The earliest reference to Pune is an inscription on aRashtrakuta Dynasty copper plate dated 937 CE, which refers to the town as Punya-Vishaya, meaning 'sacred news'.[26] By the 13th century, it had come to be known as Punawadi.[27]
During the Rashtrakuta dynasty, the city was referred to as Punnaka and Punyapur. The copper plates of 758 and 768 CE show that theYadava dynasty had renamed the city Punakavishaya and Punya Vishaya. 'Vishaya' means land, and 'Punaka' and 'Punya' mean holy. The city was known as Kasbe Pune when under the command of Maratha kingShivaji's father,Shahaji. Mughal emperorAurangzeb renamed a small neighbourhood in central part of the old city as Muhiyabad (the only divergent naming) some time between 1703 and 1705 in memory of his great-grandson Muhi-ul-Milan, who died there. The name Muhiyabad was reverted soon after Aurangzeb's death.[14] Anglicized to Poona in 1857 by the English during British rule, the city's name was changed to Pune in 1978.
Copper plates dated 858 and 868CE show that by the 9th century an agricultural settlement known as Punnaka existed at the location of the modern Pune. The plates indicate that this region was ruled by theRashtrakuta dynasty. ThePataleshwar rock-cut temple complex was built during this era.[28] Pune was part of the territory ruled by theSeuna Yadavas of Devagiri from the 9th century to 1327. Pune was under control of variousMuslim sultanates until the late 1600s.[29][30]
Pune was part of theJagir (fiefdom) granted by theNizamshahi (Ahmadnagar Sultanate) toMaloji Bhosale in 1599.[31]Maloji Bhosale passed onJagir of Pune to his sonShahaji Bhosale.The town was destroyed by Murar Jagdeo, a general from the rivalAdil Shahi dynasty in 1636.Soon Shahaji himself joined Adilshahi and got his Pune jagir back.At that time he selected the town for the residence of his wifeJijabai, and young son Shivaji, the future founder of the Maratha empire. Shahaji appointedDadoji Konddeo to help Jijabai in the administration of Jagir and in the reconstruction of the town.TheLal Mahal residence of Jiajabai and Shivaji was completed in 1640 AD.[26] Shivaji spent his young years at the Lal Mahal.Jijabai is said to have commissioned the building of theKasba Ganapati temple. TheGanesha idol consecrated at this temple has been regarded as the presiding deity (Gramadevata) of the city.[32] Pune changed hands between theMughals and the Marathas many times during the rest of the 1600s.Recognizing the military potential of Pune, the Mughal generalShaista Khan and later, the emperorAurangzeb further developed the areas around the town.[33] Pune was occupied again by Marathas in June 1670, four months to the battle ofSinhagad and remained in the hands of Marathas. From 1703 to 1705, towards the end of the 27-year-longMughal–Maratha Wars, the town was occupied by Mughal emperorAurangzeb and its name was changed temporarily to Muhiyabad.[14][34] This name was abandoned and reverted to its original name soon after Aurangzeb's death.
In 1720,Baji Rao I was appointedPeshwa (prime minister) of theMaratha Empire byShahu I, the fifthChhatrapati of theMaratha Empire.[35] As the Peshwa, Bajirao moved his base fromSaswad to Pune in 1728, marking the beginning of the transformation of what was akasbah into a city.[36][37] He also commissioned the construction of theShaniwar Wada on the high grounds of right bank of theMutha River. The construction was completed in 1730, ushering in the era of Peshwa control of the city. Bajirao's son and successor, Nanasaheb constructed a lake atKatraj on the outskirts of the city and an underground aqueduct to bring water from the lake to Shaniwar Wada and the city.[38][39] The aqueduct was still in working order in 2004.[40][41]
Map of Poona in 1911.Dapoorie railway bridge inDapodi in 1858.Deccan College in Poona in India Around 1875
TheThird Anglo-Maratha War broke out between the Marathas andthe British East India Company in 1817. ThePeshwas were defeated at theBattle of Khadki (then spelled Kirkee) on 5November near Pune and the city was seized by the British. It was placed under the administration of theBombay Presidency and the British built a large militarycantonment to the east of the city (now used by theIndian Army).The old city and the cantonment areas followed different patterns of development, with the latter being developed more on European lines to cater for the needs of the British military class. The old city had narrow lanes and areas segregated by caste and religion.[47] The settlement of the regiments of the 17Poona Horse cavalry, theLancashire Fusiliers, theMaratha Light Infantry, and others, led to an increase in the population. Due to its milder weather, the city became the "Monsoon capital" of the Governor of Bombay, thus making it one of the most important cities of theBombay Presidency.[48][note 1] TheSouthern Command of theIndian Army, established in 1895, is headquartered inPune cantonment.[49][50]
The establishment ofHindustan Antibiotics in 1954 marked the beginning of industrial development in theHadapsar,Bhosari, andPimpri areas.[59][60]MIDC provided the necessary infrastructure for new businesses to set up operations.[61] In the 1970s, several engineering companies were set up in the city, allowing it to vie withChennai.[62][63] In the 1990s, Pune began to attract foreign capital, particularly in the information technology and engineering industries. IT parks were established inAundh,Viman Nagar,Hinjawadi,Wagholi,Kharadi andBalewadi-Baner region. As a result, the city saw a huge influx of people due to opportunities offered by the manufacturing, and lately, the software industries.
