Territories/ dates [1][2][3][4][5] | Egypt | Canaan | Ebla | Mari | Kish/ Assur | Akshak/ Akkad | Uruk | Adab | Umma
| Lagash | Ur | Elam |
---|
4000–3200 BCE | Naqada I Naqada II
 | Egypt–Mesopotamia relations | Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE) | Susa I |
Uruk period (4000–3100 BCE)
 (Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)
 (Anonymous "King-priests") | Susa II
 (Uruk influence or control) |
3200–3100 BCE | Proto-Dynastic period (Naqada III) Early or legendary kings: |
Upper Egypt Finger SnailFishPen-AbuAnimalStorkCanideBullScorpion IShendjwIry-HorKaScorpion IINarmer /Menes | Lower Egypt Hedju HorNy-HorHsekiuKhayuTiuTheshNehebWaznerNat-HorMekhDouble FalconWash |
3100–2900 BCE | Early Dynastic Period First Dynasty of Egypt Narmer Palette NarmerMenesNeithhotep♀ (regent)Hor-AhaDjerDjetMerneith♀ (regent)DenAnedjibSemerkhetQa'aSneferkaHorus Bird | Canaanites | Jemdet Nasr period (3100–2900 BCE) | Proto-Elamite period (Susa III) (3100–2700 BCE) |
2900 BCE | Second Dynasty of Egypt
HotepsekhemwyNebra/RanebNynetjerBaNubneferHorus SaWeneg-NebtyWadjenesSenedjSeth-PeribsenSekhemib-PerenmaatNeferkara INeferkasokarHudjefa IKhasekhemwy
 | Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE) |
First Eblaite Kingdom
| First kingdom of Mari
| Kish I dynasty Jushur,Kullassina-bel Nangishlishma, En-tarah-ana Babum,Puannum,Kalibum |
2800 BCE
| KalumumZuqaqipAtab MashdaArwiumEtana BalihEn-me-nuna Melem-KishBarsal-nuna | Uruk I dynasty Meshkiangasher |
Enmerkar ("conqueror ofAratta") |
2700 BCE | Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE) |
| | Zamug,Tizqar,Ilku Iltasadum | Lugalbanda Dumuzid, the Fisherman |
Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit")[6] |
Aga of Kish  | Gilgamesh  | Old Elamite period (2700–1500 BCE)
Indo-Mesopotamia relations |
2600 BCE | Third Dynasty of Egypt
Djoser
 (FirstEgyptian pyramids) SekhemkhetSanakhtNebkaKhabaQahedjetHuni | Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE) |
Sagisu Abur-lim Agur-lim Ibbi-Damu Baba-Damu | | Kish II dynasty (5 kings) Uhub Mesilim | Ur-Nungal Udulkalama Labashum | Lagash En-hegal Lugal- shaengur | Ur A-Imdugud Ur-Pabilsag  Meskalamdug (QueenPuabi) Akalamdug |
Enun-dara-anna Mesh-he Melem-ana Lugal-kitun | Adab Nin-kisalsi Me-durba Lugal-dalu | |
2575 BCE | Old Kingdom of Egypt Fourth Dynasty of Egypt SnefruKhufu
 DjedefreKhafreBikherisMenkaureShepseskafThamphthis | Ur I dynasty Mesannepada "King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk |
2500 BCE | Phoenicia (2500–539 BCE) | Second kingdom of Mari
Ikun-Shamash Iku-Shamagan

Ansud Sa'umu Ishtup-Ishar Ikun-Mari Iblul-Il Nizi Enna-Dagan | Kish III dynasty Ku-Baba♀ | Akshak dynasty Unzi Undalulu | Uruk II dynasty Ensha- kushanna | Mug-si | Umma I dynasty
Pabilgagaltuku | Lagash I dynasty
Ur-Nanshe

Akurgal | A'annepada Meskiagnun Elulu Balulu | Awan dynasty Peli Tata Ukkutahesh Hishur |
2450 BCE | Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
