. The Qutb Minar is 72.5 metres (239 ft) high, making it the tallest minaret in the world built of bricks.[12] It has five distinct storeys, each marked by a projecting balcony carried onmuqarnascorbel and tapers from a diameter 14.3 metres at the base to 2.7 metres at the top, which is 379 steps away. It is listed as aUNESCOWorld Heritage Site along with surrounding buildings and monuments.[13]
Built as a Victory Tower, to celebrate the victory ofMuhammad Ghori over theRajput king,Prithviraj Chauhan, in 1192 AD, by his then viceroy,Qutb-ud-din Aibak, later the first Sultan ofMamluk dynasty. Its construction also marked the beginning ofMuslim rule in India. It was built using red sandstone and marble.[14] Inscriptions record that 27 Hindu and Jain temples were torn down and used for its creation.[15] Even today the Qutb remains one of the most important "Towers of Victory" in the Islamic world. Aibak however, could only build the first storey, for this reason the lower storey is replete with eulogies toMuhammad Ghori.[16] The next three floors were added by his son-in-law and successor,Iltutmish. The minar was first struck by lightning in 1368 AD, which knocked off its top storey, after that it was replaced by the existing two floors byFiroz Shah Tughlaq, a laterSultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388, and faced with white marble and sandstone enhancing the distinctivevariegated look of the minar, as seen in lower three storeys. Thus the structure displays a marked variation in architectural styles fromAibak to that ofTughlaq dynasty.[17] The inside has intricate carvings of the verses from the Quran.
Theminar made with numerous superimposedflanged and cylindrical shafts in the interior, andfluted columns on the exterior, which have a 40 cm thickveneer of red and buff coloured sandstone; all surrounded by bands of intricate carving inKufic style ofIslamic calligraphy, giving the minar the appearance of bundled reeds.[18] It stands just outside the Quwwatul mosque, and an Arabic inscription suggests that it might have been built to serve as a place for themuezzin, to call the faithfuls fornamaz.[19][20] Also marking a progression in era, is the appearance of inscriptions in a bold and cursiveThuluth script of calligraphy on the Qutb Minar, distinguished by strokes that thicken on the top, as compared to Kufic in earlier part of the construction.[21]
Inscriptions also indicate further repairs by SultanSikander Lodi in 1503, when it was struck by lightning once again. In 1802, thecupola on the top was thrown down and the whole pillar was damaged by an earthquake. It was repaired by Major R. Smith of theRoyal Engineers who restored the Qutub Minar in 1823 replacing thecupola with a Bengali-stylechhatri which was later removed byGovernor General,Lord Hardinge in 1848, as it looked out of place, and now stands in the outer lawns of the complex, popularly known as Smith'sFolly.[3][19][22][23]
After an accident involving school children, entry to the Qutub Minar is closed to public since 1981, while Qutub archaeological area remains open for public.[24] In 2004, Seismic monitors were installed on the minar, which revealed in 2005 Delhi earthquake, no damage or substantial record of shakes. The reason for this has been cited as the use oflime mortar andrubble masonry which absorbs the tremors; it is also built on rocky soil, which further protects it during earthquakes.[22]
The Quwwat-ul-Islam (Arabic:قوة الإسلام,lit. 'Might of Islam') mosque, also known as theQutub Mosque or theGreat Mosque of Delhi, was commissioned byQutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of theMamluk orSlave dynasty and built usingspolia from 27 temples.[25] It was built near the site of a pre-demolished large temple located in the centre of a citadel.[26]
'The conqueror entered the city and its vicinity was freed from idols and idol-worship; and in the sanctuaries of the images of the gods, mosques were raised by the worshippers of the one God.'
— Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak's chronicler, Hasan Nizami, Taj-ul-Maasir[27]
It was the first mosque built in Delhi after the Islamic conquest of India and the oldest surviving example ofGhurids architecture inIndian subcontinent.[28] The construction of thisJami Masjid (congregational mosque), started in the year 1193 AD, when Aibak was the commander ofMuhammad Ghori'sgarrison that occupied Delhi. To leave the imprint of his religion to the new territory, Aibak decided to erect a mosque epitomising the might of Islam and chose his site, the heart of the captured Rajput citadel ofQila Rai Pithora.[27] TheQutub Minar was built simultaneously with the mosque but appears to be a stand-alone structure, built as the 'Minar of Jami Masjid', for themuezzin to performadhan, call for prayer, and also as aqutub, an Axis or Pole ofIslam.[29] It is reminiscent in style and design of theAdhai-din-ka Jhonpra or Ajmer mosque atAjmer, Rajasthan, also built by Aibak during the same time, also constructed by demolishing earlier temples and a Sanskrit school, at the site.[30]
Of the site selected by Aibak for the construction of a mosque,Ibn Battuta, the 14th century Arab traveller, says, before the taking of Delhi it had been aHindu temple, which the Hindus calledelbut-khana, but after that event it was used as a mosque'.[27]Archaeological Survey of India states that the mosque was raised over the remains of a temple and, in addition, it was also constructed from materials taken from other demolished temples, a fact recorded on the main eastern entrance.[27] According to aPersian inscription still on the inner eastern gateway, the mosque was built by the parts taken by destruction of twenty-sevenHindu temples[4][27][5][6]built previously during the reigns of theTomaras andPrithviraj Chauhan, and leaving certain parts of the temple outside the mosque proper.[31] Historical records compiled by Muslim historian Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai attest to the iconoclasm of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. This pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign.[32] Some medieval Muslim historians and travellers often ascribed the construction of the complex toMamluk SultanIltutmish, rather than to Qutb ud-Din Aibak as is commonly accepted.[33] Ibn Batuta also states that near the eastern gate of the mosque were two very big idols of copper connected together by stones. Every one who left the mosque treaded over them.[34]
The mosque is one of the earliest extant mosques in India. The original dimensions of the mosque had a courtyard measuring 43 m (141 ft) by 33 m (108 ft). The prayer hall, located on the west measures 45 m (148 ft) by 12 m (39 ft). The mosque has grey colonnades made of greystone with three bays in east and two bays deep on the north and the south. Extensions were made to the mosque during 1296 when its dimensions in north and south were extended by 35 m (115 ft). The famous iron pillar is located on the stone pavement in front of it, whileQutub Minar is located west of the main entrance. The central arch of the mosque is ogee in shape and is 6.5 m (21 ft) wide and 16 m (52 ft) tall. The side arches are smaller in size. The screen is sculpted with religious texts and floral patterns. Desai believes that the mosque was not constructed in scientific style but in Corbel style as indicated by the variations in the pattern of the arches.[35]
The mosque is built on a raised and paved courtyard, measuring 141 ft (43 m) × 105 ft (32 m), surrounded by pillaredcloisters added by Iltutmish between 1210 and 1220 AD. The stone screen between prayer hall and the courtyard, stood 16 mt at its highest was added in 1196 AD, the corbelled arches had Arabic inscriptions and motifs.[3] Entrances to the courtyard, also uses ornatemandap dome from temples, whose pillars are used extensively throughout the edifice, and in the sanctuary beyond the tall arched screens. What survives today of the sanctuary on the western side are the arched screens in between, which once led to a series of aisles with low-domed ceilings for worshippers.[28] Expansion of the mosque continued after the death of Qutb. Qutbuddin's successorIltutmish, extended the original prayer hall screen by three more arches. By the time of Iltutmish, the Mamluk empire had stabilised enough that the Sultan could replace most of his conscripted Hindu masons with Muslims. This explains why the arches added under Iltutmish are stylistically more Islamic than the ones erected under Qutb's rule, also because the material used was not from demolished temples. Some additions to the mosque were also done byAlauddin Khalji, including the Alai Darwaza, the formal entrance to the mosque in red sandstone and white marble, and a court to the east of the mosque in 1300 AD.[citation needed]
The mosque is in ruins today but indigenouscorbelled arches, floralmotifs, and geometric patterns can be seen among the Islamic architectural structures.[36] To the west of the Quwwat ul-Islam mosque is the tomb ofIltutmish which was built by the monarch in 1235.
The iron pillar is one of the world's foremost metallurgical curiosities. The pillar, 7.21-metre high and weighing more than six tonnes, was originally erected byChandragupta II Vikramaditya (375–414 AD) in front of a Vishnu Temple complex atUdayagiri around 402 AD, and later shifted byAnangpal in the 10th century CE from Udaygiri to its present location.Anangpal built a Vishnu Temple here and wanted this pillar to be a part of that temple.
