Purple acidphosphatases (PAPs) (EC3.1.3.2) are metalloenzymes thathydrolyse phosphateesters andanhydrides under acidic condition.[1][2] In theiroxidised form, PAPs in solution are purple in colour. This is due to the presence of a dinuclear iron centre,[3] to which atyrosine residue is connected via acharge transfer.[4] This metallic centre is composed of Fe3+ and M, where M is Fe3+,Zn2+,Mg2+ orMn2+. The conserved Fe3+ is stabilised in theferric form, whereas M may undergoreduction. Upon treatment with mild reductants, PAPs are converted to their enzymatically active, pink form. Treatment with strong reducing agents dissociates the metallic ions, and renders the enzyme colourless and inactive.[5]
PAPs are highly conserved withineukaryotic species, with >80%amino acidhomology in mammalian PAPs,[6] and >70%sequence homology in PAPs of plant origin.[7] However sequence analysis reveals that there is minimal homology between plant and mammal PAPs (<20%), except for the metal-ligating amino acid residues which are identical.[8] The metallic nucleus of PAPs also varies between plants and mammals. Mammalian PAPs which have been isolated and purified have, to this point, been composed exclusively of iron ions, whereas in plants the metallic nucleus is composed of Fe3+ and either Zn2+ or Mn2+. PAPs have also been isolated in fungi, and DNA sequences encoding for possible PAPs have been identified inprokaryotic organisms, such as inCyanobacteria spp. andMycobacteria spp.[9]
Currently there is no defined nomenclature for this group of enzymes, and a variety of names exists. These include purple acid phosphatase (PAP), uteroferrin (Uf), type 5 acid phosphatase (Acp 5) andtartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP, TRACP, TR-AP). There is, however, a consensus in the literature that purple acid phosphatase (PAP) relates to those found in non-mammalian species and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to those found in mammalian species.
Uteroferrin, bovine spleen PAP and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase all refer to mammalian PAPs, whereby research on PAPs expressed in various tissues diverged. Subsequent research has proven that all of these enzymes are the same entity.[10][11]
