Quetzaltenango Department Departmento de Quetzaltenango | |
|---|---|
Department | |
 Counterclockwise from top: Quetzaltenango Central Park, Fertile valley of Almolonga, Chicabal Lagoon, Santa Maria Volcano, Santiaguito Volcano & Quetzaltenango at night. | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Quetzaltenango | |
| Coordinates:14°50′45″N91°31′08″W / 14.84583°N 91.51889°W /14.84583; -91.51889 | |
| Country |  Guatemala |
| Capital | Quetzaltenango (Xelajú) |
| Municipalities | 24 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Departmental |
| • Governor | Dora Otilia Alcahé López[1] |
| Area | |
• Department | 1,951 km2 (753 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 2,333 m (7,654 ft) |
| Population (2018)[2] | |
• Department | 799,101 |
| • Density | 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 491,834 |
| • Ethnicities | KʼicheʼMamLadino |
| • Religions | Roman CatholicismEvangelicalismMaya |
| Time zone | UTC-6 |
| ISO 3166 code | GT-QZ |
Quetzaltenango is adepartment in the westernhighlands ofGuatemala. The capital is the city ofQuetzaltenango, the second largest city in Guatemala.[3] The department is divided up into 24municipalities. The inhabitants includeSpanish-speakingLadinos and theKʼicheʼ andMamMaya groups, both with their ownMaya language. The department consists of mountainous terrain, with its principal river being theSamalá River. the department isseismically active, suffering from both earthquakes and volcanic activity.
Prior to theSpanish conquest the territory included in the modern department formed a part of theKʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj. The kingdom was defeated by the Spanish underPedro de Alvarado in a number of decisive battles fought near the city of Quetzaltenango, then known as Xelaju. In the 19th century the territory of the modern department was included in the short-livedCentral American state of Los Altos. The department was created by decree in 1845, five years after the fledgling state was crushed byRafael Carrera.
The department has wide variations in local climate, due largely to marked differences in altitude in different areas. The year is divided into wet and dry seasons, with the wet season lasting from July to September and the dry season running from December to February. The wide climatic variation in the department allows for the production of a variety of agricultural products, including temperate fruits, vegetables and cereals in the highlands, as well as coffee on the lower slopes.
Quetzaltenango department has produced a number of high-profile Guatemalans, including several presidents as well as a number of musicians.
The department takes its name from the city of Quetzaltenango, which serves as the departmental capital.[4] Although the originalKʼicheʼ inhabitants knew the city by the nameXelaju, theNahuatl-speaking allies of the SpanishConquistadors named itQuetzaltenango in their own language, meaning "land of thequetzal birds".[5]
The territory that came to be included within the modern department of Quetzaltenango was the scene of several decisive battles in February 1524 between Spanish conquistadorPedro de Alvarado and theKʼicheʼ Kingdom of Qʼumarkaj. Pedro de Alvarado had initially advanced with his army along thePacific coast without opposition until they reached theSamalá River; this region formed a part of the Kʼicheʼ kingdom.[6] Alvarado then turned to head upriver into theSierra Madre mountains towards the Kʼicheʼ heartlands, crossing the pass into the fertile valley ofQuetzaltenango. On 12 February 1524 Alvarado's Mexican allies were ambushed in the pass and driven back by the Kʼicheʼ warriors but the Spanish cavalry charge that followed was a shock for the Kʼicheʼ who had never seen horses before. The cavalry scattered the Kʼicheʼ and the army crossed to the city of Xelaju, modern Quetzaltenango, to find it deserted by its inhabitants.