Qian'an 迁安市 Tsienan | |
|---|---|
  Qian'an Location in Hebei | |
| Coordinates:39°59′56″N118°42′04″E / 39.999°N 118.701°E /39.999; 118.701 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Hebei |
| Prefecture-level city | Tangshan |
| Area | |
| 1,227.0 km2 (473.7 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 128.10 km2 (49.46 sq mi) |
| Population (2021) | |
| 775,813 | |
| • Density | 632.28/km2 (1,637.6/sq mi) |
| • Urban [2]: 40 | 319,384 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
Qian'an (simplified Chinese:迁安;traditional Chinese:遷安;pinyin:Qiān'ān) is acounty-level city in the northeast ofHebei province,China. It is under the administration of theprefecture-level city ofTangshan. The city spans an area of 1,227 square kilometres (474 sq mi),[3] and has a population of 775,813 as of 2021.[2]: 40
The area of present-day Qian'an had historically been part of Anxi County (安喜县;安喜縣;Ānxǐ Xiàn) during theLiao and theJin dynasties.[2]: 30 [4] In 1167, during the Jin dynasty, the area was renamed to Qian'an County (迁安县;遷安縣;Qiān'ān Xiàn),[2]: 30 [4] whose name literally means "moved from Anxi".[2]: 30
The area of present-day Qian'an has hosted human activity since thePaleolithic andNeolithic ages.[2]: 30
The area had belonged to the state ofGuzhu during the time period corresponding to theShang andZhou dynasties.[2]: 30 [4]
During theSpring and Autumn period, the area was part ofLingqi [zh] (令支国;令支國;Lìngqí Guó), aShanrong state.[2]: 30 In 664 BCE, Lingqi and Guzhu were invaded by the state ofQi, led byDuke Huan of Qi andGuan Zhong.[2]: 30
After the military success of Qi, the area of present-day Qian'an was absorbed into the state ofYan.[2]: 30 The area remained part of Yan throughout theWarring States period.[2]: 30
During theQin dynasty, in 221 BCE, the area was organized as Lizhi County (离支县;離支縣;Lízhī Xiàn), and was placed under the jurisdiction ofLiaoxi Commandery.[2]: 30 [4]
The area was reorganized as Linzhi County (令支县;令支縣;Lìngzhī Xiàn) during theHan dynasty, but remained under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi Commandery.[2]: 30
The area belonged to theXianbei state during the earlyJin dynasty.[2]: 30 In 285 CE,Emperor Wu of Jin successfully led an army againstXianbei chiefMurong Hui to conquer Feiru (肥如;Féirú), an area corresponding to the northeastern portion of present-day Qian'an.[2]: 30
In 446 CE, during theNorthern Wei, Lingzhi was merged intoYangle County [zh] (阳乐县;陽樂縣;Yánglè Xiàn).[2]: 30
During theNorthern Qi, the area was reorganized intoFeiru County [zh] (肥如县;肥如縣;Féirú Xiàn).[2]: 30
The area was reorganized numerous times during theSui dynasty. In 586 CE, Feiru County was merged into Xinchang County (新昌县;新昌縣;Xīnchāng Xiàn).[2]: 30 In 598 CE, Xinchang County was renamed to Lulong County (卢龙县;盧龍縣;Lúlóng Xiàn), which was under the jurisdiction ofBeiping Commandery.[2]: 30
The area was put under the jurisdiction of Anxi County (安喜县;安喜縣;Ānxǐ Xiàn) during theLiao dynasty.[4]
In 1167, during theJin dynasty, Anxi County was renamed to Qian'an County (迁安县;遷安縣;Qiān'ān Xiàn).[2]: 30 [4] In the 13th century, Qian'an County was briefly abolished, and merged into Lulong County, although this was quickly undone.[2]: 30
During theMing dynasty, Qian'an County belonged to Yongping Prefecture (永平府;Yǒngpíng Fǔ), withinNorth Zhili province.[2]: 30
During the first phases of theQing's conquest of the Ming, Qian'an was captured byHong Taiji's armies. Against Hong's orders, the city was the sight of an incident of civilian-slaughter ordered by the field commander.[5] During theQing dynasty, Qian'an County and Yongping Prefecture belonged toZhili province.[2]: 30
