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Queen's Gambit Declined

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chess opening
Chess opening
Queen's Gambit Declined
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
b8 black knight
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
e8 black king
f8 black bishop
g8 black knight
h8 black rook
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
e6 black pawn
d5 black pawn
c4 white pawn
d4 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
e2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
d1 white queen
e1 white king
f1 white bishop
g1 white knight
h1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Moves1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6
ECOD30–D69
ParentQueen's Gambit
SynonymQGD

TheQueen's Gambit Declined (orQGD) is achess opening in which Black declines a pawn offered by White in theQueen's Gambit:

1.d4d5
2.c4e6

This is known as theOrthodox Line of the Queen's Gambit Declined.[1] When the "Queen's Gambit Declined" is mentioned, it is usually assumed to be referring to the Orthodox Line; see "Other second moves for Black" below for other moves.

The most common continuation is 3.Nc3 Nf6 (covered byECO codes D35–D69), after which White may continue with 4.Bg5, leading to thetraditional line, 4.cxd5, theExchange Variation, and 4.Nf3, theThree Knights Variation.

The Orthodox Line can be reached by a number of differentmove orders, such as 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 (avoiding theNimzo-Indian Defense) d5; 1.d4 e6 2.c4 d5; 1.c4 e6 2.Nc3 d5 3.d4; 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 e6 3.d4; and so on. Of the 34 games played in the1927 World Championship betweenAlexander Alekhine andJosé Raúl Capablanca, all except the first and third began with the Queen's Gambit Declined.[2]

This article usesalgebraic notation to describe chess moves.

General concepts

[edit]

Playing 2...e6 releases Black'sdark-squared bishop, while obstructing Black'slight-squared bishop. By declining White's temporarypawnsacrifice, Black erects a solid position; the pawns on d5 and e6 give Black a foothold in thecenter. The Queen's Gambit Declined has the reputation of being one of Black's most reliable defenses to 1.d4. In this situation, White will try to exploit the passivity of Black's light-squared bishop, and Black will try to release it, trade it, or prove that, while passive, the bishop has a useful defensive role.

An eventual ...dxc4 by Black will surrender the center to White, and Black will usually not do this unless Black can extract a concession, usually in the form of gaining atempo, by capturing on c4 only after White has played Bd3 first. In the Orthodox Line, the fight for the tempo revolves around White's efforts to play all other useful developing moves prior to playing Bd3. Black will often aim for the pawn break ...c5 in this opening, which often leads to one or the other side acceptingisolated orhanging pawns in exchange for dynamiccompensation.[3]

Traditional line: 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8h8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7e7f7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6d6e6 black pawnf6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5 white bishoph55
4a4b4c4 white pawnd4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3f3g3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Traditional line: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5

4.Bg5 was the most common move in the 20th century, although 4.cxd5 (theExchange Variation) has gradually become more common. Black's most common reply is 4...Be7, where play typically continues 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3, or White may opt for 5.Nf3 and 6.e3. It is also commonly reached by transposition from theThree Knights Variation.

If Black chooses to include 6...h6, this is considered the Neo-Orthodox Variation[4], which leads to theTartakower Variation,Lasker Variation, andAnti-Tartakower Variation; these variations are also commonly reached via 5...h6 6.Bh4 0-0 7.Nf3 (or 7.e3, if Nf3 was played earlier in the game), but 4...h6 is weak due to 5.Bxf6, where 5...gxf6 6.cxd5 exd5 gives Blackdoubledisolated pawns and 5...Qxf6 6.cxd5 exd5 7.Nxd5 loses a pawn. Omitting ...h6 is characteristic of the Classical Variation.