[7] Although the common view is that the Kʼicheʼ princeTecun Uman died in the later battle nearOlintepeque, the Spanish accounts are clear that at least one and possibly two of the lords ofQʼumarkaj died in the fierce battles upon the initial approach to Quetzaltenango.[8] The death of Tecun Uman is said to have taken place in the battle of El Pinar,[9] and local tradition has his death taking place upon the Llanos de Urbina (Plains of Urbina), upon the approach to Quetzaltenango near the modern village ofCantel.[10] Pedro de Alvardo, in his 3rd letter to Hernán Cortés, describes the death of one of the four lords of Qʼumarkaj upon the approach to Quetzaltenango. The letter was dated 11 April 1524 and was written during his stay at Qʼumarkaj.[9] Almost a week later, on 18 February 1524,[11] a Kʼicheʼ army confronted the Spanish army in the Quetzaltenango valley where they were comprehensively defeated, with many Kʼicheʼ nobles among the dead.[12] Such were the numbers of Kʼicheʼ dead that Olintepeque was given the new nameXequiquel, roughly meaning "bathed in blood".[13] This battle exhausted the Kʼicheʼ militarily and they asked for peace and offered tribute, inviting Pedro de Alvarado into their capital Qʼumarkaj.[14]
On 2 February 1838, Quetzaltenango joined together with Huehuetenango, El Quiché, Retalhuleu, San Marcos, Sololá, Suchitepéquez and Totonicapán to form the short-livedCentral American state of Los Altos,[15] with the city of Quetzaltenango functioning as its capital.[16] The state was crushed in 1840 by generalRafael Carrera Turcios, at that time between periods in office asGuatemalan president.[17]
Quetzaltenango was declared a department by decree of the Asamblea Nacional Constituyente on 16 September 1845.[18][19]
In 1902 Quetzaltenango suffered a number of serious earthquakes.[20] An earthquake struck on 18 April 1902, with itsepicentre within the Santa María volcano.[21] This was followed by amajor eruption of the volcano from 24 to 26 October of the same year.[21] The volcano emitted a massive column of ash, provoking a fierce lightning storm.[21] The explosions emitted by the volcano were audible up to 160 kilometres (99 mi) away.[22] The government ofManuel Estrada Cabrera initially denied that the eruption had taken place in Guatemala, instead claiming that it had occurred in neighbouringMexico.[22] Although the eruption caused great loss of life in western Guatemala, the Guatemalan government downplayed its severity.[23]
The activity of the volcano continued until 1906, followed be a period of calm that lasted until 1922.[23] A new series of eruptions took place from 1922 through to 1929, and formed a new side crater, the Santiaguito volcano.[23] On the night of 11 November 1929, a lava flow descended from the volcano towards El Palmar, killing hundreds of people, setting fire to a number of mountainsides and burying coffee plantations under several metres of lava.[24]
The department of Quetzaltenango is situated in the westernhighlands of Guatemala and covers an area of approximately 1,951 square kilometres (753 sq mi),[25] approximately 1.8% of the total area of the Republic of Guatemala.[26] The department is bordered on the west by the department ofSan Marcos, by the departments ofRetalhuleu andSuchitepéquez to the south, byHuehuetenango Department to the north and by the departments ofTotonicapán andSololá to the east.[18]