UserkafSahureNeferirkare KakaiNeferefreShepseskareNyuserre IniMenkauhor KaiuDjedkare IsesiUnas | Enar-Damu Ishar-Malik | Ush Enakalle |
Elamite invasions (3 kings)[6] | Shushun-Tarana Napi-Ilhush |
2425 BCE | Kun-Damu | Eannatum  (King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) |
2400 BCE | Adub-Damu Igrish-Halam Irkab-Damu | Kish IV dynasty Puzur-Suen Ur-Zababa | Urur | Lugal-kinishe-dudu Lugal-kisalsi | E-iginimpa'e Meskigal | Ur-Lumma Il Gishakidu (QueenBara-irnun) | Enannatum Entemena Enannatum II Enentarzi | Ur II dynasty Nanni Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II | Kikku-Siwe-Temti |
2380 BCE | Sixth Dynasty of Egypt TetiUserkarePepi IMerenre Nemtyemsaf IPepi IIMerenre Nemtyemsaf IINetjerkare Siptah
 | Adab dynasty Lugal-Anne-Mundu "King of the four quarters of the world" |
2370 BCE | Isar-Damu | Enna-Dagan Ikun-Ishar Ishqi-Mari | Invasion byMari Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter[6] | Ukush | Lugalanda Urukagina | Luh-ishan |
2350 BCE | | Puzur-Nirah Ishu-Il Shu-Sin | Uruk III dynasty Lugal-zage-si (Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) |
2340 BCE | | Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE) |
Akkadian Empire
Sargon of AkkadRimushManishtushu | Akkadian Governors: Eshpum Ilshu-rabi Epirmupi Ili-ishmani |
2250 BCE | Naram-Sin  | Lugal-ushumgal (vassal of the Akkadians) |
2200 BCE | First Intermediate Period Seventh Dynasty of Egypt Eighth Dynasty of Egypt MenkareNeferkare IINeferkare NebyDjedkare ShemaiNeferkare KhenduMerenhorNeferkaminNikareNeferkare TereruNeferkahorNeferkare PepisenebNeferkamin AnuQakare IbiNeferkaureNeferkauhorNeferirkare | SecondEblaite Kingdom | Third kingdom of Mari (Shakkanakku dynasty)
Ididish Shu-Dagan Ishma-Dagan (vassals of the Akkadians) | Shar-Kali-Sharri |
Igigi,Imi,Nanum,Ilulu (3 years) Dudu Shu-turul | Uruk IV dynasty Ur-nigin Ur-gigir | | Lagash II dynasty Puzer-Mama Ur-Ningirsu I Pirig-me Lu-Baba Lu-gula Ka-ku
| Hishep-ratep Helu Khita Puzur-Inshushinak |
2150 BCE | Ninth Dynasty of Egypt Meryibre KhetyNeferkare VIINebkaure KhetySetut | Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE) |
Nûr-Mêr Ishtup-Ilum
 Ishgum-Addu Apil-kin | Gutian dynasty (21 kings)
La-erabum Si'um | Kuda (Uruk) Puzur-ili Ur-Utu | | Umma II dynasty Lugalannatum (vassal of the Gutians) | Ur-Baba Gudea Ur-Ningirsu Ur-gar Nam-mahani |
Tirigan |
2125 BCE | Tenth Dynasty of Egypt MeryhathorNeferkare VIIIWahkare KhetyMerikare
| Uruk V dynasty Utu-hengal |
2100 BCE | (Vassals of UR III) | Iddi-ilum Ili-Ishar Tura-Dagan Puzur-Ishtar (vassals of Ur III)[7] | Ur III dynasty "Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"  Ur-NammuShulgiAmar-SinShu-Sin |
2025–1763 BCE | Amorite invasions | Ibbi-Sin | Elamite invasions Kindattu (Shimashki Dynasty) |
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep IIntef IIntef IIIntef IIIMentuhotep IIMentuhotep IIIMentuhotep IV |
Third Eblaite Kingdom (Amorites) Ibbit-Lim
 ImmeyaIndilimma | (AmoriteShakkanakkus) Hitial-Erra Hanun-Dagan (...)
