Puning 普宁市 /普寧市 | |
|---|---|
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 Location of Puning within Guangdong | |
  Puning Location of the city center in Guangdong | |
| Coordinates:23°17′53″N116°09′58″E / 23.298°N 116.166°E /23.298; 116.166 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Guangdong |
| Prefecture-level city | Jieyang |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,620 km2 (630 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 10.5 m (34 ft) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 1,998,619 |
| • Density | 1,230/km2 (3,200/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 5153** |
| Area code | (0)663 |
| Licence plates | 粤V (Yuè V) |
| Website | Puning Government Website |
Puning (simplified Chinese:普宁;traditional Chinese:普寧;pinyin:Pǔníng;Teochew: Pou2 leng5), officiallyPuning City, is acounty-level city located in EasternGuangdong, China, under the administration of the city,Jieyang. Nevertheless, its administrative power in economic matters is comparable to that ofprefecture-level cities.[ref 1] Puning is geographically situated on the west rim ofChaoshan Plain, leaning against the stretching branch of theLianhua Mountains at its southwest border, and 90 percent of its territory sits on the south of theTropic of Cancer. The city has a population of 2.5089 million under its household registration systemhukou,[ref 2] marking the largest in all county-level cities in China.[ref 3] Puning's downtown residents amount to 581,900, behindYiwu,[ref 4] while the entire city's resident population of 1.9986 million is second to citiesKunshan andJinjiang.[ref 5] It is concurrently the ancestral hometown of 1.95 millionoverseas Chinese people and 1.4 million 'returned overseas Chinese people' (overseas Chinese who 'returned' to China and/or regained Chinese citizenship) and family members of the overseas Chinese people.
Puning, having been a key trade hub in eastern Guangdong, was upgraded from county to city status in 1993.[ref 6] It is one of the first 'Chinese textile cities'[ref 7] and where the project 'Chinese TCM Cities' was first launched.[ref 8] Textile and apparel and medicine industries are local pillars,[ref 9] topping or coming second in Guangdong county economies since 2003. It also entered the list of theOne Hundred Best Counties and Cities for Health Industry in 2020 byXiaokang series ofQiushi magazine.[ref 10]
Historically, Puning was one of the eight counties ofChaoshan. In the mid-1900s, theHakka region, which was historically part of theHuizhou Prefecture, was incorporated into Puning's territory. Subsequently, the city also welcomed back 'returned overseas Chinese' and 'family members of overseas Chinese' due to the political situation in Southeast Asia. The cultures of the various clans formed the multilingual, multicultural landscape of Puning, where customs and traditions differ across the towns and villages. It is recognised as a Chinese Folk Culture Art Village by the Ministry of Culture, China.
'Puning' is thepinyin transliteration of the city inStandard Chinese, also known as Mandarin orputonghua. It is also known as 'Pou Leng',Poh Leng, orPho Leng in the Chaoshan language, also known asChaoshan Min orSwatow dialect . It was named after the historical county of the same name, which dates back to theMing dynasty of China. According toPuning Xian Zhilue (A Brief Account of Puning County),Guangdong Tongzhi (Comprehensive Records of Guangdong),Ming Shi (History of Ming),[ref 11] andChao Zhong Zaji (Miscellaneous Accounts of Chaozhou),[ref 12] the name 'Puning' was given in 1563, after the phrasepubian ningmi, meaning universally serene. Versions mentioned the county's original name as Pu'an[ref 13] or Anpu,[ref 14] but this was refuted by an inscription on the external walls of aLords of the Three Mountains temple inGuiyu, Chaoyang, discovered in 1986.[ref 15]
In 1949, the seat of Puning County was administered as Puning City. The City's territory was split in 1950. In 1993, Puning County upgraded to become Puning City, while the original 'Puning City' became its city centre.