The department is mountainous in nature and includes a wide range of altitudes, from 350 metres (1,150 ft) inGénova to 2,800 metres (9,200 ft) inSibilia.[27] The average altitude is 2,333 metres (7,654 ft) above mean sea level.[26] The principal mountains include the volcanoesCerro Quemado,Chicabal,Lacandon,Santa María,Santiaguito,Santo Tomás (also known as Picul) andSiete Orejas, as well as Zunil peak, often erroneously referred to as a volcano.[27][28] Cerro Quemado produces a number of thermal springs, several of which have been converted intobaths.[29] The area covered by the department is seismically active, with earthquakes measuring from 4.5 to 5.2 on theRichter scale.[26]
The broken terrain of the department includes a number of wide valleys, including those occupied by the city of Quetzaltenango and the towns of San Juan Ostuncalco and Concepción Chiquirichapa.[27] The varied terrain of the department also includes plains, canyons and high cliffs.[27]
The most important river in the department is theSamalá River, flowing through the municipalities ofCantel,El Palmar,San Carlos Sija,Quetzaltenango,San Juan Ostuncalco andZunil.[27] The river flows into Quetzaltenango department from the neighbouring department of Totonicapán and flows southwards into the department of Retalhuleu.[27]
Other notable rivers in the department include the Tumalá River in the municipality of Cajolá, the El Naranjo River in the municipality of San Carlos Sija, and the Las Palomas and Xocal Rivers in the municipality of Concepción Chiquirichapa.[29]
| Name | Height |
|---|---|
| Cerro Quemado | 3,197 metres (10,489 ft)[30] |
| Chicabal[27] | |
| Lacandon[27] | |
| Santa María | 3,772 metres (12,375 ft)[30] |
| Santiaguito | 2,500 metres (8,200 ft)[30] |
| Santo Tomás (Picul) | 3,505 metres (11,499 ft)[28] |
| Siete Orejas | 3,370 metres (11,060 ft)[30] |
| Name | Height |
|---|---|
| Zunil | 3,542 metres (11,621 ft)[28] |
The average temperature in the department of Quetzaltenango varies between 15 and 24 °C (59 and 75 °F), however there is wide variation due to the great difference in altitude in various parts of the department.[26] On the lower Pacific slopes the temperature can reach as high as 35 °C (95 °F), while temperatures as low as −7 °C (19 °F) have been recorded at higher altitudes.[26]
Average annual rainfall is 2,000 millimetres (79 in) in the municipality of Almolonga, and parts of the department at higher altitudes experience frost in the months from November through to March.[31] The municipality of Cantel receives an average annual rainfall that varies between 2,000 and 4,000 millimetres (79 and 157 in);[32] in Huitán it varies between 1,800 and 3,500 millimetres (71 and 138 in).[33]
The year is divided into wet and dry seasons, with most rain falling in July and September.[26] The driest months of the year are December through to February.[26] The department falls within two principalbiomes, classified assubtropical moist forest andtropical and subtropical coniferous forest.[34] The former is a lower altitude zone characterised bycorozo palms and conacaste (Enterolobium cyclocarpum).[34] The latter is higher altitude featuringpine,cypress andsycamore.[34]
The 2018 census recorded the department's population at 799,101 inhabitants.[2] The inhabitants are divided between three principal ethnicities;Ladino,Kʼicheʼ Maya andMam Maya.[35] Three languages are spoken in the department, broadly corresponding to the ethnic groups;Spanish,Kʼicheʼ andMam.[36] In 2004, 40.4% of the population was listed as non-indigenous (i.e. Ladino) and 59.6% as indigenous (mainly Kʼicheʼ and Mam).[36] In 1999, averagelife expectancy was calculated as 63.7 years.[37] In the same year, 63.7% of dwellings had electricity, 70.1% had drinking water and 92.5% had sanitation.[37]
