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Qieyun

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chinese rhyme dictionary

Qieyun
Qieyun excerpt displayed at the Chinese Dictionary Museum inJincheng, Shanxi
Traditional Chinese切韻
Simplified Chinese切韵
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinQièyùn
Gwoyeu RomatzyhChiehyunn
Wade–GilesChʻieh4-yün4
IPA[tɕʰjê.ŷn]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationChit-wahn
JyutpingCit3-wan6
IPA[tsʰit̚˧.wɐn˨]
Southern Min
HokkienPOJChhiat-ūn
Tâi-lôTshiat-ūn
Middle Chinese
Middle ChineseTshet-ɦɨunH

TheQieyun (Chinese:切韻) is a Chineserime dictionary that was published in 601 during theSui dynasty. The book was a guide to proper reading of classical texts, using thefanqie method to indicate the pronunciation ofChinese characters. TheQieyun and later redactions, notably theGuangyun, are important documentary sources used in the reconstruction ofhistorical Chinese phonology.

History

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The book was created by Lu Fayan (Lu Fa-yen;陸法言) in 601. The preface of theQieyun describes how the plan of the book originated from a discussion with eight of his friends 20 years earlier at his home inChang'an, the capital ofSui China.

When it grew late and we had been drinking wine for most of the evening, we began discussing the sounds and the rhymes. Modern pronunciations are naturally varied; moreover, those who have written on the sounds and the rhymes have not always been in agreement....

So we discussed the rights and wrongs of the North and the South and the comprehensible and incomprehensible of the ancients and moderns. We wanted to select the precise and discard the extraneous,...

So under the candlelight I took up the brush and jotted down an outline. We consulted each other extensively and argued vigorously. We came close to getting the essence.

— Lu Fayan,Qieyun, preface, translated by S. Robert Ramsey[1]
Tangyun excerpt in the Chinese Dictionary Museum

None of these scholars was originally from Chang'an; they were native speakers of differing dialects – five northern and three southern.[2][3] According to Lu,Yan Zhitui (顏之推) and Xiao Gai (蕭該), both men originally from the south, were the most influential in setting up the norms on which theQieyun was based.[2] However, the dictionary was compiled by Lu alone, consulting several earlier dictionaries, none of which have survived.[4]

When classical Chinese poetry flowered during theTang dynasty, theQieyun became the authoritative source for literary pronunciations and it repeatedly underwent revisions and enlargements. It was annotated in 677 by Zhǎngsūn Nèyán (長孫訥言), revised and published in 706 by Wáng Renxu (王仁煦) as theKanmiu Buque Qieyun (刊謬補缺切韻; "Corrected and supplementedQieyun"), collated and republished in 751 by Sun Mian (孫愐) as theTángyùn (唐韻; "Tang rimes"), and eventually incorporated into the still-extantGuangyun andJiyun rime dictionaries from theSong dynasty.[5] Although most of these Tang dictionary redactions were believed lost, some fragments were discovered among theDunhuang manuscripts and manuscripts discovered atTurpan.[5][6]

TheQieyun reflected the enhanced phonological awareness that developed in China after the advent of Buddhism, which introduced the sophisticatedIndian linguistics.[7] The BuddhistUyghur Kingdom of Qocho used a version of theQieyun.[8]

During the Tang dynasty, several copyists were engaged in producing manuscripts to meet the great demand for revisions of the work. Particularly prized were copies of Wáng Rénxū's edition made in the early 9th century by Wú Cǎiluán (吳彩鸞), a woman famed for her calligraphy.[9] One of these copies was acquired byEmperor Huizong (1100–1126), himself a keen calligrapher. It remained in the palace library until 1926, when part of the library followed the deposed emperorPuyi toTianjin and then toChangchun, capital of the puppet state ofManchukuo. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, it passed to a book dealer in Changchun, and in 1947 two scholars discovered it in a book market inLiulichang, Beijing.[10]

Studies of this almost complete copy have been published by the Chinese linguists Dong Tonghe (1948 and 1952) andLi Rong (1956).[11]

Structure

[edit]
Further information:Rime dictionary
The first entry in theQieyun

TheQieyun contains 12,158 character entries.[12] These were divided into five volumes, two for the many words of the "level"tone, and one volume for each of the other three tones. The entries were divided into 193 final rhyme groups (each named by its first character, called theyùnmù 韻目, or "rhyme eye"). Each rhyme group was subdivided into homophone groups (xiǎoyùn 小韻 "small rhyme"). The first entry in each homophone group gives the pronunciation as afanqie formula.[13][14]

For example, the first entry in theQieyun, shown at right, describes the character 東dōng "east". The three characters on the right are afanqie pronunciation key, marked by the character 反fǎn "turn back". This indicates that the word is pronounced with the initial of 德 [tək] and the final of 紅 [ɣuŋ], i.e. [tuŋ]. The word is glossed as 木方mù fāng, i.e. the direction of wood (one of theFive Elements), while the numeral 二 "two" indicates that this is the first of two entries in a homophone group.

Later rime dictionaries had many more entries, with full definitions and a few additional rhyme groups, but kept the same structure.[15]

TheQieyun did not directly recordMiddle Chinese as a spoken language, but rather how charactersshould be pronounced when reading the classics. Since this rime dictionary's spellings are the primary source for reconstructing Middle Chinese, linguists have disagreed over what variety of Chinese it recorded. "Much ink has been spilled concerning the nature of the language underlying theQieyun," says Norman (1988: 24), who lists three points of view. Some scholars, likeBernhard Karlgren, "held to the view that theQieyun represented the language of Chang'an"; some "others have supposed that it represented an amalgam of regional pronunciations," technically known as adiasystem. "At the present time, most people in the field accept the views of the Chinese scholar Zhou Zumo" (周祖謨; 1914–1995) thatQieyun spellings were a north–south regional compromise between literary pronunciations from theNorthern and Southern dynasties.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Ramsey (1987), pp. 116–117.
  2. ^abNorman (1988), p. 25.
  3. ^Baxter (1992), p. 37.
  4. ^Coblin (1996), pp. 89–90.
  5. ^abBaxter (1992), pp. 38–39.
  6. ^Bottéro (2013), pp. 35–37.
  7. ^Mair (1998), p. 168.
  8. ^Takata (2004), p. 337.
  9. ^Takata (2004), p. 333.
  10. ^Malmqvist (2010), pp. 299–300.
  11. ^Baxter (1992), p. 39.
  12. ^Pulleyblank (1984), p. 139.
  13. ^Takata (2004).
  14. ^Baxter (1992), pp. 33–35.
  15. ^Baxter (1992), p. 33.

Works cited

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External links

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