The breach in thePanshet dam and the resultingflood of 1961 led to severe damage and the destruction of housing close to the river banks.[64] The mishap spurred the development of new suburbs and housing complexes.[65] To integrate urban planning, thePune Metropolitan Region was defined in 1967 covering the area under PMC, thePimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, the three cantonments, and the surrounding villages.[66]
In 1998 work on the six-laneMumbai-Pune expressway began; it was completed in 2001.[67] In 2008, theCommonwealth Youth Games took place in Pune, which encouraged development in the northwest region of the city.[68] On 13 February 2010,a bomb exploded at the German Bakery in the upmarketKoregaon Park neighbourhood in eastern Pune, killing 17 and injuring 60.[69][70][71] Evidence suggested that theIndian Mujahideen terrorist group carried out the attack.[72]
Pune has evolved greatly since Indian Independence, from notable universities, colleges and management schools, earning it the nickname of the 'Oxford Of The East', to being one of the most important automobile manufacturing hub.[73][74] Pune is also home to the world's largest vaccine manufacturer,Serum Institute of India.[75][76]
Pune is situated at approximately 18° 32" north latitude and 73° 51" east longitude. The city's total area is 15.642 km2,[77] and the municipal corporation area covers 518 km2.[78] By road Pune is 149 km (93 mi) south-east ofMumbai, 580 km (360 mi) south-west ofIndore, 695 km (432 mi) west ofNagpur, 1,173 km (729 mi) south ofDelhi, 734 km (456 mi) north ofBangalore, 562 km (349 mi) north-west ofHyderabad.Pune lies on the western margin of theDeccan plateau, at analtitude of 560 m (1,840 ft) above sea level. It is on theleeward side of theSahyadri mountain range, which forms a barrier from theArabian Sea. It is a hilly city, withVetal Hill rising to 800 m (2,600 ft) above sea level. TheSinhagad fort is at an altitude of 1,300 metres (4,300 feet).
The modern city of Pune has many distinctneighbourhoods. These include the numerouspeths of the old city on the eastern bank of the Mutha river, the cantonment areas ofKhadki andCamp established by the British, and numeroussuburbs.[60] There are several Peths in usual localities of the Pune city.[79] The industrial growth in thePimpri,Chinchwad,Akurdi, Nigdi and nearby areas allowed these areas to incorporate a new governing municipal corporation.[61][80][81][82][83][84][85]
ThePune Metropolitan Region (PMR), initially defined in 1967, has grown to 7,256 km2 made up of the tentalukas of thePune district.[86] The areas of PMC and PCMC along with the three cantonment areas of Camp, Khadki, and Dehu Road form the urban core of the PMR, which also includes sevenmunicipal councils and 842 villages.[86][87][88]
Rapid industrialisation since the 1960s has led to large influx of people into the city. Housing supply has not kept pace with demand, causing the number ofslum dwellings to increase.[89] Approximately 36% of the population lives in 486 slum areas. Of these, 45% slum households do not have in-house toilet facilities and 10% do not have electricity. One third of the slums are on mixed ownership land. The living conditions in slums varies considerably, depending on their status (formal/informal) and in how farnon-governmental organisations (NGOs),community organisations (CBOs) and government agencies are involved and committed to improving local living conditions.[90] Since the 1990s a number of landmark integrated townships and gated communities have been developed in Pune such asMagarpatta,Nanded city,Amanora,Blue Ridge, Life Republic andLavasa.[91] They also offer business opportunities and access to infrastructure. According to thePMC, six townships with up to 15,000 housing units existed in Pune in 2012 and 25 more were in the planning process.[90]
The Mercer 2017 Quality of Living Rankings evaluated living conditions in more than 440 cities around the world and ranked Pune at 145, second highest in India afterHyderabad at 144.[92] The same source highlights Pune as being among evolving business centres and as one of nine emerging cities around the world with the citation "Hosts IT and automotive companies".[93] The 2017 Annual Survey of India's City-Systems (ASICS) report, released by the Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy, adjudged Pune as the best governed of 23 major cities.[94]
Peth is a general term in the Marathi language for a locality in Pune. Seventeen peths are located in Pune, which today constitute the old city of Pune. Most were established during theMaratha empire era under theMaratha andPeshwa rule of the city in the 18th century, before the arrival of theBritish.[95] Pune is home to many distinctive peths, or place names, for various neighbourhoods. The majority of them bore the names of their founders and days of the week.[96]