In 1912, Qian'an County was placed underJinhai Circuit [zh] (津海道;Jīnhǎi Dào), part of Zhili province.[2]: 30 Jinhai Circuit was briefly reorganized as Bohai Circuit (渤海道;Bóhǎi Dào) in 1913, although this was promptly undone in 1914.[2]: 30 In 1928, Zhili province was reorganized asHebei province.[2]: 30
Upon its liberation fromImperial Japan in 1945, Qian'an County was placed under the 16th Jidong Prefecture (冀东十六专区;冀東十六專區;Jìdōng Shíliù Zhuānqū).[2]: 30 On August 1, 1949, Qian'an County was placed under theprefecture ofTangshan.[2]: 30
On December 20, 1958,Lulong County andQianxi County were abolished and merged into Qian'an County.[2]: 31 This change was reverted on July 9, 1961.[2]: 31
On October 10, 1996, the provincial government of Hebei legislated the reorganization of Qian'an County as thecounty-level city of Qian'an, which it remains today.[4] On October 24, Qian'an was placed under the jurisdiction of theprefecture-level city ofTangshan.[4] Qian'an was formally reorganized as a county-level city on November 26.[4]
Qian'an administers 4subdistricts and 17towns.[6]
The city's 4 subdistricts areYongshun Subdistrict [zh] (永顺街道),Xing'an Subdistrict [zh] (兴安街道),Binhe Subdistrict [zh] (滨河街道), andYangdianzi Subdistrict [zh] (杨店子街道).[6]
The city's 17 towns areXiaguanying [zh] (夏官营镇),Yanggezhuang [zh] (杨各庄镇),Jianchangying [zh] (建昌营镇),Zhaodianzi [zh] (赵店子镇),Yejituo [zh] (野鸡坨镇),Dacuizhuang [zh] (大崔庄镇),Caiyuan [zh] (蔡园镇),Malanzhuang [zh] (马兰庄镇),Shaheyi [zh] (沙河驿镇),Muchangkou [zh] (木厂口镇),Shangsheyanzhuang [zh] (上射雁庄镇),Taipingzhuang [zh] (太平庄镇),Kouzhuang [zh] (扣庄镇),Dawuli [zh] (大五里镇),Wuchong'an [zh] (五重安镇),Pengdianzi [zh] (彭店子镇), andYanjiadian [zh].[6]
Qian'an is located in the northeast of theprefecture-level city ofTangshan, itself located within the northeastern portion ofHebei province.[3] Qian'an is bordered byLulong County, across theQinglong River [zh] to the east,Qianxi County to the west,Luanzhou to the south, andQinglong Manchu Autonomous County to the north.[3] Located at the southern foot of theYan Mountains, Qian'an's elevation is generally higher in the northwest, and lower in the southeast.[3] The highest point in Qian'an is Mount Dazuizi (大嘴子山;Dàzuǐzi Shān), located in the north of the city, which reaches an elevation of 695.7 metres (2,282 ft).[3] Major rivers in Qian'an include theLuan River, the Qinglong River, and theSha River [zh].[3]
| Climate data for Qian'an, elevation 51 m (167 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2025) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.7 (53.1) | 18.2 (64.8) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.5 (88.7) | 35.7 (96.3) | 39.2 (102.6) | 39.2 (102.6) | 36.9 (98.4) | 35.9 (96.6) | 31.0 (87.8) | 21.4 (70.5) | 12.9 (55.2) | 39.2 (102.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) | 5.1 (41.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 26.1 (79.0) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.7 (87.3) | 30.1 (86.2) | 26.5 (79.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 9.6 (49.3) | 2.5 (36.5) | 17.7 (63.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) | −1.7 (28.9) | 5.1 (41.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 24.9 (76.8) | 19.9 (67.8) | 12.0 (53.6) | 3.2 (37.8) | −3.3 (26.1) | 11.4 (52.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −10.6 (12.9) | −7.2 (19.0) | −0.8 (30.6) | 6.6 (43.9) | 12.6 (54.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 6.2 (43.2) | −1.7 (28.9) | −7.9 (17.8) | 5.9 (42.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.7 (−16.1) | −23.7 (−10.7) | −12.3 (9.9) | −5.0 (23.0) | 2.0 (35.6) | 7.6 (45.7) | 13.8 (56.8) | 10.7 (51.3) | 1.4 (34.5) | −5.4 (22.3) | −15.9 (3.4) | −26.0 (−14.8) | −26.7 (−16.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 2.7 (0.11) | 3.9 (0.15) | 7.4 (0.29) | 22.4 (0.88) | 41.4 (1.63) | 87.6 (3.45) | 193.0 (7.60) | 159.2 (6.27) | 56.4 (2.22) | 30.0 (1.18) | 13.3 (0.52) | 2.8 (0.11) | 620.1 (24.41) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.9 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 10.4 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 68.7 |
