Quebec English encompasses theEnglish dialects (both native and non-native) of the predominantlyFrench-speakingCanadian province ofQuebec.[2] There are few distinctive phonological features and very few restrictedlexical features common amongEnglish-speaking Quebecers. The native English speakers in Quebec generally align toStandard Canadian English, one of the largest and most relatively homogeneous dialects in North America. This standard English accent is common inMontreal, where the vast majority of Quebec'snative English speakers live.English-speaking Montrealers have, however, established ethnic groups that retain certain lexical features:Irish,Jewish,Italian, andGreek communities that all speak discernible varieties of English. Isolated fishing villages on theBasse-Côte-Nord of Quebec speakNewfoundland English, and manyGaspesian English-speakers useMaritime English. Francophone speakers of Quebec (including Montreal) also have their ownsecond-language English that incorporates French accent features, vocabulary, etc. Finally, theKahnawakeMohawks of south shore Montreal and theCree andInuit of Northern Quebec speak English with their own distinctive accents, usage, and expressions from their indigenous languages.
The following are native-English (anglophone) phenomena unique to Quebec, particularly studied in Montreal English and spoken by the Quebec Anglophone minority in the Montreal area. Before the 1970s, minority-language English had the status of a co-official language in Quebec.[3]
Resistance to themerry–marry merger: unlike the rest of typical North American English, Montreal English tends to maintain the distinction in words likeMary/merry versusmarry,perish versusparish, andErin versusAaron. The vowels remain, as in traditional East-Coast American English and often British English,/ɛ/ and/æ/, respectively.[5]
The "shorta" orTRAP vowel is not raised before/g/ as elsewhere in Canada, but it is raised somewhat before/n/ for ethnic British and Irish Montrealers. Among other ethnicities, such as Jewish Montrealers, there may be no raising of the vowel in any context.[7]
The following vowel sounds are linguistically-conservative: the sets of vowels represented by the wordsGOAT (back andmonophthongal),FACE (monophthongal), andMOUTH (back).[8]
Quebec English is heavily influenced by English and French. The phrases and words below show the variation of meaning in the Quebec English dialect.
Delay: an amount of time given before a deadline. "I was given a delay of 2 weeks before my project was due".[3]
An animator: is not an artist but is someone who meets and entertains children.[3]
A sweet carbonated beverage is commonly referred to as a "pop" in many parts of Canada, but in Montreal, it is a "soda" or "soft drink".[9] A straight translation of the Frenchliqueur douce.
A formation—this word in English would normally mean a routine stance used in a professional formation. (i.e. The men stood in formation). In Quebec a formation is a reference to an educational course or training session.[3]
A pass—this phrase originates from Italian speakers, the wordpass is often used in phrases such as "I am going to pass by a friend on the way to the movies". The phrase is comparatively used when you are already completing one action but can squeeze in another action on the way to your destination.[3]
In standard English, the phrase "Your bus will pass in 2 minutes" would mean that you are about to miss your bus or that you have already missed your bus. Alternatively in Montreal the phrasepass can also mean to arrive or stop as a way to show that the action will happen in a relatively short time frame. Example: "Your bus will pass in 2 minutes".[3]
Locations within the city are also commonly described using syntax borrowed from French. If a building is at the corner of St. Catherine and Peel streets in downtown Montreal, it may be described as being "on Saint Catherine, corner Peel." This is parallel to the French expression, "Sainte-Catherine, coin Peel" or "angle Peel".[3]
English toponyms in place of French (nonstandard when written): Older generations of English-speaking Montrealers are more likely to informally use traditional English toponyms that vary from official, French-language toponyms. In a notable generational distinction, it is uncommon among younger English-speaking Quebecers.[11] Examples includePine Avenue,Park Avenue,Mountain Street,Dorchester Blvd.,St. James Street – often used without St., Blvd., Ave., Rd., etc. (names for the designations "avenue des Pins", "av. du Parc", "rue de la Montagne", "boulevard René-Lévesque", "rue St-Jacques"; the English-language official designations have reputedly been revoked, but evidence for that is difficult to find);[citation needed]Guy andSaint Catherine Streets;Town of Mount Royal, as it was chartered, and the charter has not been revoked; andPointe Claire (pronounced[pwãɪ̯̃ˈklaɛ̯ʁ] or[ˈpɔɪntˈklɛɹ] with English T and R and typography, instead of official "Pointe-Claire" with the French accent).
