| Cinnamon flycatcher | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Tyrannidae |
| Genus: | Pyrrhomyias Cabanis &Heine, 1860 |
| Species: | P. cinnamomeus |
| Binomial name | |
| Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus (D'Orbigny &Lafresnaye, 1837) | |
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Thecinnamon flycatcher (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus) is a species ofbird in the familyTyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found inArgentina,Bolivia,Colombia,Ecuador,Peru, andVenezuela.[2]
The cinnamon flycatcher wasoriginally described asMuscicapa cinnamomea, a member of theOld World flycatcher family Muscicapidae.[3] In the mid-nineteenth century it was recognized as a tyrant flycatcher and moved to its current genus, where it is the only member.[2]
The cinnamon flycatcher has these six subspecies:[2]
TheClements taxonomy further sorts the subspecies into the Santa Marta group (assimilis), the Venezuelan group (vieillotioides,spadix, andpariae), and the Andean group (pyrrhopterus andcinnamomeus).[4] Several of the subspecies were originally described as full species, andP. c. assimilis may warrant reconsideration as one.[5][6]
The cinnamon flycatcher is 11 to 13 cm (4.3 to 5.1 in) long and weighs about 11 g (0.39 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of thenominate subspeciesP. c. cinnamomeus have a dark brownish crown with a partially hidden yellow patch in the center. They have a faint buffyeye-ring and patch above thelores, olive-brown cheeks and nape, and cinnamon-rufous sides of the neck. Their upperparts are olive-brown with a thin, often hidden, cinnamon-orange band on the rump. Their wings are black with wide rufous edges on the flight feathers and wide rufous tips on thecoverts that show as twowing bars. Their tail is blackish. Their throat and underparts are cinnamon-rufous; the belly is lighter than the rest. They have a dark iris, a wide black bill, and blackish legs and feet. Juveniles are browner than adults, with ochraceous tips on the lower back and tail feathers and without a crown patch.[6][7]
The other subspecies of the cinnamon flycatcher differ from the nominate and each other thus:[6]
The subspecies of the cinnamon flycatcher are found thus:[6]
The cinnamon flycatcher inhabits foothill andmontane forest in the subtropical and temperate zones. There it favors brushy clearings and edges both natural and along roads. In Colombia at least it often is found near rock faces. In elevation it ranges between 700 and 2,900 m (2,300 and 9,500 ft) in Venezuela, 1,500 and 3,000 m (4,900 and 9,800 ft) in Colombia, 1,200 and 3,000 m (3,900 and 9,800 ft) in Ecuador, and 900 and 3,400 m (3,000 and 11,200 ft) in Peru.[6][7][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]
The cinnamon flycatcher is mostly a year-round resident but apparently vacates Argentina in theaustral winter.[6]
The cinnamon flycatcher feeds onarthropods and also includes berries in its diet. It typically forages in pairs and joinsmixed-species feeding flocks but does not follow them out of its territory. It typically perches on an exposed branch from near the ground up to about 15 m (50 ft) above it but not in treetops. It captures prey in mid-air with short sallies from the perch ("hawking") and usually returns to the same perch.[6][8][9][10][11][excessive citations]
The cinnamon flycatcher's breeding season has not been fully defined but includes April and May in northern Venezuela and December in Argentina. Its nest is an open cup made from moss and lichen. It is built in a rock crevice or niche, on a ledge, or in a fallen log or tree bark, and is typically between 1 and 5 m (3 and 16 ft) above the ground. The clutch is two eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.[6][9]
| Songs and calls |
The cinnamon flycatcher does not have a dawn song. Its calls include a "dull, low-pitched...rattle,pti-i-i-i-i, spit out rather abruptly", a "stutteringpit, pti-pit-it", and "a fewchip, tsip andpit notes".[9] Another description of its main call is "a low-pitched dry rattlingtr-r-r-r-r-r ordr-r-r-r-r-r".[10]
TheIUCN has assessed the cinnamon flycatcher as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be stable. No immediate threats have been identified.[1] It is considered common in Colombia and Venezuela, "generally numerous" in Ecuador, and "fairly common" in Peru.[8][9][10][11][excessive citations] It occurs in protected areas throughout its range and "[s]eems fairly adaptable, and persists even in partially deforested regions".[6]
