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| Puquina (proper) | |
|---|---|
| Pukina | |
| Pukina juyai | |
| Native to | Bolivia,Peru |
| Region | Lake Titicaca |
| Ethnicity | Tiwanaku |
| Extinct | early 19th century |
Puquina
| |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Bolivia |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | puq |
| Glottolog | puqu1242 |
 Pukina language distribution around 1600 CE, Pukina toponyms, and pre-Inca Pukina ethnicities. | |
Puquina (orPukina) is anextinct language once spoken by a native ethnic group in the region surroundingLake Titicaca (Peru andBolivia) and in the north ofChile. It is often associated with the culture that builtTiwanaku.
Remnants of Puquina can be found in the Quechuan and Spanish languages spoken in the south of Peru, mainly inArequipa,Moquegua andTacna, as well as inBolivia. There also seem to be remnants in theKallawaya language, which may be amixed language formed fromQuechuan languages and Puquina. (Terrence Kaufman (1990) finds the proposal plausible.[1])
Some theories claim that "Qhapaq Simi", the cryptic language of the nobility of theInca Empire, was closely related to Puquina, and thatRuna Simi (Quechuan languages) were spoken by commoners.[citation needed]
Moulianet al. (2015) argue that Puquina language influencedMapuche language ofsouthern Chile long before the rise of theInca Empire.[2] Thisareal linguistic influence may have started with a migratory wave arising from the collapse of theTiwanaku empire around 1000 CE.[2][3]
Sometimes the termPuquina is used for theUru language, which is distinctly different.
Puquina has been considered an unclassified language, since it has not been proven to be firmly related to any other language in the Andean region. A relationship with theArawakan languages has long been suggested, based solely on the possessive paradigm (1st no-, 2nd pi-, 3rd ču-), which is similar to the proto-Arawakan subject forms (1st * nu-, 2nd * pi-, 3ª * tʰu-). Recently Jolkesky (2016: 310-317) has presented further possible lexical cognates between Puquina and the Arawakan languages, proposing that this language belongs to the putativeMacro-Arawakan stock along with theCandoshi and theMunichi languages. However, such a hypothesis still lacks conclusive scientific evidence.
In this regard, Adelaar and van de Kerke (2009: 126) have pointed out that if in fact the Puquina language is genetically related to theArawakan languages, its separation from this family must have occurred at a relatively early date; the authors further suggest that in such a case the location of the Puquina speakers should be taken into account in the debate over the geographic origin of the Arawakan family. Such consideration was taken up by Jolkesky (op. cit., 611-616) in his archaeo-ecolinguistic model of diversification of theMacro-Arawakan languages. According to this author, the proto-Macro-Arawakan language would have been spoken in the Middle Ucayali River Basin during the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE and its speakers would have produced in this region the Tutishcainyo pottery.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Plosive | p | t | tʃ | k | q | ʔ |
| Fricative | s | ʃ | (χ) | h | ||
| Lateral | l | ʎ | ||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
| Trill | r |
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | o ~u | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Open | a |
| Numeral | Puquina |
|---|---|
| 1 | pesq |
| 2 | so |
| 3 | qapa |
| 4 | sper |
| 5 | taqpa |
| 6 | chichun |
| 7 | stu |
| 8 | kina |
| 9 | cheqa |
| 10 | sqara |
| English | Puquina |
|---|---|
| I | ni |
| you (sg.) | pi |
| he | chu, hi |
| we (inclusive) | nich |
| we (exclusive) | señ |
| you (pl.) | pich |
| they | chuch |
| gloss | Puquina |
|---|---|
| one | pesk |
| two | so |
| three | kapak |
| eye | sekbi |
| hand | kupi |
| woman | atago |
| water | unu |
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