At the beginning of reform and opening up, Puning vigorously developed thecommercial circulation industry while connecting with the internationallabor-intensive industrial transfer. In 1991, the purchase and sale of commodities had covered all provinces inmainland China except Tibet, which enabled the local economy to develop rapidly in the 1990s. Puning's local state-owned enterprises have been successively established as 11 enterprise groups, including supply and marketing, Baoning, Commercial, Hengda, Zhenning, Yongfa, Jiake, Lanhua, Jiechang, Songshang, and Jinye, and began to operate across regions and industries. At the same time, they withdrew from the main channels of local purchase and sale. State-owned industries in the telecommunications, financial and other industries have also been restructured into local branches. At the same time, the private economy has also rapidly emerged, and national brands such as Liby and Kangmei have emerged one after another.
The GDP of Puning in 2020 was RMB 61.358 billion, and the proportion of the three industrial structures was 7.1%:33.2%:59.7%.[1]
The habitation of humans in the territory of Puning dates back to theNew Stone Age, evident in archaeological findings, such as theHutou Pu Old Kilns Site (虎头埔古窑址) in Mianyuan Village, Guangtai Town, discovered in 1982. The tomb of a SinicisedBaiyue person, discovered in Songbaiwei Village, Lihu Town, illustrates that by the end of theEastern Han period,Central Plains (Zhongyuan) culture had been introduced into Puning.[ref 16]
During thePre-Qin era, the succeeding political regimes on Zhongyuan did not have anyde facto administration of Puning and its surrounding regions. It was incorporated into Zhongyuan territories during the Qin and Han dynasties, but there had never been any clear administrative borders in the regions.
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In 1558,Zhang Lian started a rebellion inRaoping andDabu of eastern Chaozhou (Teochew) Prefecture and subsequently declared himself Emperor of the Feilong Empire. It was suppressed by the Ming Government in 1562.
In the 1860s, many Southern Chinese were caught up in the various Internal conflicts and later in the Foreign conflicts. Later, many Families ended up in Hawaii, the Philippines, Hong Kong and even in Thailand and Cambodia. Some of the educated classes married into Japanese Society. Other fled seeking Gold in USA and Australia and others became Traders across Asia.
In October 1911, theNational Revolution Army (NRA) started arebellion in Wuchang, while Fang Cishi (1887–1915) of theTongmenghui dispatched troops in Puning. Guangdong declared its independence from theQing Empire the following month and abolished the Chaozhou Prefecture, rendering counties such as Puning under the control of the Governor of Guangdong. Liu Renchen from theTongmenghui also led his troops into Puning's city area. As a result, there were 13 different rival commanding officers in theChaoshan region, all from different factions of the NRA. Meanwhile, influential figures in the county Puning supported Fang Zhiting as the county chief,[ref 17] while Zhao Diyun was, on the other hand, appointed Chief of Civil Affairs by Fang Cishi under the name of the Chaoshan Military Government. However, Zhao's appointment was short-lived as he was hindered by local officials and influential figures.[ref 17] In April 1912, the Deputy Governor of Guangdong,Chen Jiongming, sent his trusted aide, Chen Juemin, as the Civil Affairs Chief. The administrative division of ChaodunCircuit was established in 1914 and Puning was drawn into it; the Circuit was abolished in 1920.
In 1917,Duan Qirui led his troops to attack southern China after he abolished theProvisional Constitution of the Republic of China, whileSun Yat-sen established theConstitutional Protection Junta in Guangzhou, sparking theConstitutional Protection Movement. Both armies fought outside the city walls of Puning, in the villages of Wuli and Minggang.[ref 18] On 25 May 1921, Puning was brought under the control of Chen Jiongming's forces once again.
On 12 March 1925,Chiang Kai-shek,He Yingqin, andZhou Enlai led theNational Revolutionary Army (NRA) to defeat Chen's forces in Lihu of eastern Puning. On 2 November 1925, the NRA arrived in the city area of Puning, and Zhou made speeches there to raise funds for the army. On the same year, theGovernment of the Republic of China in Guangzhou announced that the Chaozhou (Teochew) and Meizhou regions came under the rule of theChinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang; KMT). Fang Zhiting was appointed the chief of Puning while Fang Zhanying became the acting Prosecutor.
