| Quechumaran | |
|---|---|
| (controversial) | |
| Geographic distribution | Andes |
| Linguistic classification | Proposedlanguage family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
Quechumaran orKechumaran is a language-family proposal that unitesQuechua andAymara. Quechuan languages, especially those of the south, share a large amount of vocabulary with Aymara. The hypothesis of the existence of Quechuamara was originally posted by linguist Norman McQuown in 1955.[1]Terrence Kaufman[2] finds the proposal reasonably convincing, butWillem Adelaar, aQuechua specialist, believes the similarities to be caused by borrowing during long-term contact.[3]Lyle Campbell suspects that the proposal is valid but does not consider it to have been conclusively proved.[4]
Moulianet al. (2015) posits thePuquina language of theTiwanaku Empire as a possible source for some of the shared vocabulary between Quechua, Aymara andMapuche.[5]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[6] also groups Quechuan and Aymaran together. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.
100-wordSwadesh lists of Proto-Aymaran and Proto-Quechuan fromCerrón (2000):[7]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Quechuan | Proto-Aymaran |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | I | *ya-qa | *na-ya |
| 2. | you | *qam | *huma |
| 3. | we | *ya-qa-nčik | *hiwa-sa |
| 4. | this | *kay | *aka |
| 5. | that | *čay | *uka |
| 6. | who? | *pi | *qači |
| 7. | what? | *ima | *qu |
| 8. | not | *mana | *hani |
| 9. | all | *λapa | *taqi |
| 10. | many | *ačka | *aλuqa |
| 11. | one | *ŝuk | *maya |
| 12. | two | *iŝkay | *paya |
| 13. | big | *hatu(n) | *haĉ’a |
| 14. | long | *suni | *suni |
| 15. | small | *učuk | *hisk’a |
| 16. | woman | *warmi | *marmi |
| 17. | man | *qari | *čača |
| 18. | person | *runa | *haqi |
| 19. | fish | *čaλwa | *čǎλwa |
| 20. | bird | *pisqu | *amač’i |
| 21. | dog | *aλqu | *anu(qa) |
| 22. | louse | *usa | *lap’a |
| 23. | tree | *maλki | *quqa |
| 24. | seed | *muhu | *atʰa |
| 25. | leaf | *rapra | *lapʰi |
| 26. | root | *sapʰi | *asu |
| 27. | bark | *qara | *siλp’i |
| 28. | skin | *qara | *lip’iči |
| 29. | flesh | *ayča | *hanči |
| 30. | blood | *yawar | *wila |
| 31. | bone | *tuλu | *ĉ’aka |
| 32. | grease | *wira | *lik’i |
| 33. | egg | *runtu / *ruru | *k’awna |
| 34. | horn | *waqra | *waqra |
| 35. | tail | *ĉupa | *wič’inkʰa |
| 36. | feather | *pʰuru | *pʰuyu |
| 37. | hair | *aqča / *čukča | *nik’uĉa |
| 38. | head | *uma | *p’iqi |
| 39. | ear | *rinri | *hinču |
| 40. | eye | *ñawi | *nawra |
| 41. | nose | *sinqa | *nasa |
| 42. | mouth | *simi | *laka |
| 43. | tooth | *kiru | *laka ĉ’akʰa |
| 44. | tongue | *qaλu | *laqra |
| 45. | claw | *ŝiλu | *šiλu |
| 46. | foot | *ĉaki | *kayu |
| 47. | knee | *qunqur | *qhunquru |
| 48. | hand | *maki | *ampara |
| 49. | belly | *paĉa / *wiksa | *puĉa(ka) |
| 50. | neck | *kunka | *kunka |
| 51. | breasts | *ñuñu | *ñuñu |
| 52. | heart | *ŝunqu | *čuyma |
| 53. | liver | *k’ipĉa(n) | *k’ipĉa |
| 54. | drink | *upya- | *uma- |
| 55. | eat | *mikʰu- | *manq’a- / *palu- |
| 56. | bite | *kani- | *aĉu- |
| 57. | see | *rikʰu- | *uλa- |
| 58. | hear | *uya- | *iša- |
| 59. | know | *yaĉa- | *yaĉi- |
| 60. | sleep | *puñu- | *iki- |
| 61. | die | *wañu- | *hiwa- |
| 62. | kill | *wañu-či- | *hiwa-ya- |
| 63. | swim | *wayt’a- | *tuyu- |
| 64. | fly | *pʰaya-ri- | *hala- |
| 65. | walk | *puri- | *sara- / *wasa- |
| 66. | come | *ŝa-mu- | *huta- |
| 67. | lie | *anĉ’a-ra- | *haqu-ši- |
| 68. | sit | *taya-ku- | *uta-ĉ’a- |
| 69. | stand | *ŝaya-ri- | *saya- |
| 70. | give | *qu- | *čura- |
| 71. | say | *ñi- | *saya- |
| 72. | sun | *rupay | *lupi |
| 73. | moon | *kiλa | *paqši |
| 74. | star | *quyλur | *wara(wara) |
| 75. | water | *yaku | *uma |
| 76. | rain | *tamya / *para | *haλu |
| 77. | stone | *rumi | *qala |
| 78. | sand | *aqu | *č’aλa |
| 79. | earth | *paĉa | *uraqi |
| 80. | cloud | *pʰuyu / *pukutay | *qhinaya / *urpi |
| 81. | smoke | *q’usñi / *quntay | *iwq’i |
| 82. | fire | *nina | *nina |
| 83. | ashes | *uĉpa | *qhiλa |
| 84. | burn | *k’añay | *nak’a- |
| 85. | path | *ñayani | *tʰaki |
| 86. | mountain | *urqu | *quλu |
| 87. | red | *puka | *čupika |
| 88. | green | *q’umir / *ĉiqya(q) | *č’uqña |
| 89. | yellow | *q’iλu / *qarwa | *tuyu |
| 90. | white | *yuraq | *anq’u |
| 91. | black | *yana | *ĉ’iyara |
| 92. | night | *tuta | *aruma |
| 93. | hot | *q’unu | *hunĉ’u |
| 94. | cold | *čiri | *tʰaya |
| 95. | full | *hunta | *pʰuqa |
| 96. | new | *muŝuq | *mačaqa |
| 97. | good | *aλi | *aski |
| 98. | round | *muyu | *muruqu |
| 99. | dry | *čaki | *waña |
| 100. | name | *suti | *suti |
