| Purian | |
|---|---|
| Puri-Coroado | |
| Geographic distribution | EastBrazil |
| Ethnicity | Puri people |
| Extinct | late 19th century |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | puri1261 |
 Map of Purian and Macro-Jê languages | |
ThePurian languages are a pair ofextinct languages, or dialects of a singular language,[1] of easternBrazil:
Coropó (Koropó), once spoken inMinas Gerais andRio de Janeiro, was added by Loukotka (1935), but removed again by Ramirez et al. (2015).[2]
Purian was initially part of theMacro-Jê proposal. However, when Coropó is removed, there are not sufficient lexical connections to maintain this classification.[3] Coroado and Puri are mutually intelligible with each other, and they are no longer regarded as being in the Macro-Jê family.[4]
TheWaitaká and Maromomin languages, both extinct, are possibly belonging to the Purian family, but this is not confirmable as no linguistic information was recorded.[5][6]
The Purian languages were spoken in a continuous region stretching from thePreto River to theParaíba River (fromQueluz, São Paulo toParaibuna,São Paulo). The Puri occupied the UpperParaíba do Sul River up toQueluz, São Paulo, and the Coroado from thePomba River to theDoce River inMinas Gerais.[2]
Mason (1950) lists the following dialects of Coroado and Puri:[7]
Extinct and unknown languages that may have been Purian languages:[5]
The Purian languages are only attested by a few word lists from the 19th century. The lists are:[2]
Puri:
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[5]
| gloss | Puri | Coroado | Koropó |
|---|---|---|---|
| one | omi | shombiuan | ipáĩn |
| two | kuriri | chiri | alinkrin |
| three | pátapakon | patepakon | |
| tongue | an-gué | topé | pitao |
| foot | cha-peré | txa-peré | cham-brim |
| fire | pothe | poté | ké |
| tree | mpó | ambó | mebm |
| jaguar | paüan | pauan | |
| house | ngguára | guar | sheume |
| white | begotara | katáma | guatháma |
| Proto-Puri | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Puri(an) language(s) |
Silva Neto (2007) reconstructs 47 Proto-Purian forms.[13]: 39–41 Reconstituted forms by Silva Neto (2007) forPuri,Coroado, andKoropó synthesized from historical sources are also provided.
| no. | English gloss (translated) | Portuguese gloss (original) | Proto-Purian | Puri | Coroado | Koropó |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | water | água | *yaman | yaman | yaman | |
| 2 | you (sg.) | você | *gá | gá | gá | |
| 3 | tapir | anta | *painan | penán | painá | |
| 4 | here | aqui | *kará | kará | kra | |
| 5 | tree | árvore | *mpó | mpo | ãmpo | |
| 6 | drink | beber | *mpa | mpa | pa | |
| 7 | mouth | boca | *čore | čore | čore | šore, čore |
| 8 | hair | cabelo | *ké | ke | gué | iče, ke |
| 9 | head | cabeça | *kwe | kwe | ke | |
| 10 | eat | comer | *maše | paše | maše | makšina, maše |
| 11 | finger | dedo | *šapere | šabrera | šapere | |
| 12 | day | dia | *opé | opé | ope | |
| 13 | tooth | dente | *če | uče | če | |
| 14 | star | estrela | *yuri | šuri | yuri | dzuri, yuri |
| 15 | arrow | flecha | *apon | apon | apon | |
| 16 | fire | fogo | *poté | poté | poté | |
| 17 | cat | gato | *šapé | šapi | šapé | |
| 18 | brother | irmão | *čatay | šatã | čatay | šatay, čatay |
| 19 | daughter | filha | *šampe | šampe-mpayma | šãpe | boema |
| 20 | leaf | folha | *čope | dzoplé | čope | čupe |
| 21 | man | homem | *kwayman | kuayma, hakorema | kwayman | kwayman |
| 22 | moon | lua | *petara | petara | petara | |
| 23 | mother | mãe | *ayan | ayan | ayan | ayan |
| 24 | maize | milho | *makπ | makπ | makπ | |
| 25 | hand | mão | *šapore | kore, šapeprera | šapore, kokor¤e | |
| 26 | mountain | monte | *pré | pré | pre | pré |
| 27 | large mountain | monte grande | *pré-heroyma | pré deka | pré-heroyma | pré-heroyma |
| 28 | much, very | muito | *purika | prika | purika | |
| 29 | woman | mulher | *poyman | mpayma | poyman | boeman |
| 30 | nose | nariz | *ni | ni | yẽ | |
| 31 | boy | menino | *šapoma | šapona | šapoma | |
| 32 | night | noite | *miriponan | miriponan | maripoyan | merĩdan |
| 33 | eye | olho | *merĩ | miri | merĩ | šwarĩ |
| 34 | ear | orelha | *pepéna | bipina | pepéna | |
| 35 | father | pai | *are | are | uaré | |
| 36 | bird | pássaro | *šipu | šipu | šapu | |
| 37 | foot | pé | *čapere | šaprera | čapere | čamprĩ |
| 38 | feather | pluma | *pé | šipupé | pe | |
| 39 | pig | porco | *šorã | sotanšira | šorã | |
| 40 | river | rio | *rorá | mñama róra | yamã rora | kwã |
| 41 | sun | sol | *opé | opé | ope | |
| 42 | afternoon | tarde | *tušahi | tošora, tušahi | šare | |
| 43 | earth | terra | *oše | guašé, ušó | oše | |
| 44 | trunk | tronco | *pranü | pon-réna | põ pranü | |
| 45 | wind | vento | *džota | džota | nan dota | narã dzota |
| 46 | belly | ventre, barriga | *tikĩ | tikĩ | tekĩ | ičĩ |
| 47 | herb, plant, grass | erva, planta, capim | *šapuko | šapúko, spangué | šapuko | šapuka |
However, similarities inKoropó were later found to be loanwords by Ramirez et al. (2015), who classifies Koropó asMaxakalían.[2] Nikulin (2020) also classifiesKoropó asMacro-Jê (Maxakalían branch).[14]