Classical Variation: 4...Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nf3 Nbd7

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8c8 black bishopd8 black queene8f8 black rookg8 black kingh88
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7 black knighte7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6d6e6 black pawnf6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5 white bishoph55
4a4b4c4 white pawnd4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3 white pawnf3 white knightg3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2f2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1h1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Classical Variation: 6.Nf3 Nbd7

The Classical Variation,[5] also known as the Orthodox Defense, most often continues 7.Rc1 c6, where White's most common move is then 8.Bd3. After 8...dxc4 9.Bxc4, Black has surrendered the center and stands somewhat cramped, but has succeeded in making White lose a tempo by playing Bd3 before Bxc4. White will try to use the advantage in space to attack, whereas Black will try to keep White at bay while striking back at the center. Capablanca's main idea here was the freeing maneuver 9...Nd5 10.Bxe7 Qxe7 11.0-0 Nxc3 12.Rxc3 e5 13.dxe5 Nxe5 14.Nxe5 Qxe5 15.f4 Qe7, which has led to a number of exchanges in the center, though Black must exercise care even in the wake of this simplification. This line was once so frequently played that it has a separate code (D69) inECO, though the lack of active counter play for Black has made the main line of the Orthodox a backwater in modern practice.[6]

White also often plays either 7.Qc2, the Rubinstein Variation, or 8.Qc2.

Tartakower Variation: 6...h6 7.Bh4 b6

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8f8 black rookg8 black kingh88
7a7 black pawnb7c7 black pawnd7e7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh77
6a6b6 black pawnc6d6e6 black pawnf6 black knightg6h6 black pawn6
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4c4 white pawnd4 white pawne4f4g4h4 white bishop4
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3 white pawnf3 white knightg3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2f2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1h1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Tartakower Variation: 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 b6

The Tartakower Variation[7] or Tartakower–Makogonov–Bondarevsky System (TMB system) is one of the most solid continuations for Black.

Lasker Variation: 6...h6 7.Bh4 Ne4

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8f8 black rookg8 black kingh88
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7e7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh77
6a6b6c6d6e6 black pawnf6g6h6 black pawn6
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4c4 white pawnd4 white pawne4 black knightf4g4h4 white bishop4
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3 white pawnf3 white knightg3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2f2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1h1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Lasker Variation: 6.Nf3 h6 7.Bh4 Ne4

The Lasker Variation[8], is also a solid line, often leading to the exchange of two sets of minor pieces. It was this line thatViswanathan Anand chose in the final game of theWorld Chess Championship 2010 in order to defeatVeselin Topalov and retain the world championship. The typical continuation is 8.Bxe7 Qxe7.

Anti-Tartakower Variation: 6...h6 7.Bxf6

[edit]

Also known as the Anti-Tartakower–Makogonov–Bondarevsky (Anti-TMB), this line was extensively tested in the Kasparov–Karpov matches in 1980s. To this day Black has no problems in this line despite being tested at the highest levels. More recently,Boris Gelfand defended the Black side of this variation in the 2011 candidates matches which eventually he went on to win. For example, in the third round of the final candidate match, he forced White to accept adraw in 14 moves with a very strong novelty.[9]

Cambridge Springs Defense: 4...Nbd7 5.e3 c6 6.Nf3 Qa5

[edit]
Main article:Cambridge Springs Defense

The Cambridge Springs Defense was introduced more than a century ago, and is still played. After 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5, 4...Nbd7 sets up theElephant Trap, but if White avoids it, the common continuation 5.e3 c6 6.Nf3 allows Black to play 6...Qa5, intending ...Bb4 and possibly ...Ne4, with pressure along the a5–e1 diagonal. This Black defense is popular among amateurs because there are several traps White can fall into, for example 7.Nd2 (one of the main lines, countering Black's pressure along the diagonal) 7...Bb4 8.Qc2 0-0 and here 9.Bd3?? loses since 9...dxc4! (threatening ...Qxg5) 10.Bxf6 cxd3! (azwischenzug) 11.Qxd3 Nxf6 wins a piece for Black.