| Average snowy days | 2.9 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 11.9 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 51 | 49 | 46 | 47 | 54 | 67 | 78 | 79 | 71 | 66 | 60 | 54 | 60 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 189.4 | 192.5 | 241.8 | 252.8 | 280.7 | 238.0 | 205.1 | 228.4 | 229.8 | 217.2 | 177.1 | 178.4 | 2,631.2 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 63 | 63 | 65 | 63 | 63 | 53 | 45 | 54 | 62 | 64 | 60 | 62 | 60 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[7][8] October all-time Record[9] | |||||||||||||
As of 2021, Qian'an has a population of 775,813, residing in 231,147 households, giving it an average household size of 3.36.[2]: 40 Per the2010 Chinese Census, Qian'an had a population of 728,160, up from the 632,704 recorded in the2000 Chinese Census.[4] A 1996 estimate put the city's population at approximately 641,000.[4]
The city has anurban population of 319,384 (41.17% of its total population), with the remaining 456,429 people (58.83%) living inrural areas.[2]: 40 As of 2021, Qian'an has aper capitadisposable income of 48,373renminbi (RMB) among urban residents, and 29,998 RMB among rural residents.[2]: 41
As of 2021, 35 differentethnic groups live in Qian'an.[2]: 40 95.99% of the city's population is ethnicallyHan Chinese, with the remaining 4.01% belonging to ethnic minorities.[2]: 40 The largest such minority is theManchu people, which, as of 2021 number 21,466 (2.77% of its total population).[2]: 40 Other sizeable minority groups within Qian'an include theHui, which number 6,466 (0.83%), and theMongols, which number 1,157 (0.15%).[2]: 40 Qian'an hosts 12 designatedethnic villages, of which, 10 are Hui ethnic villages, and 2 are Manchu ethnic villages.[2]: 40
Qian'an recorded agross domestic product (GDP) of 116.03 billionrenminbi (RMB) in 2021, a 6.7% increase from 2020.[2]: 41 Of this, 3.29 billion RMB (2.84% of its total GDP) came from the city'sprimary sector, 77.91 billion RMB (67.15%) came from itssecondary sector, and 34.83 billion RMB (30.02%) came from itstertiary sector.[2]: 41
Major mineral resources within Qian'an includeiron ore,limestone,quartz,feldspar,flint,graphite,kaolinte, andbentonite.[3]
In 2021, Qian'an recorded 26.67 billion RMB in foreign trade.[2]: 41
Major crops grown in Qian'an includemaize,peanuts,wheat,sweet potato,soybean,millet,muskmelon,watermelon,Brassica rapa,cucumber,spinach,tomatoes,green peppers,zucchini,radishes,onions,garlic,beans, andmushrooms.[2]: 176 In 2021, 451,483.5mu (30,098.9 hectares) of land within Qian'an were devoted to sowing maize, and the city yielded 171,000tonnes of maize; 142,261.5 mu (9,484.1 ha) were used for growing peanuts, and the city yielded 32,300tonnes (31,800 long tons; 35,600 short tons) of peanuts; 12,709.5 mu (847.300 ha) of land were used for growing wheat, and the city yielded 4,500 tonnes of wheat.[2]: 176 In 2021, 1,604hectares (3,960 acres) of land were used for growing sweet potatoes, and the city yielded 38,200 tonnes of sweet potatoes.[2]: 176
Major industries in Qian'an include iron mining andiron powder production,pig iron production,steel production,coke production,cement production,plate glass production, and the production ofpaper andcardboard.[2]: 191