Lim Dynasty ofMari (Amorites) Yaggid-LimYahdun-LimYasmah-AdadZimri-Lim (QueenShibtu) | Old Assyria Puzur-Ashur I Shalim-ahum Ilu-shuma Erishum I Ikunum Sargon I Puzur-Ashur II Naram-Sin Erishum II | Isin-Larsa period (Amorites)
Dynasty of Isin:Ishbi-ErraShu-IlishuIddin-DaganIshme-DaganLipit-IshtarUr-NinurtaBur-SuenLipit-EnlilErra-imittiEnlil-baniZambiyaIter-pishaUr-du-kugaSuen-magirDamiq-ilishu Dynasty of Larsa:NaplanumEmisumSamiumZabaiaGungunumAbisareSumuelNur-AdadSin-IddinamSin-EribamSin-IqishamSilli-AdadWarad-SinRim-Sin I (...)Rim-Sin II Uruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of UrukSîn-kāšid Sîn-iribamSîn-gāmil Ilum-gamilAn-amIrdaneneRîm-Anum Nabi-ilišu | Sukkalmah dynasty
Siwe-Palar-Khuppak |
Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Amenemhat ISenusret IAmenemhat IISenusret IISenusret IIIAmenemhat IIIAmenemhat IVSobekneferu♀ |
1800–1595 BCE | Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt | Abraham (Biblical) Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon | Yamhad (Yamhad dynasty) (Amorites) | Old Assyria
(Shamshi-Adad dynasty 1808–1736 BCE) (Amorites) Shamshi-Adad IIshme-Dagan IMut-AshkurRimushAsinumAshur-dugulAshur-apla-idiNasir-SinSin-namirIpqi-IshtarAdad-saluluAdasi
(Non-dynastic usurpers 1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-SinAshur-dugulAshur-apla-idiNasir-SinSin-namirIpqi-IshtarAdad-saluluAdasi
(Adaside dynasty 1700–722 BCE) Bel-baniLibayaSharma-Adad IIptar-SinBazayaLullayaShu-NinuaSharma-Adad IIErishum IIIShamshi-Adad IIIshme-Dagan IIShamshi-Adad IIIAshur-nirari IPuzur-Ashur IIIEnlil-nasir INur-iliAshur-shaduniAshur-rabi IAshur-nadin-ahhe IEnlil-Nasir IIAshur-nirari IIAshur-bel-nisheshuAshur-rim-nisheshuAshur-nadin-ahhe II | First Babylonian dynasty ("Old Babylonian Period") (Amorites) Sumu-abumSumu-la-ElSabiumApil-SinSin-MuballitHammurabiSamsu-ilunaAbi-EshuhAmmi-DitanaAmmi-SaduqaSamsu-Ditana
Early Kassite rulers |
Second Babylonian dynasty ("Sealand Dynasty") Ilum-ma-iliItti-ili-nibiDamqi-ilishu IshkibalShushushiGulkishar mDIŠ+U-ENPeshgaldarameshAyadaragalama AkurduanaMelamkurkurraEa-gamil |
Second Intermediate Period Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abydos Dynasty Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt | Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ("Hyksos")
Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos Semqen'Aper-'AnatiSakir-HarKhyanApepiKhamudi | Mitanni (1600–1260 BCE) KirtaShuttarna IBaratarna |
1531–1155 BCE | TutankhamunNew Kingdom of Egypt Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ahmose IAmenhotep I | Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites) Agum-KakrimeBurnaburiash IKashtiliash IIIUlamburiashAgum IIIKaraindashKadashman-Harbe IKurigalzu IKadashman-Enlil IBurna-Buriash IIKara-hardashNazi-BugashKurigalzu IINazi-MaruttashKadashman-TurguKadashman-Enlil IIKudur-EnlilShagarakti-ShuriashKashtiliash IVEnlil-nadin-shumiKadashman-Harbe IIAdad-shuma-iddinaAdad-shuma-usurMeli-Shipak IIMarduk-apla-iddina IZababa-shuma-iddinEnlil-nadin-ahi | Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE) Kidinuid dynasty Igehalkid dynasty Untash-Napirisha |
Thutmose IThutmose IIHatshepsut♀Thutmose III |
Amenhotep IIThutmose IVAmenhotep IIIAkhenatenSmenkhkareNeferneferuaten♀TutankhamunAyHoremheb | Hittite Empire (1450–1180 BCE) Suppiluliuma IMursili IIMuwatalli IIMursili IIIHattusili IIITudhaliya IVSuppiluliuma II
Ugarit (vassal of Hittites) |
Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt Ramesses ISeti IRamesses IIMerneptahAmenmessesSeti IISiptahTausret♀ | Elamite Empire Shutrukid dynasty Shutruk-Nakhunte |
1155–1025 BCE | Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
SetnakhteRamesses IIIRamesses IVRamesses VRamesses VIRamesses VIIRamesses VIIIRamesses IXRamesses XRamesses XI
Third Intermediate Period
Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt SmendesAmenemnisuPsusennes IAmenemopeOsorkon the ElderSiamunPsusennes II | Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon | Syro-Hittite states Carchemish Tabal | Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad IAshur-uballit IEnlil-nirariArik-den-iliAdad-nirari IShalmaneser ITukulti-Ninurta IAshur-nadin-apliAshur-nirari IIIEnlil-kudurri-usurNinurta-apal-EkurAshur-dan INinurta-tukulti-AshurMutakkil-NuskuAshur-resh-ishi ITiglath-Pileser IAsharid-apal-EkurAshur-bel-kalaEriba-Adad IIShamshi-Adad IVAshurnasirpal IShalmaneser IIAshur-nirari IVAshur-rabi IIAshur-resh-ishi IITiglath-Pileser IIAshur-dan II | Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin") Marduk-kabit-ahheshuItti-Marduk-balatuNinurta-nadin-shumiNebuchadnezzar IEnlil-nadin-apliMarduk-nadin-ahheMarduk-shapik-zeriAdad-apla-iddinaMarduk-ahhe-eribaMarduk-zer-XNabu-shum-libur | Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE) |
1025–934 BCE | Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipakEa-mukin-zeriKashshu-nadin-ahiEulmash-shakin-shumiNinurta-kudurri-usur IShirikti-shuqamunaMar-biti-apla-usurNabû-mukin-apli |
911–745 BCE | Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq IOsorkon IShoshenq IITakelot IOsorkon IIShoshenq IIIShoshenq IVPamiShoshenq VPedubast IIOsorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese ATakelot IIPedubast IShoshenq VIOsorkon IIITakelot IIIRudamunMenkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt TefnakhtBakenranef | Kingdom of Samaria
Kingdom of Judah | Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari IITukulti-Ninurta IIAshurnasirpal IIShalmaneser IIIShamshi-Adad VShammuramat♀ (regent)Adad-nirari IIIShalmaneser IVAshur-Dan IIIAshur-nirari V | Eight Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur IIMar-biti-ahhe-iddinaShamash-mudammiqNabu-shuma-ukin INabu-apla-iddinaMarduk-zakir-shumi IMarduk-balassu-iqbiBaba-aha-iddina (five kings)Ninurta-apla-XMarduk-bel-zeriMarduk-apla-usurEriba-MardukNabu-shuma-ishkunNabonassarNabu-nadin-zeriNabu-shuma-ukin IINabu-mukin-zeri
| Humban-Tahrid dynasty
Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III |
745–609 BCE | Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
Taharqa("Black Pharaohs") PiyeShebitkuShabakaTaharqaTanutamun | Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty) Tiglath-Pileser†Shalmaneser†Marduk-apla-iddina IISargon†Sennacherib†Marduk-zakir-shumi IIMarduk-apla-iddina IIBel-ibniAshur-nadin-shumi†Nergal-ushezibMushezib-MardukEsarhaddon†AshurbanipalAshur-etil-ilaniSinsharishkunSin-shumu-lishirAshur-uballit II
|
Assyrian conquest of Egypt | Assyrian conquest of Elam |
626–539 BCE | Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho IPsamtik INecho IIPsamtik IIWahibreAhmose IIPsamtik III | Neo-Babylonian Empire NabopolassarNebuchadnezzar IIAmel-MardukNeriglissarLabashi-MardukNabonidus | Median Empire DeiocesPhraortesMadyesCyaxaresAstyages |
539–331 BCE | Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt) | Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon | Achaemenid Empire CyrusCambysesDarius IXerxesArtaxerxes IDarius IIArtaxerxes IIArtaxerxes IIIArtaxerxes IVDarius III |