Exchange Variation: 4.cxd5

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8h8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7e7f7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6d6e6f6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5 white bishoph55
4a4b4c4d4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3f3g3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Exchange Variation, main line: 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5

After 4.cxd5, the usual continuation is 4...exd5 5.Bg5. White has a pawn majority in the center, but Black has a pawn majority on thequeenside. This pawn structure gives White the opportunity to either advance the center pawns by means of Nge2, f2–f3, followed by e2–e4, or play for aminority attack by means of the plan Rb1, followed by b2–b4–b5, then bxc6 in order to create a weak pawn at c6. While Black can play ...cxb5, or recapture on c6 with a piece, each of these possibilities is even less desirable than thebackward pawn in the open file. For Black, exchanging at d5 has released the light-squared bishop and opened the e-file, giving Black the use of e4 as a springboard for central andkingside play. While chances are balanced, Black is usually more or less forced to use the superior activity to launch a piece attack on White'sking, as the long-term chances in the QGD Exchange structure favor White. The following games are model games for White:

  • Central pawn advance: Carlsen–Jakovenko, Nanjing 2009[10]
  • Minority attack: Evans–Opsahl, Dubrovnik 1950[11]

Black's fifth move must respond to White's threat of 6.Bxf6 Qxf6 7.Nxd5, winning a pawn, or 6...gxf6, inflicting doubled isolated pawns. The most common replies, 5...c6 and 5...Be7, usually transpose to the same line. 5...Bb4+, 5...Nbd7, and 5...Be6 are notable alternatives. After 5...c6, the main line continues 6.e3 Be7 7.Bd3 Nbd7 8.Qc2 0-0 (or 8...Nh5), followed by either 9.Nf3 or 9.Nge2, and then, regardless of White's ninth move, 9...Re8 10.0-0 Nf8, followed by 11.h3 (for 9.Nf3) and 11.f3 (for 9.Nge2). The resulting two positions are also often reached by many other move orders (such as castling earlier). After this point, many different moves are common, with no clear main line.

Two possible deviations from the line include 6.Qc2, the Reshevsky Variation (although transposition back to the main line is common), and 6...Bf5, which often leads to anendgame after 7.Qf3 Bg6 8.Bxf6 Qxf6 9.Qxf6 gxf6. Another possibility is to play ...h6 at some point. The most common such line, also commonly reached by other move orders, is 5...c6 6.e3 h6 7.Bh4 Be7 8.Bd3 0-0 9.Nge2 Re8 10.0-0 Nbd7 11.Qc2. Although 11...Nf8, similarly to the lines without ...h6, is possible, 11...Nh5, 11...Ne4, and 11...a5 are more commonly played.

Black also has the option to play 4...Nxd5 instead of the more common 4...exd5, which most often ends up transposing to theSemi-Tarrasch Defense after 5.e4 Nxc3 6.bxc3 c5 7.Nf3, though White may play 7.Rb1 or 7.a3.

abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8c8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black rookf8 black knightg8 black kingh88
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7d7e7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6 black pawnd6e6f6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5 white bishoph55
4a4b4c4d4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3 white bishope3 white pawnf3 white knightg3h3 white pawn3
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white queend2e2f2 white pawng2 white pawnh22
1a1 white rookb1c1d1e1f1 white rookg1 white kingh11
abcdefgh
Main line with Nf3: 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5 c6 6.e3 Be7 7.Bd3 Nbd7 8.Qc2 0-0 9.Nf3 Re8 10.0-0 Nf8 11.h3
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8c8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black rookf8 black knightg8 black kingh88
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7d7e7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6 black pawnd6e6f6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5 white bishoph55
4a4b4c4d4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3 white bishope3 white pawnf3 white pawng3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white queend2e2 white knightf2g2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1e1f1 white rookg1 white kingh11
abcdefgh
Main line with Nge2: 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5 c6 6.e3 Be7 7.Bd3 Nbd7 8.Qc2 0-0 9.Nge2 Re8 10.0-0 Nf8 11.f3
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8c8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black rookf8g8 black kingh88
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7d7 black knighte7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh77
6a6b6c6 black pawnd6e6f6 black knightg6h6 black pawn6
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4c4d4 white pawne4f4g4h4 white bishop4
3a3b3c3 white knightd3 white bishope3 white pawnf3g3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2 white queend2e2 white knightf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1e1f1 white rookg1 white kingh11
abcdefgh
Main line with ...h6: 5.Bg5 c6 6.e3 h6 7.Bh4 Be7 8.Bd3 Nbd7 9.Nge2 0-0 10.0-0 Re8 11.Qc2
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8d8e8 black kingf8 black bishopg8h8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7d7e7f7 black pawng7h7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6 black pawnd6e6f6 black pawng6 black bishoph66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4c4d4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3 white pawnf3g3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2f2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1e1 white kingf1 white bishopg1 white knighth1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Endgame line: 5.Bg5 c6 6.e3 Bf5 7.Qf3 Bg6 8.Bxf6 Qxf6 9.Qxf6 gxf6

Three Knights Variation: 4.Nf3

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8 black bishopg8h8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7e7f7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6d6e6 black pawnf6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4c4 white pawnd4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3f3 white knightg3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1h1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Three Knights Variation: 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3

The Three Knights Variation of the QGD is more often reached from the move order 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 d5 4.Nc3, played to avoid theNimzo-Indian Defense (from White's point of view) and theExchange Variation of the QGD (from Black's point of view). Black has a few options in response. After 4...Be7, 5.Bg5 transposes to thetraditional line of the Queen's Gambit Declined, but White can avoid this, most notably with 5.Bf4.

Ragozin Variation: 4...Bb4

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8g8h8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7e7f7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6d6e6 black pawnf6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4 black bishopc4 white pawnd4 white pawne4f4g4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3f3 white knightg3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1 white bishopd1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1h1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Ragozin Variation: 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 Bb4

The Ragozin Variation (ECO code D37–D39) occurs after Black plays 4...Bb4 in the Three Knights Variation. White has the main options of 5.Bg5, 5.cxd5, and 5.Qa4+, the Alekhine Variation, with the usual continuation 5...Nc6 6.e3 0-0 and then 7.Qc2 or 7.Bd2.

After 5.Bg5, Black has the options of 5...h6, 5...Nbd7, and 5...dxc4, transposing to theVienna Variation, with the common continuation 6.e4 c5 7.Bxc4 cxd4 8.Nxd4. After 5...h6, the usual continuation is 6.Bxf6 (6.Bh4 is well met by 6...dxc4) Qxf6 7.e3 (or 7.Qa4+ Nc6 8.e3 0-0) 0-0 8.Rc1 dxc4 9.Bxc4 c5 10.0-0 cxd4 11.Ne4 (or 11.Nxd4) Qe7. 5...Nbd7 most often continues 6.e3 c5, the Westphalian Variation, or the same moves after an exchange, 6.cxd5 exd5 7.e3 c5.

After 5.cxd5, the usual continuation is 5...exd5 6.Bg5 h6 7.Bh4 0-0 8.e3 Bf5. This avoids the potential transposition into the Vienna.

Semi-Slav Defense: 4...c6

[edit]
Main article:Semi-Slav Defense

TheSemi-Slav Defense occurs after Black plays 4...c6 in the Three Knights Variation.

Semi-Tarrasch Defense: 4...c5

[edit]
Main article:Semi-Tarrasch Defense

The Semi-Tarrasch Defense occurs after Black plays 4...c5 in the Three Knights Variation.