The use of a limited number of Quebec French terms for everyday place nouns (and occasional items) that have English equivalents; all of them are pronounced with English pronunciations or have undergone English clippings or abbreviations and so are regarded as ordinary English terms by Quebecers. At times, some of them tend to be preceded bythe in contexts in which they would normally havea/an.
List of French loanwords
autoroute[ˌɒɾɨˈɹuːt] instead of expressway
branché[bʁãˈʃeɪ̯] instead of trendy (colloquial)[1]
themétro (ormetro) instead of the subway, referring torapid transit in urban areas; from the Frenchchemin de fer métropolitain;[17][18]metro is used outside Canada, though, as in theWashington Metro
primary one, two, three, in contrast toCanadian Englishgrade one, two, three etc.
resto – restaurant
theSAQ – the official name of the government-run monopoly liquor stores (pronounced "ess-ay-cue" or "sack"), theSociété des alcools du Québec. That usage is similar to that in other provinces, like in neighbouringOntario, where LCBO liquor stores are referred to as the "lick-bo" (forLiquor Control Board of Ontario).
secondary one, two, three, in contrast to Canadian Englishgrade seven, eight, nine etc.
stage – apprenticeship or internship, pronounced as[staːʒ]
subvention – government grant or subsidy. The word exists in both French and English, but it is rarely heard inCanadian English outside Quebec.
tempo – driveway shelter in reference to the French commercial name Abris Tempo[14]
terrasse[tɛˈʁas] – the French pronunciation and spelling of the translation for 'terrace' is common among anglophones in casual speech and is considered acceptable in semiformal expression such as journalism.[19]
The pronunciation of French-language first and last names that uses mostly-French sounds may be mispronounced by speakers of other languages. For example, the pronounced "r" sound and the silent "d" of "Bouchard" may be both pronounced:/buːˈʃɑrd/. French-speakers and Quebec English-speakers are more likely to vary such pronunciations, depending on the manner in which they adopt an Englishphonological framework. That includes names likeMario Lemieux,Marie-Claire Blais,Jean Charest,Jean Chrétien,Robert Charlebois, andCéline Dion.
Francophone second-language speakers of English use an interlanguage with varying degrees, ranging from French-accented pronunciation to Quebec Anglophone English pronunciation. High-frequency second-language phenomena by francophones, allophones, and other non-native-speakers occur in the most basic structures of English, both in and outside of Quebec. Commonly called "Frenglish" or "franglais", such phenomena are a product ofinterlanguage,calques, or mistranslation and thus may not constitute so-called "Quebec English" to the extent that they can be conceived of separately, particularly since such phenomena are similar for Francophone-speakers of English throughout the world.
Francophones speaking English often pronounce[t]/[d] instead of[θ]/[ð], and some also pronounce[ɔ] for the phoneme[ʌ], and some mispronounce some words, some pronounce a full vowel instead of a schwa, such as[ˈmɛseɪdʒ] formessage. Since French-speakers greatly outnumber English-speakers in most regions of Quebec, it is more common to hear French in public. Some Anglophones in overwhelmingly-Francophone areas use some of the features (especially the replacement of[θ] and[ð] by [t] and [d]), but their English is remarkably similar to that of other varieties of English in Canada (Poplack, Walker, & Malcolmson 2006[20]).
Take a decision. – Make a decision. (NB "Take" is the older British version. Compare FrenchPrends/Prenez une décision)
Put your coat. – Put your coat on (from FrenchMets ton manteau/Mettez votre manteau).