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt |
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt |
331–141 BCE | Argead dynasty andPtolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I SoterPtolemy CeraunusPtolemy II PhiladelphusArsinoe II♀Ptolemy III EuergetesBerenice II Euergetis♀Ptolemy IV PhilopatorArsinoe III Philopator♀Ptolemy V EpiphanesCleopatra I Syra♀Ptolemy VI PhilometorPtolemy VII Neos PhilopatorCleopatra II Philometor Soteira♀Ptolemy VIII PhysconCleopatra III♀Ptolemy IX LathyrosCleopatra IV♀Ptolemy X AlexanderBerenice III♀Ptolemy XI AlexanderPtolemy XII AuletesCleopatra V♀Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀Berenice IV Epiphanea♀Ptolemy XIIIPtolemy XIVCleopatra VII Philopator♀Ptolemy XV CaesarionArsinoe IV♀ | Hellenistic Period
Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty:Alexander IIIPhilip IIIAlexander IV Antigonid dynasty:Antigonus I Seleucid Empire:Seleucus IAntiochus IAntiochus IISeleucus IISeleucus IIIAntiochus IIISeleucus IVAntiochus IVAntiochus VDemetrius IAlexander IIIDemetrius IIAntiochus VI DionysusDiodotus TryphonAntiochus VII Sidetes |
141–30 BCE | Kingdom of Judea Simon ThassiJohn HyrcanusAristobulus IAlexander JannaeusSalome Alexandra♀Hyrcanus IIAristobulus IIAntigonus II Mattathias | Alexander II ZabinasSeleucus V PhilometorAntiochus VIII GrypusAntiochus IX CyzicenusSeleucus VI EpiphanesAntiochus X EusebesAntiochus XI EpiphanesDemetrius III EucaerusPhilip I PhiladelphusAntiochus XII DionysusAntiochus XIII AsiaticusPhilip II Philoromaeus | Parthian Empire Mithridates IPhraatesHyspaosinesArtabanusMithridates IIGotarzesMithridates IIIOrodes ISinatrucesPhraates IIIMithridates IVOrodes IIPhraates IVTiridates IIMusaPhraates VOrodes IIIVonones IArtabanus IITiridates IIIArtabanus IIVardanes IGotarzes IIMeherdatesVonones IIVologases IVardanes IIPacorus IIVologases IIArtabanus IIIOsroes I |
30 BCE–116 CE | Roman Empire |
(Roman conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt | Judaea | Syria |
116–117 CE | Province of Mesopotamia underTrajan | Parthamaspates of Parthia |
117–224 CE | Syria Palaestina | Province of Mesopotamia | Sinatruces IIMithridates VVologases IVOsroes IIVologases VVologases VIArtabanus IV |
224–270 CE | Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan
Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir IShapur IHormizd IBahram IBahram IIBahram IIINarsehHormizd IIAdur NarsehShapur IIArdashir IIShapur IIIBahram IVYazdegerd IShapur IVKhosrowBahram VYazdegerd IIHormizd IIIPeroz IBalashKavad IJamaspKavad IKhosrow IHormizd IVKhosrow IIBahram VI ChobinVistahm |
270–273 CE | Palmyrene Empire VaballathusZenobia♀Antiochus |
273–395 CE | Roman Empire |
Province of Egypt | Syria Palaestina | Syria | Province of Mesopotamia |
395–618 CE | Byzantine Empire |
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima,Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia |
618–628 CE | (Sasanian conquest of Egypt) Province of Egypt ShahrbarazShahralanyozanShahrbaraz | Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow IIKavad II |
628–641 CE | Byzantine Empire | Ardashir IIIShahrbarazKhosrow IIIBoran♀Shapur-i ShahrvarazAzarmidokht♀Farrukh HormizdHormizd VIKhosrow IVBoranYazdegerd IIIPeroz IIINarsieh |
Byzantine Egypt | Palaestina Prima,Palaestina Secunda | Byzantine Syria | Byzantine Mesopotamia |
639–651 CE | Muslim conquest of Egypt | Muslim conquest of the Levant | Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia |
Chronology of the Neolithic period | Rulers of ancient Central Asia |
|