An important line in this variation is the Endgame Line where the game continues: 5.cxd5 cxd4 6.Qxd4 exd5 7.e4 dxe4 8.Qxd8+ Kxd8 where the queens get traded off in a similar fashion to the Endgame in theBerlin Defense, resulting in a drawish position.[12] This line has been played by top grandmasters such asWesley So,Anish Giri, andMagnus Carlsen aiming for a draw. There is also the Exchange Variation where the game continues 5.cxd5 Nxd5 6.e4 Nxc3 7.bxc3 cxd4 8.cxd4, which has been used by the likes ofDing Liren,Anish Giri,Vladimir Kramnik, andMagnus Carlsen.

Harrwitz Attack: 4...Be7 5.Bf4

[edit]
abcdefgh
8a8 black rookb8 black knightc8 black bishopd8 black queene8 black kingf8g8h8 black rook8
7a7 black pawnb7 black pawnc7 black pawnd7e7 black bishopf7 black pawng7 black pawnh7 black pawn7
6a6b6c6d6e6 black pawnf6 black knightg6h66
5a5b5c5d5 black pawne5f5g5h55
4a4b4c4 white pawnd4 white pawne4f4 white bishopg4h44
3a3b3c3 white knightd3e3f3 white knightg3h33
2a2 white pawnb2 white pawnc2d2e2 white pawnf2 white pawng2 white pawnh2 white pawn2
1a1 white rookb1c1d1 white queene1 white kingf1 white bishopg1h1 white rook1
abcdefgh
Harrwitz Attack: 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Nf3 Be7 5.Bf4

This variation is also a popular line. Placing the bishop on g5 allows Black to exchange more freely with moves like Nf6–e4, as seen in the Lasker Defense. The move Bf4 is designed to restrict Black's opportunities in this way, as well as reducing opportunities to gain thebishop pair.[13] Play usually continues with 5...0-0 6.e3 c5 7.dxc5 Bxc5.[14]Peter Leko, usually an e4 player, used this variation as White to beatVladimir Kramnik in their2004 World Championship Match.Bobby Fischer played the line ingame 14 of his1972 match againstBoris Spassky.

Vienna Variation: 4...dxc4

[edit]

The Vienna Variation occurs after Black plays 4...dxc4 in the Three Knights Variation. The main line of the Vienna continues as 5.e4 Bb4 6.Bg5. White's pawns or pieces occupy the central squares in exchange for long-term pawn structure weaknesses. An instance of Vienna Variation played at the highest level was Fine–Euwe, AVRO 1938.[15] The Quiet Variation of the Vienna Variation occurs after 5.e3.

Other third moves for Black

[edit]

After 3.Nc3, Black has several common alternatives to 3...Nf6:

  • 3...c5 (theTarrasch Defense). Striking back in the center early, it often leads to Black accepting anisolated d-pawn.
  • 3...Be7 (theAlatortsev Variation). Sometimes, this transposes to positions arising from 3...Nf6, and has the advantage, from Black's standpoint, of avoiding the main line of theExchange Variation arising after 3...Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5. In many cases, the game will simply transpose into thetraditional line after 4.Nf3 Nf6 5.Bg5, or, White can play 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bf4 c6 6.e3. The continuation 6...Bf5 7.g4 became a topical line after its adoption byMikhail Botvinnik in his 1963 title match withTigran Petrosian. 6.Qc2 is also popular. These exchange lines are more popular than transposing at top level.
  • 3...c6, usually signalling Black's intention to enter theNoteboom Variation after 4.Nf3 dxc4, or theSemi-Slav after 4...Nf6. White has alternatives to 4.Nf3 such as theMarshall Gambit 4.e4; or 4.e3 which may lead to theStonewall Dutch after ...f5 or transpose to the Semi-Slav.
  • 3...Bb4 (the Accelerated Ragozin[16]) intends to transpose to theRagozin Variation, although White has various options to avoid this transposition. For instance, one drawback with this move is that after the moves 4.a3 Bxc3+ 5.bxc3 Nf6 6.e3 it allows White to achieve thepawn structure seen in the gameBotvinnik–Capablanca, AVRO 1938, which is often considered somewhat advantageous for White.
  • 3...a6 (theJanowski Variation), which gained some interest in 2021 after being adopted by World Champion Magnus Carlsen. The move threatens ...dxc4 followed by ...b5, attempting to hold on to the pawn. For this reason, White usually plays cxd5 first.[17]