Each municipality is known for its different traditional indigenous dress, with the exceptions of Coatepeque, Colomba, Flores Costa Cuca and San Carlos Sija, where traditional clothing is not worn by the indigenous inhabitants.[38] Thesetrajes are manufactured by the local inhabitants themselves.[38]
The wide climatic variation within the department resulting from differences in altitude gives rise to a diverse range of agricultural products.[39] These includeapples,beetroot,cabbages,carrots, high qualitycoffee,common beans,maize,onions,peaches,plums,potatoes,radishes,turnips andwheat.[39] Almolonga is the main producer of vegetables, both for the national market and for export, principally toMexico and countries inCentral America.[39][40] Salcajá is known for its production of a fruit liquor calledcaldo de frutas ("fruit wine").[39] Other products of the department include woolen textiles, cotton, silk, ceramics, alcoholic beverages and flour.[38]
Poorer high altitude areas of the department experience seasonal migration of workers to the Pacific lowlands in order to work on coffee,sugarcane andcotton plantations.[41]
| Municipality[18] | Principal agricultural products | Non-agricultural products |
|---|---|---|
| Almolonga | Vegetables, maize, common bean, pigs, sheep, cattle[40] | Textiles[40] |
| Cabricán | Vegetables, maize, common bean,broad bean, apples, wheat[42] | Limestone[43] |
| Cajolá | Maize, common bean, broad bean, wheat, pigs[44] | Textiles, bricks, pipes, pots, basins, shoes, ironwork, carpentry.[45] |
| Cantel | Maize, cabbage, onions, vegetables[46] | Textiles[46] |
| Coatepeque | Horses, cattle, coffee, maize, rice, sugarcane, cotton[47] | Minimal non-agricultural production[48] |
| Colomba | Coffee,cardamom,macadamia nuts, bananas, cattle[49] | Sandals[49] |
| Concepción Chiquirichapa | ||
| El Palmar | ||
| Flores Costa Cuca | ||
| Génova | ||
| Huitán | ||
| La Esperanza | ||
| Olintepeque | ||
| Palestina de Los Altos | ||
| Quetzaltenango | ||
| Salcajá | ||
| San Carlos Sija | ||
| San Francisco La Unión | ||
| San Juan Ostuncalco | ||
| San Martín Sacatepéquez | Maize, potatoes, vegetables[50] | Textiles, bricks, bread[51] |
| San Mateo | Potatoes, cauliflower, cabbage, carrots, cattle[52] | Bricks, textiles, kitchen griddles[52] |
| San Miguel Sigüilá | Maize, oats, wheat, potatoes, broad beans, peaches[53] | Textiles, bricks, tiles[53] |
| Sibilia | Maize, potatoes, wheat, oats, barley, pigs[54] | Bricks, carpentry, metalwork, bread[55] |
| Zunil | Vegetables, poultry, cattle, pigs[56] | Textiles, bread, metalwork[57] |
Quetzaltenango city is the main tourist hub for the department and is a centre for cultural tourism.[58] Most hotels are located in Quetzaltenango city and Coatepeque, with 495 registered hotels in 2006.[58] Quetzaltenango city is also a centre for tourists studying Spanish as a second language, with 35 Spanish schools in 2006.[58] Tourist attractions outside Quetzaltenango city include the thermal baths located around the Cerro Quemado volcano, including the thermal baths of Almolonga, Aguas Amargas ("Bitter Waters") and Fuentes Georginas, which has become a tourist attraction of some importance.[29]
In 2010, seasonal rains uncovered the small Kʼicheʼ archaeological site ofChojolom in the municipality of Cantel. It has been tentatively dated to thePostclassic Period (c. 950-1521 AD).[59]Cerro Quiac is another small site on a hilltop in Cantel municipality,[60] dated to the Early Postclassic period (c. 950-1200 AD).[61]
The departmental government is headed by the Governor of Quetzaltenango, who is appointed directly by the president of Guatemala. Aldo Herrera Scheel was appointed as departmental governor in 2024 by presidentBernardo Arévalo.
