The name Qula is ofAramaic origins. it is first documented inCrusader form as: Chola or Cola.[8]
History
Crusader period
During the twelfth century theHospitallers established an administrative and collection centre in the village, comprising a tower and a vaulted structure.[9]
Ottoman period
In 1596, Qula was part of theOttoman Empire,nahiya (subdistrict) ofal-Ramla under theLiwa of Gaza, with a population 69Muslim households; an estimated population of 380. The villagers paid taxes on goats and beehives, and a press that was used for processing either olives or grapes, in addition of a fixed sum: a total of 6,650akçe.[10]
In 1870, the French explorerVictor Guérin noted: "This village, located on a rocky hill, obviously replaced a small town or ancient village. There is a large building now divided into several private dwellings, built either by the Muslims or by the Christians at the time of theCrusades, with cut stones removed from old buildings.
Besides, there is another construction, less extensive than the preceding one, but the lowercourses of which are formed with much larger blocks, either flattened or cut into bosses, still serving at present as a tower, or defense tower.
All the upper part is of a much more recent date. A smallmosque is similarly built with materials of which at least half seem ancient. At the door in particular of this sanctuary the feet are decorated with moldings that seem to be pointing to a time before the Muslim invasion. Finally, near the village, abirket, (a pond), 18 paces by 12 wide, is probably not the work of the Arabs. It is partly dug in the rock and partly constructed of large polygonal blocks coated with thick cement."[1]
An Ottoman village list from about the same year, 1870, showedKula with a population of 159, in 38 houses, though the population count included men, only.[12][13]
In 1882, thePEF'sSurvey of Western Palestine (SWP) the village of Qula was described as being situated on a slope at the edge of a plain; its historical relics dating back to medieval times.[14] The SWP also noted ancient remains.[15]
The villagemosque stood approximately 10m east of the Crusader tower. It comprised a large vaultediwan and a smaller room with an inscription above the entrance.[16]
British Mandate
During theBritish mandate period, the village expanded along the Ramle-Tulkarm highway. In the village center was the mosque, several small shops, and a school which had been founded in 1919. By the mid-1940s the school had 134 students.[17]
In the1945 statistics the population was 1,010, all Muslims,[3] while the total land area was 4,347dunams, according to an official land and population survey.[4] Of this, a total of 2,842dunums of land was used for cereals, 105 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[20] while 26 dunams were classified as built-up areas.[21]
Qula 1941 1:20,000Qula 1945 1:250,000
1948 Arab-Israeli War and aftermath
A memorial to the Alexandroni Brigade inGiv'at Ko'ah, Israel, lies near the former village of Qula.[22]
Fighting in the region took place between theIDF andArab Legion's forces duringOperation Dani during the "Ten Days" after the end of theFirst Truce in the 1948 War. The IDF'sAlexandroni Brigade had been sent to secure the area south of the Iraqi Army's zone of control, and fought over the village with the Arab League's First Brigade. The IDF captured the village for the last time on July 18, just before the start of theSecond Truce.[23] An IDF report stated that after capture of the village, the mutilated bodies of 19 members of the Alexandroni Brigade were discovered.[23] Most of the villagers fled during the war, leaving only a few, primarily elderly behind. In the late 1990s, researcher Abdel Jawad reported testimony from former villagers who stated that six women and one man who were left behind were shot or burned to death in their homes.[24]
The ruins of the town can be found in the Kula Forest in Israel.[25] In 1992, The Palestinian historianWalid Khalidi described the site: "A forest covers much of the village site. The rubble of crumbled houses and terraces lies among the trees, and cactuses and fig, mulberry, and eucalyptus trees grow there as well. The only remaining landmark is the school, on the west side of the site. The hilly parts of the surrounding land are used for grazing animals; the rest of the land is cultivated."[26]
^abGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p.30
^abGovernment of Palestine, Department of Statistics.Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p.68
^Morris, 2004 p.xviii, village 211. Also gives cause of depopulation.
^Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". inShomron studies. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 375
^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, p.297. Also quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p.408.
^“This village includes some well-built structures. There is a large building of small well-cut masonry of mediaeval appearance; the door on the south has a pointed arch and a tunnel vaulting. South of this is a square building, with walls 10 feet to 12 feet thick, and a staircase on one side leading to the roof ; the corner stones are large, drafted, and with a rustic boss; there are remains of a lofty doorway. This is called Burj Kuleh. There is a birkeh, about 20 feet square, and 6 feet or 8 feet deep, lined with good cement ; it is called Birket er Ribba. These remains have the appearance of Crusading work, and the name, Neby Yahyah, close by, points also to former Christian occupation of the place." In Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p.358
Pringle, R. D. (1986),The Red Tower (al-Burj al-Ahmar): Settlement in the Plain of Sharon at the Time of the Crusaders and Mamluks, A.D. 1099-1516, British School of Archeology in Jerusalem Monograph Series, No. 1, London. (Cited in Petersen, 2001)
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