Other third moves for White

[edit]

White also commonly plays 3.Nf3, which usually transposes to theThree Knights Variation after 3...Nf6 4.Nc3 or to theCatalan Opening after 3...Nf6 4.g3. 3...Nf6 4.Bg5 usually transposes to thetraditional line after 4...Be7 5.Nc3 or 4...Be7 5.e3 0-0 6.Nc3. Black also may play 3...c6, an acceleratedSemi-Slav Defense; 3...c5, the Pseudo-Tarrasch Defense; 3...dxc4, transposing to theQueen's Gambit Accepted; or 3...a6.

Other third moves for White are rare:

  • 3.g3 usually transposes to theCatalan Opening after 3...Nf6, but gives Black the option of an independent line typically continuing 3...dxc4 4.Bg2 c5 5.Nf3 (or 4.Nf3 and 5.Bg2) Nc6 6.Qa4 cxd4 7.Nxd4 Qxd4 8.Bxc6+ Bd7 9.Be3 Bxc6 (or 9...Qd6) 10.Qxc6+ bxc6 (or 10...Qd7 11.Qxc4) 11.Bxd4 Bb4+.
  • 3.e3 is a quiet line where White's queen's bishop is kept inside White'spawn chain. Play may transpose to theSemi-Slav Defense.
  • 3.cxd5 is a rarely seen accelerated version of theExchange Variation. After the usual 3...exd5 4.Nc3, Black can transpose to the standard Exchange Variation with 4...Nf6, but 4...c6 is a common move that avoids transposing.

Other second moves for Black

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In its broadest sense, the Queen's Gambit Declined is any variation of the Queen's Gambit in which Black does not play ...dxc4; however, variations other than 2...e6 have their own names and are usually treated separately.[18] They include:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ChessOps – QGAM-03A
  2. ^"WCC Index [Alekhine–Capablanca 1927]".Chessgames.com. Retrieved2009-04-13.
  3. ^de Firmian, Nick (2008).Modern Chess Openings (15 ed.). Random House Puzzles & Games.ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7.OCLC 903510584.
  4. ^Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 270.Neo-orthodox Variation.
  5. ^Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 81.Classical Variation.
  6. ^De Firmian, Nick (1999).Modern Chess Openings (14th ed.). Random House.ISBN 0-8129-3084-3.
  7. ^Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 414.Tartakower Variation.
  8. ^Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 219.Lasker Variation.
  9. ^"Grischuk vs. Gelfand, Elista 2011".Chessgames.com.
  10. ^"Carlsen vs. Jakovenko, Nanjing 2009".Chessgames.com.
  11. ^"Evans vs. Opsahl, Dubrovnik 1950".Chessgames.com.
  12. ^Swapnil Dhopade,Semi-Tarrasch Endgame Line
  13. ^Sadler, Matthew (2000).Queen's Gambit Declined. London: Everyman Chess. p. 161.ISBN 1857442563.
  14. ^Janjgava, Lasha (2000).The Queen's Gambit & Catalan for Black. Gambit Publications Ltd. p. 24.ISBN 1901983374.
  15. ^"Fine vs. Euwe, AVRO 1938".Chessgames.com.
  16. ^Cornette, Matthieu (2017).The Complete Ragozin. Chess Evolution.ISBN 978-615-80713-0-7.
  17. ^WGM Sgîrcea, IM Castellanos (7 April 2022)."QGD Janowski Variation: Complete Guide".The Chess World. Retrieved11 July 2022.
  18. ^ChessOps The Queen's Gambit – Overview

Bibliography

Further reading

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