| Municipality[18] | Ethnicity[62] | Population[63][nb 1] | Festival | Altitude | Extent |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Almolonga | Kʼicheʼ | 13,880 | 29 June[64] | 2,251 metres (7,385 ft)[31] | 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi)[31] |
| Cabricán | Mam | 19,281 | 4th Friday ofLent[65] | 2,625 metres (8,612 ft)[66] | 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi)[67] |
| Cajolá | Mam | 9,868 | 3 May[36] | 2,510 metres (8,230 ft)[68] | 36 square kilometres (14 sq mi)[69] |
| Cantel | Kʼicheʼ | 30,888 | 12–17 August[70] | 2,370 metres (7,780 ft)[71] | 22 square kilometres (8.5 sq mi)[71] |
| Coatepeque | Mam | 94,186 | 12–18 March[72] | 497 metres (1,631 ft)[73] | 372 square kilometres (144 sq mi)[74] |
| Colomba | Mam | 38,746 | 14–16 January, 26 August[75] | 1,011 metres (3,317 ft)[75] | 212 square kilometres (82 sq mi)[76] |
| Concepción Chiquirichapa | Mam | 15,912 | 6–9 December[77] | 2,505 metres (8,219 ft)[78] | 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi)[78] |
| El Palmar | Kʼicheʼ | 22,917 | 23–25 July[79] | 850 metres (2,790 ft)[79] | 327 square kilometres (126 sq mi)[nb 2][79] |
| Flores Costa Cuca | Mam | 19,405 | 1st week of February[80] | 540 metres (1,770 ft)[81] | 63 square kilometres (24 sq mi)[81] |
| Génova | Mam | 30,531 | 8 December[82] | 375 metres (1,230 ft)[83] | 372 square kilometres (144 sq mi)[83] |
| Huitán | Mam | 9,769 | 25 December[33] | 2,438 metres (7,999 ft)[84] | 16 square kilometres (6.2 sq mi)[84] |
| La Esperanza | Mam | 14,497 | 28 April–5 May[85] | 2,465 metres (8,087 ft)[86] | 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi)[87] |
| Olintepeque | Kʼicheʼ | 22,544 | 24 June[36] | 2,438 metres (7,999 ft)[88] | 32 square kilometres (12 sq mi)[88] |
| Palestina de Los Altos | Mam | 11,682 | 1st Friday of Lent[89] | 2,620 metres (8,600 ft)[90] | 48 square kilometres (19 sq mi)[91] |
| Quetzaltenango | Ladino/Kʼicheʼ | 127,569 | 15 September[36] | 2,333 metres (7,654 ft)[92] | 120 square kilometres (46 sq mi)[19] |
| Salcajá | Ladino/Kʼicheʼ | 14,829 | 25 August[36] | 2,321 metres (7,615 ft)[93] | 12 square kilometres (4.6 sq mi)[93] |
| San Carlos Sija | Kʼicheʼ | 28,389 | 7–15 December[94] | 2,652 metres (8,701 ft)[95] | 148 square kilometres (57 sq mi)[95] |
| San Francisco La Unión | Kʼicheʼ | 7,403 | 12–18 January[96] | 2,770 metres (9,090 ft)[97] | 14 square kilometres (5.4 sq mi)[98] |
| San Juan Ostuncalco | Mam | 41,150 | 2 February[36] | 2,501 metres (8,205 ft)[99] | 109 square kilometres (42 sq mi)[100] |
| San Martín Sacatepéquez | Mam | 20,712 | 8–11 November[101] | 2,490 metres (8,170 ft)[102] | 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi)[101] |
| San Mateo | Kʼicheʼ | 4,982 | 10–22 September[103] | 2,497 metres (8,192 ft)[104] | 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi)[105] |
| San Miguel Sigüilá | Mam | 6,506 | 29 September[36] | 2,450 metres (8,040 ft)[106] | 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi)[107] |
| Sibilia | Kʼicheʼ | 7,796 | 15 January[36] | 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)[108] | 28 square kilometres (11 sq mi)[108] |
| Zunil | Kʼicheʼ | 11,274 | 25 November[109] | 2,076 metres (6,811 ft)[110] | 92 square kilometres (36 sq mi)[109] |
Formerpresidents of GuatemalaManuel Estrada Cabrera andJacobo Árbenz Guzmán were from the department of Quetzaltenango.[62] Manuel Estrada was born in the city of Quetzaltenango on 21 November 1857, Jacobo Árbenz was born in the same city on 14 September 1913.[111] Quetzaltenango Department also produced the musiciansJesús Castillo, writer of theQuiché Winak opera, and his brotherRicardo Castillo, as well as theclassical musician Mariano Valverde.[62] Another notable musician wasFrancisco "Paco" Pérez, who wrote theLuna de Xelajúwaltz.[112] Guatemalan historian Adrián Inés Chávez, who produced a Spanish translation of thePopul Vuh, was also from the department.[113]
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Capital:Quetzaltenango | ||
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