Pass someone money. – Lend someone money.
Pass the vacuum. – Run the vacuum (or do the vacuuming)
The use of French grammar (NS): Many of these constructions are grammatically correct but only out of context. It is both the calquing andlinguistic transfer from French and the betrayed meanings that make these sentences foreign to English.
Hespeak/talk to me yesterday. – He spoke/talked to me yesterday. (verb tense)
Me, I work in Laval. – I work in Laval. (vocal stress on "I". From FrenchMoi, je travaille à Laval.)
It/He have many books. – There are many books. (from Frenchil y a meaning "there is/are")
I likethe beef andthe red wine. – I like beef and red wine. (overuse ofdefinite article to mean "in general". From FrenchJ'aime le bœuf et le vin rouge.)
You speak French? – Do you speak French? (absence ofauxiliary verb; otherwise it means surprise, disbelief or disappointment when out of context)
We were/are four. – There were/are four of us. (from French "nous sommes" and "nous étions")
We're Tuesday – It's Tuesday. (from French "nous sommes")
At this moment Iwash the dishes. – I’m washing the dishes right now. (verbalaspect)
I can't join you at this moment becauseI eat. – I can't join you right now because I'm eating. (verbalaspect)
My computer,he don’t work. – My computer won’t work. (human pronoun, subject repetition,uninflected auxiliary verb)
I would like abrownies. – Could I have a brownie? (plural –s thought to be part of the singular word inrelexification process; other examples: "a Q-tips", "a pins", "a buns", "a Smarties", "a Doritos", etc.)
I would likeshrimps withbroccolis. – Could I have some shrimp and broccoli? (use of regular plural instead of English unmarkedplural ornon-count noun; this is not a case ofhypercorrection but oflanguage transfer).
Do youwant to wash the dishes? – Will/would you wash the dishes? (lack of Englishmodal verb; modalvouloir from French instead –Voulez-vous faire la vaisselle?)
We have togo in by downstairs – We have to go in downstairs (via the non-standard French 'entrer par')
You're going tobroke it! – You're going to break it! (mixing of homonymic French tenses; "cassé", past, versus "casser", infinitive)
False cognates orfaux-amis (NS): This practice is quite common, so much so that those who use them abundantly insist that the false cognate is the English term even outside of Quebec. Note that these French words are all pronounced using English sounds and harbour French meanings. While the possibilities are truly endless, this list provides only the most insidious false cognates found in Quebec.
a stage – an internship (pronounced as in French, from the French word for internship, "un stage".)
Cégep[seɪ̯ˈʒɛp] (cégep;collégial,cégepien) – the acronym of the public college network preceding university in Quebec.
Chinese pâté[t͡ʃʰaɪ̯ˈniːzpʰætʰˌeɪ̯] or[t͡ʃʰaɪ̯ˈniːzpʰɑːˌtʰeɪ̯] –shepherd's pie (pâté chinois; Quebeckers' pâté chinois is similar to shepherd's-pie dishes associated with other cultures)
a cold plate – some cold-cuts (reversedgallicism –assiette de viandes froides)
coordinates – for address, phone number, e-mail, etc.
(a) salad – (a head of) lettuce
a subvention – a (government) grant
a parking – a parking lot/space
a location – a rental
a good placement – a good location
That's it. – That is correct. (fromC'est ça.)
all-dressed pizza – a deluxe pizza with pepperoni, mushrooms and green peppers (frompizza toute garnie.)
soup, two times – two soups, or two orders of soup (from "deux fois.")
Few anglophone Quebeckers use French grammar or false cognates, but many use French collocations and most understand such high-frequency words and expressions. Some of these cognates are used by many francophones, and others by many allophones and anglophone accultured in allophone environments, of varying English proficiencies, from the bare-minimum level to native-speaker level.
^Poplack, Shana; Walker, James; Malcolmson, Rebecca (2006). "An English "like no other"?: Language contact and change in Quebec".Canadian Journal of Linguistics:185–213.
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