Puniša Račić | |
|---|---|
 Puniša Račić,c. 1925 | |
| Member of Parliament in theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | |
| In office 27 September 1927 – 20 June 1928 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1886-07-12)12 July 1886 |
| Died | 16 October 1944(1944-10-16) (aged 58) |
| Political party | People's Radical Party (NRS) |
Puniša Račić (Serbian Cyrillic:Пуниша Рачић; 12 July 1886 – 16 October 1944) was aSerb leader andPeople's Radical Party (NRS) politician. He assassinatedCroatian Peasant Party (HSS) representativesPavle Radić andĐuro Basariček and mortally wounded HSS leaderStjepan Radić in a shooting which took place on the floor of theYugoslav parliament on 20 June 1928. He was tried and handed a 60-year sentence, which was immediately reduced to twenty years. He served most of his sentence underhouse arrest and was killed by theYugoslav Partisans in October 1944.
Puniša Račić was born on 12 July 1886 in the village ofSlatina, nearAndrijevica,Principality of Montenegro.[1] He entered the employ of politicianNikola Pašić as a sixteen-year-old in 1902. Pašić regarded Račić as a son and encouraged his political ambitions. Račić became active inSerbian nationalist circles and claimed to have organized assassination attempts against KingFerdinand I of Bulgaria, KingConstantine I of Greece and EmperorWilhelm II ofGermany. FollowingWorld War I, he earned a reputation for suppressing pro-Bulgarian movements inMacedonia.[2] He was one of many Chetnik leaders who formed Serbian cultural societies in the region.[3] On 27 September 1927,[4] he was elected to the parliament of theKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as a representative of thePeople's Radical Party (NRS).[5]
Račić is reported to have had connections with the rulingKarađorđević dynasty.[6] He was the leader of theAssociation of Serbian Chetniks "Petar Mrkonjić" – For King and Fatherland until 1928.[5] The movement was established following a split in theChetniks in 1924 and built up a vast network acrossBosnia andHerzegovina in the ensuing years. It maintained a close relationship with the Serbian National Youth (Serbian:Srpska nacionalna omladina, SRNAO).[7]
On 19 June 1928, Račić and twenty-three of his colleagues requested thatCroatian Peasant Party (HSS) leaderStjepan Radić be examined by doctors to determine if he was mentally ill and, if it was discovered that he was not, that he be punished to the maximum extent for describing several Serbian ministers as "plunderers", "bandits" and "outlaws" and thus violating the parliament's rules of procedure.[8] At that day's session of parliament, Račić and fellow Serbian radical Toma Popović shouted: "Heads are going to roll here and until someone kills Stjepan Radić there can be no peace."[9] The atmosphere that day prompted Radić to remark that "a psychological mood for murder" was being created.[10] Several individuals in Serbia had made death threats against Radić in the preceding days. TheCroatian People's Party (Croatian:Hrvatska pučka stranka, HPS), which stood opposed to Radić's anti-Clericalism andpan-Slavic ideas, also called for his removal from public life.[6] Serbian newspapers such asPolitika (Politics),Samouprava (Self-administration) andJedinstvo (Unity) demonized Croat politicians, including Radić, and called for their murder.[11]
Out of caution, Radić was quieter than usual at the following evening's session of parliament.[4] A verbal confrontation erupted that night when HSS deputyIvan Pernar shouted insults at several Serbian politicians, questioning their wartime record and suggesting they were responsible for committing atrocities.[9] Croatian politician Lubomir Maštović then made a speech protesting how the death threats against Radić made by Popović and Račić the previous day had gone unpunished by the president of the Assembly, Ninko Perić. Popović responded by saying "...if Stjepan Radić, who shames the Croatian people, further continues with his insults, I guarantee that his head will fall."[12] The opposition benches reacted by shouting insults and death threats at the NRS party deputies, who responded in similar fashion. Perić ordered a five-minute recess and retreated to his private chamber, where he spoke with Račić.[13] Račić was given the floor when the session was resumed.[12] In his speech, he asserted that Serbian interests had never been in greater danger and stated that he would not refrain from using "other weapons, as need be, to defend the interests of Serbdom".[14] Opposing politicians, especially Pernar, responded by taunting Račić and shouting as he spoke. Račić demanded that Perić penalize those jeering at his speech.[12] Pernar then shouted "you plundered beys!", accusing Račić of looting Muslim homes in Macedonia. Seeing that Perić was not going to reprimand Pernar, Račić reached into his pocket and produced a handgun. TheMinister of Justice,Milorad Vujičić, who was sitting behind the podium, grabbed Račić by the back while the former Minister of Religion, Obradović, seized his right shoulder. Račić pushed both men away and shot Pernar first.[13] He then turned his attention to Ivan Granđa and shot him.[11] He attempted to shootSvetozar Pribićević just as HSS deputyĐuro Basariček jumped to the podium. Račić aimed at Pribićević but shot Basariček instead. He then shot Radić in the hand and stomach. Radić's nephew, Pavle, rushed to help his uncle.[12] Upon seeing him, Račić yelled "I was waiting for you!" and shot him at point-blank range.[13] He then fled the chamber.[14] Basariček and Radić's nephew died immediately. Pernar and Granđa were wounded but survived.[11] Radić was seriously wounded and was taken to hospital immediately, where he was visited by KingAlexander I.[12]
Demonstrations erupted inZagreb at the news of the shooting. Five people were killed and many more were wounded in clashes with police in the ten days following the attack. Deputies from the HSS–Democratic Party coalition withdrew from the parliament in protest.[15] The shooting was the most significant political murder of Croat politicians during theinter-war period. It destroyed popular support for the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in Croatia.[6] On 4 August Vlada Ristović, the editor ofJedinstvo—one of the newspapers which had called for the murder of Radić and Pribićević—was assassinated by Josip Sunić, a member of the youth wing of theCroatian Party of Rights (Croatian:Hrvatska stranka prava, HSP).[16]
Radić was operated on shortly after he was shot and his surgeon predicted that he would recover. Within two months of the shooting, his condition deteriorated unexpectedly and he died on 8 August 1928.[17]Vladko Maček, Radić's successor as head of the HSS, suggested thatdiabetes had led to an infection which caused his heart to fail and suggested this as his cause of death.[12] A week before his death, Radić had alleged that Račić was only the executor of "a plot conceived of and agreed to in one part of the Radical [parliamentary] club" and stated that his shooting had likely occurred with the knowledge and approval of Perić andPrime MinisterVelimir Vukićević.[18]
Račić was celebrated as a hero through much of Serbia.[19] He turned himself into the authorities shortly after the shooting[12] and was tried and sentenced to 60 years in prison. This was immediately reduced to 20 years.[19] His shooting of HSS deputies led to King Alexander suspending theVidovdan Constitution on 6 January 1929, renaming the country to Yugoslavia and proclaiming aroyal dictatorship.[20]
Račić spent most of his sentence under house arrest in a comfortable villa, where he was attended by three servants and was free to enter and leave at will.[19] The leniency of his sentence likely came as a result of his connection with the Chetniks.[21] He was released from house arrest on 27 March 1941.[1] TheUstaše used Račić's shooting of Croatian deputies as one of their excuses for Genocide of Serbs in thepersecuting and massacring Serbs duringWorld War II.[22] Račić was killed by theYugoslav Partisans on 16 October 1944 during theliberation of Belgrade from theAxis powers.[1]
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