The estimated weight of the decorative bell of the pillar is 646 kg while the main body weighs 5,865 kg, thus making the entire pillar weigh 6,511 kg.[37] The pillar bears an inscription inSanskrit inBrahmi script dating 4th century AD, which indicates that the pillar was set up as aVishnudhvaja, standard of god, on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra, believed to Chandragupta II. A deep socket on the top of this ornate capital suggests that probably an image ofGaruda was fixed into it, as common in such flagpoles.[38]
The tomb of theDelhi Sultanate ruler,Iltutmish, a secondSultan of Delhi (r. 1211–1236 AD), built 1235 CE, is also part of theQutb Minar Complex in Mehrauli, New Delhi. The central chamber is a 9 mt. sq. and hassquinches, suggesting the existence of a dome, which has since collapsed. The main cenotaph, in white marble, is placed on a raised platform in the centre of the chamber. The facade is known for its ornate carving, both at the entrance and the interior walls. The interior west wall has a prayer niche (mihrab) decorated with marble, and a rich amalgamation of Hindu motifs into Islamic architecture, such as bell-and-chain, tassel, lotus, diamond emblems.[3]
In 1914, during excavations by Archaeological Survey of India's (ASI)Gordon Sanderson, the grave chamber was discovered. From the north of the tomb 20 steps lead down to the actual burial vault.
The Tomb of Imam Zamin is a 16th-century tomb located in the Qutb Minar complex, Mehrauli, Delhi in India. It houses the tomb of Mohammad Ali (popularly known as Imam Zamin), an Islamic cleric who migrated from Turkestan to India during the reign of Sikandar Lodi. The tomb was built by Ali himself during the reign of Mughal emperor Humayun. This tomb has no relation with the other monuments of the complex.
At the back of the complex, southwest of the mosque, stands an L-shaped construction, consisting ofAlauddin Khilji's tomb dating ca 1316 AD, and amadrasa, anIslamic seminary built by him. Khalji was the secondSultan of Delhi fromKhalji dynasty, who ruled from 1296 to 1316 AD.[39]
The central room of the building, which has his tomb, has now lost its dome, though many rooms of the seminary or college are intact, and since been restored. There were two small chambers connected to the tomb by passages on either side. Fergusson in his book suggested the existence, to the west of the tomb, of seven rooms, two of which had domes and windows. The remains of the tomb building suggest that there was an open courtyard on the south and west sides of the tomb building, and that one room in the north served as an entrance.
It was the first example in India, of a tomb standing alongside amadrasa.[3] Nearby stands the Alai Minar, an ambitious tower, he started constructing to rival theQutb Minar, though he died when only its first storey was built and its construction abandoned thereafter. It now stands, north of the mosque.
The tomb is in a very dilapidated condition. It is believed that Ala-ud-din's body was brought to the complex from Siri and buried in front of the mosque, which formed part of the madrasa adjoining the tomb.Firoz Shah Tughluq, who undertook repairs of the tomb complex, mentioned a mosque within the madrasa.[40]
Alauddin Khalji started building theAlai Minar, after he had doubled the size of Quwwat ul-Islam mosque built before 1300AD. He conceived this tower to be two times higher thanQutb Minar in proportion with the enlarged mosque.[41] The construction was however abandoned, just after the completion of the 25-metre-high (82 ft) first-story core; soon after the death of Alauddin in 1316, and never taken up by his successors ofKhalji Dynasty. The first storey of the Alai Minar, a giantrubble masonry core, still stands today, which was evidently intended to be covered with dressed stone later on. Noted Sufi poet and saint of his times,Amir Khusro in his work,Tarikh-i-Alai, mentions Ala-ud-din's intentions to extend the mosque and also constructing another minar.[42]
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A short distance west of the enclosure, in Mehrauli village, is theTomb ofAdham Khan who, according to legend drove the beautiful Hindu singerRoopmati to suicide following the capture ofMandu in Madhya Pradesh. WhenMughal Emperor Jalaluddin Akbar became displeased with him due to allegations of corruption and political disagreements, Akbar personally struck him down and had him twice heaved off a terrace in theAgra Fort to ensure his death . Several archaeological monuments dot the Mehrauli Archaeological Park, including theBalban's tomb,Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb.
There are some Mughal summer palaces in the area: theZafar Mahal, theJahaz Mahal next to Hauz-i-Shamsi lake, and the tombs of the laterMughal emperors of India, inside a royal enclosure near thedargah shrine of Sufi saint,Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. Here an empty space between two of the tombs,sargah, was intended for the lastMughal emperor of India,Bahadur Shah Zafar who died in exile in Rangoon, Burma, in 1862, following his implication in theIndian Rebellion of 1857. Also standing nearby is theMoti Masjid mosque in white marble.
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Qutub Minar.
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