TheQueen Anne style of British architecture refers to either theEnglish Baroque architecture of the time ofQueen Anne (who reigned from 1702 to 1714) or theBritish Queen Anne Revival form that became popular during the last quarter of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century.[1] In other English-speaking parts of the world,New World Queen Anne Revival architecture embodies entirely different styles.
With respect toBritish architecture, the term is mostly used for domestic buildings up to the size of amanor house, and usually designed elegantly but simply by local builders or architects rather than the grand palaces of noble magnates. The term is not often used for churches. Contrary to the American usage of the term, it is characterised by stronglybilateral symmetry, with anItalianate orPalladian-derivedpediment on the front formal elevation.
Colours were made to contrast with carefully chosen red brick for the walls, with details in a lighter stone that is often rather richly carved.Christopher Wren used this technique, which achieved a rich effect for a considerably lower cost than using stone as a facing throughout, in his rebuilding ofHampton Court Palace, commissioned byWilliam and Mary. Here, it harmonized well with the remaining Tudor parts of the palace. This highly visible example probably influenced many others.
The architectural historianMarcus Binney, writing inThe Times in 2006, describesPoulton House inPoulton, Wiltshire (built in 1706, during the reign of Queen Anne)[2][3] as "...Queen Anne at its most delightful". Binney lists what he describes as the typical features of the Queen Anne style:[4]
When using the revived "Queen Anne style" of the 19th and 20th centuries, the historical reference in the name should not be taken at all literally, as buildings said to be in the "Queen Anne style" in other parts of theEnglish-speaking world normally bear even less resemblance to English buildings of the early 18th century than those of any style ofrevival architecture to the original. In particular,Queen Anne style architecture in the United States is a wholly different style, as in Australia, and normally includes no elements typical of the actual architecture of Queen Anne's reign, the names being devised for marketing purposes.
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George Devey (1820–1886) and the better-knownNorman Shaw (1831–1912) popularized the Queen Anne style of British architecture of theindustrial age in the 1870s. Norman Shaw published a book of architectural sketches as early as 1858, and his evocative pen-and-ink drawings began to appear in trade journals and artistic magazines in the 1870s. American commercial builders quickly adopted the style.
Shaw's eclectic designs often includedTudor elements, and this "Old English" style also became popular in the United States, where it became known (inaccurately) as the Queen Anne style. Confusion between buildings constructed during the reign of Queen Anne and the "Queen Anne" style persists, especially in England.
British Victorian Queen Anne architecture empathises more closely with theArts and Crafts movement than its American counterpart. A good example isSeveralls Hospital in Colchester, Essex (1913–1997), which is now defunct.
The historical precedents of the architectural style were broad and several:
In the 20th century,Edwin Lutyens and others used an elegant version of the style, usually with red-brick walls contrasting with pale stone details.
In the United States, "Queen Anne" is used to describe a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non-Gothic Revival architecture) details and as an alternative both to the French-derivedSecond Empire and the less "domestic"Beaux-Arts architecture, is broadly applied to architecture, furniture, and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910; some "Queen Anne" architectural elements, such as the wraparound front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s. One example of a Queen Anne style home in the United States is theSlowe-Burrill House located in theBrookland neighborhood ofWashington D.C.[5][6]
The gabled and domestically scaled style arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of IndustrySidney V. Stratton, architect, 1878. Distinctive features of American Queen Anne architecture may include anasymmetricalfaçade; dominant front-facinggable, oftencantilevered beyond the plane of the wall below; overhangingeaves; round, square, orpolygonal tower(s); shaped andDutch gables; aporch covering part or all of the front façade, including the primary entrance area; a second-story porch or balconies;pedimented porches; differing wall textures, such as patterned wood shingles shaped into varying designs, including resembling fish scales,terra cotta tiles,relief panels, or wooden shingles over brickwork, etc.;dentils; classical columns; spindle work;oriel and bay windows; horizontal bands of leaded windows; monumental chimneys; paintedbalustrades; and wooden orslate roofs. Front gardens often had wooden fences.[7]
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In Australia the influence ofRichard Norman Shaw[8] contributed to the development of theFederation style, of which the heyday lasted from 1890 to 1915, and which is subdivided into twelve phases,Federation Queen Anne being one and the most popular style for houses built between 1890 and 1910.[9] The style often used Tudor-style woodwork and elaborate fretwork that replaced the Victorian taste for wrought iron. Verandahs were usually a feature, as were the image of the rising sun and Australian wildlife, plus circular windows, turrets, and towers with conical or pyramid-shaped roofs.
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The first Queen Anne house in Australia wasCaerleon in the suburb ofBellevue Hill,Sydney.[10] Caerleon was designed initially by a Sydney architect,Harry Kent, but was then substantially reworked in London byMaurice Adams.[11] This led to some controversy over who deserved the credit. The house was built in 1885 and was the precursor for the Federation Queen Anne house that was to become so popular. TheAPA Building in theMelbourne central business district was an example of the Queen Anne style being used for non-residential purposes. However, at some stage, the building may have been apartments. It was demolished in 1981 after the modernism boom in Melbourne took off – factors that sealed its demolition included rapacious development, lax heritage attitudes in Australian cities, and the owner's decision to argue for a demolition permit, which was granted.
Caerleon was followed soon after by West Maling, in the suburb ofPenshurst, New South Wales,[12] and Annesbury, in the suburb ofAshfield, both built circa 1888. Although built around the same time, these houses had distinct styles, West Maling displaying a robust Tudor influence that was not present in Annesbury. The style became increasingly popular, appealing predominantly to reasonably well-off people with an "Establishment" leaning.[13]
The style as it developed in Australia was highly eclectic, blending Queen Anne elements with various Australian influences. Old English characteristics like ribbed chimneys and gabled roofs were combined with Australian aspects like encircling verandahs, designed to keep the sun out. One outstanding example of this eclectic approach isUrrbrae House, in theAdelaide suburb ofUrrbrae, part of the Waite Institute. Another variation connected to the Federation Queen Anne style was theFederation Bungalow, featuring extended verandahs. This style generally incorporated familiar Queen Anne elements, but usually in simplified form.
Some prominent examples are:[14]
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