The Puning Farmers' Association established the Farmers' Free City under the Peifeng Tower located in the suburb in February 1926, and founded the Farmers' Self-Defence Army in December of the same year, attacking the city twice.
TheShanghai massacre in April 1927 had a repercussion on the county of Puning. TheChinese Communist Party (CCP)'s Puning branch joined forces with left-wing KMT members to stage an armed riot on 23 April, and subsequently set up the first county-level revolutionary regime led by the CCP through armed conflict three days later at the Chen (Tan) clan ancestral shrine in Jiujiang, Daba. The CCP declared war against Chiang Kai-shek in a public address to the Chinese nation.[ref 19] However, the Farmers' Free City regime and the CCP's Provisional People's Government regime ceased their activities as they lost their battle to the KMT.
In October 1927, theNanchang Uprising forces retreated to Liusha and conducted a military conference in Liusha Christian Church on 3 October. The uprising forces were attacked and defeated byChen Jitang's forces.
In 1928,Peng Pai led theChinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army into Puning and met up with remnant forces of the Nanchang Uprising, to discuss setting up a revolutionary base in theDananshan Mountain area.
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| Climate data for Puning, elevation 69 m (226 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 29.3 (84.7) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.0 (89.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.6 (99.7) | 38.1 (100.6) | 37.4 (99.3) | 37.2 (99.0) | 34.5 (94.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 29.5 (85.1) | 38.1 (100.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.5 (88.7) | 33.1 (91.6) | 32.9 (91.2) | 31.5 (88.7) | 28.8 (83.8) | 25.3 (77.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 26.7 (80.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) | 15.4 (59.7) | 17.8 (64.0) | 21.8 (71.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 27.6 (81.7) | 28.7 (83.7) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 24.4 (75.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 16.3 (61.3) | 22.3 (72.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 12.4 (54.3) | 14.8 (58.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.8 (76.6) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.4 (77.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 21.3 (70.3) | 17.3 (63.1) | 13.0 (55.4) | 19.3 (66.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) | 4.8 (40.6) | 5.0 (41.0) | 11.6 (52.9) | 15.9 (60.6) | 17.6 (63.7) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.8 (73.0) | 19.9 (67.8) | 11.9 (53.4) | 6.5 (43.7) | 0.7 (33.3) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 46.4 (1.83) | 54.5 (2.15) | 104.6 (4.12) | 186.8 (7.35) | 274.5 (10.81) | 378.4 (14.90) | 329.8 (12.98) | 361.4 (14.23) | 215.1 (8.47) | 52.1 (2.05) | 43.9 (1.73) | 47.2 (1.86) | 2,094.7 (82.48) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.8 | 10.1 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 16.8 | 19.2 | 16.6 | 17.3 | 12.0 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 5.8 | 140.4 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 74 | 77 | 78 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 80 | 81 | 78 | 73 | 74 | 72 | 78 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 159.4 | 119.3 | 115.9 | 135.4 | 166.2 | 187.9 | 246.7 | 224.0 | 211.5 | 215.6 | 187.3 | 171.5 | 2,140.7 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 47 | 37 | 31 | 36 | 40 | 46 | 60 | 56 | 58 | 60 | 57 | 52 | 48 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[2][3] | |||||||||||||
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TheXiamen–Shenzhen Railway stops atPuning railway station along the high-speedCoastal Corridor.
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As of May 2013, Puning established friendly relations with seven other cities in mainland China.
| Country | Province | Sister City | Friendship forged |
|---|---|---|---|
 People's Republic of China | Zhejiang | Yueqing | 8 October 1996 |
| Liaoning | Haicheng | 25 March 1993 | |
| Jiangsu | Jiangyin | 23 December 1992 | |
| Hubei | Qianjiang | 28 August 1993 | |
| Jilin | Ji'an | 1 May 1997 | |
| Sichuan | Langzhong | 9 December 2010[ref 20] | |
| Zhejiang | Yiwu | 13 May 2013[ref 21] |
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