| Water oak | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Leaves and acorns | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Fagaceae |
| Genus: | Quercus |
| Subgenus: | Quercussubg. Quercus |
| Section: | Quercussect. Lobatae |
| Species: | Q. nigra |
| Binomial name | |
| Quercus nigra | |
 | |
| Natural range | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
List
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Quercus nigra, thewater oak, is anoak in thered oak group (Quercus sect.Lobatae), native to the eastern and south-centralUnited States, found in all the coastal states fromNew Jersey toTexas, and inland as far asOklahoma,Kentucky, and southernMissouri.[3] It occurs in lowlands and up to 450 meters (1,480 feet) in elevation.
Other names includespotted oak,duck oak,punk oak,orange oak, andpossum oak.
Quercus nigra is a medium-sizeddeciduoustree, growing up to 30 meters (98 feet) tall with a trunk up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter. Young trees have a smooth, brown bark that becomes gray-black with rough scaly ridges as the tree matures. Theleaves are alternate, simple and tardilydeciduous, remaining on the tree until mid-winter; they are 3–12 centimeters (1+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 inches) long and2–6 cm (3⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) broad, variable in shape, most commonly shaped like a spatula being broad and rounded at the top and narrow and wedged at the base. The margins vary, usually being smooth to shallowly lobed, with a bristle at the apex and lobe tips. The tree is easy to identify by the leaves, which have a lobe that looks as if a drop of water is hanging from the end of the leaf. The top of each leaf is a dull green to bluish green and the bottom is a paler bluish-green. On the bottom portion of the leaves, rusty colored hairs run along the veins. Theacorns are arranged singly or in pairs,10–14 millimeters (3⁄8–1⁄2 in) long and broad, with a shallow cupule; they mature about 18 months after pollination in autumn of the second year.[4]
Water oak serves the same ecological role asweeping willow and other wetland trees. It is adapted to wet,swampy areas, such as alongponds and stream banks, but can also tolerate well-drained sites and even heavy, compacted soils. It grows in sandy soils, red clays, and old fields to the borders ofswamps,streams, tobottomlands. Due to its ability to grow and reproduce quickly, the water oak is often the most abundant species in a stand of trees. The tree is relatively short-lived compared to other oaks and may live only 60 to 80 years. It does not compete well and does not tolerate even light shade.[citation needed] Water oak is frequently used to restore bottomlandhardwood forests on land that was previously cleared for agriculture or pine plantations. Minimum age for flowering and fruiting is 20 years and the tree produces heavy crops of acorns nearly every year. Water oak is not recommended as an ornamental due to being short-lived, disease-prone, and extremely messy.
Hybrids of water oak are known with southern red oak (Quercus falcata), bluejack oak (Quercus incana), turkey oak (Quercus laevis), blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica), willow oak (Quercus phellos), Shumard oak (Quercus shumardii), and black oak (Quercus velutina).
Water oak acorns are an important food forwhite-tailed deer,eastern gray squirrel,raccoon,wild turkey,mallard,wood duck, andbobwhite quail. In winter, deer will browse the buds and young twigs. This tree, like all Oak Species, is a Keystone Species. If free of pesticides, it supports multiple pollinators, including the larvae of the Imperial moth (Eacles imperialis), as well as numerous butterflies, including Banded hairstreak (Satyrium calanus), Edward's hairstreak (Satyrium edwardsii), Gray hairstreak (Strymon melinus), White-m hairstreak (Parrhasius malbum), Horace's duskywing (Erynnis horatius), and Juvenalis duskywing (Erynnis juvenalis).[5]
Water oak has been used for timber and forfuel by people in the southern states since the 17th century.[citation needed]