Pune has atropical wet and dry (KöppenAw) climate, closely bordering upon ahot semi-arid climate (KöppenBSh) with average temperatures ranging between 20 and 28 °C (68 and 82 °F).[97] Pune experiences three seasons: summer,monsoon, and winter. Typical summer months are from mid-March to mid-June, with maximum temperatures sometimes reaching 42 °C (108 °F). The warmest month in Pune is May. The city often has heavy dusty winds in May, with humidity remaining high. Even during the hottest months, the nights are usually cool due to Pune's high altitude. The highest temperature recorded was 43.3 °C (109.9 °F) on 30April 1897.[98]
The monsoon lasts from June to October, with moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 22 to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F). Most of the 722 mm (28.43 in) of annual rainfall in the city falls between June and September, and July is the wettest month of the year. Hailstorms are not unheard of.For most of December and January the daytime temperature hovers around 29 °C (84.2 °F) while overnight temperatures are below 12 °C (53.6 °F). On 11 May 2023,Koregaon Park recorded a temperature of 44.4 °C (112 °F)[99]
Climate data for Pune (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[103]
Pune has been ranked 23rd best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'[104]
Pune is 100 km (62 mi) north of the seismically active zone aroundKoyna Dam.[105][106] TheIndia Meteorological Department has assessed this area as being inZone 3, on a scale of 2 to 5, with 5 being the most prone to earthquakes.[107][108] Pune has experienced some moderate – and many low – intensity earthquakes in its history.
Since Pune is a major industrial metropolis, it has attracted migrants from all parts of India. The number of people migrating to Pune rose from 43,900 in 2001 to 88,200 in 2005.[111] The sharp increase in population during the decade 1991–2001 led to the absorption of 38 fringe villages into the city.[112] The top five source areas of migrants areKarnataka,Uttar Pradesh,Andhra Pradesh,Gujarat, andRajasthan. TheSindhis in the city are mostly refugees and their descendants, who came to the area after the partition of India in 1947.[113] Initially they settled in the Pimpri area, which is still home to a large number ofSindhi people. However, they are also present in other parts of the city.[114] As agriculture has dwindled in recent decades, immigration of the erstwhile rural peoples now accounts for 70 per cent of the population growth.[115][116]
The averageliteracy rate of Pune was 86.15% in 2011 compared to 80.45% in 2001.[117]
Of the many Hindu temples in the city, the Parvati temple complex onParvati Hill and at least 250 others date back to the 18th century.[120] These temples were commissioned by thePeshwas, who ruled the city at the time, and are dedicated to various deities includingMaruti,Vithoba,Vishnu,Mahadeo,Rama,Krishna andGanesh.[121][122][123][124] The historic temples ofKasba Ganapati, theTambadi (Red) Jogeshwari are considered the guardian deities of the city.[30][125]Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Temple is the richest Ganesh temple in Pune. Pune district has two of the most important pilgrimage centres of theVarkari sect of theBhakti movement in Maharashtra, namelyAlandi where thesamadhi of 13th century SaintDnyaneshwar is located andDehu where the 17th century SaintTukaram lived. Every year in theHindu month ofAshadh (June/July), thePaduka (symbolic sandals) of these saints are carried in apilgrimage, thePandharpur Vari, to meet Vithoba. The procession makes a stopover in the city on its way toPandharpur attracting hundreds of thousands ofVarkaris and devotees. Other important Hindu pilgrimage sites inPMR or the district includeJejuri, and five ofAshtavinayak Ganesh temples. The Shrutisagar Ashram houses the Vedanta Research Centre and a unique temple ofDakshinamurthy.
Prominent mosques include Roshan Masjid, Chand Tara Masjid, Jama Masjid, and Azam Campus Masjid, Manusha Masjid. Chand Tara Masjid, located inNana Peth, is one of the biggest and most important mosques in Pune as it is the city headquarters (markaz) for theTablighi Jamaat. Pune is also the birthplace ofMeher Baba, although his followers usually travel toMeherabad to visit his tomb.Hazrat Babajan, identified by Meher Baba as one of the fiveperfect masters, has a shrine (Dargah) erected in her honour under aneem tree inPune Camp.[126][127]
Pune hasJain temples dating back to the Peshwa era. At present, there are more than one hundred Jain temples inPMR with the one atKatraj being the largest.[130] Pune has over 20 Gurdwaras, with Gurdwara Guru Nanak Darbar inPune Camp and Gurdwara Shri Guru Singh Sabha inGanesh Peth being the ones situated in the heart of the city. The 19th-centuryOhel David Synagogue, known locally as Lal Deval, is said to be one of the largest synagogues in Asia outside Israel.[131][132] The Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Agiary is a prominent Zoroastrian temple.
Pune has been associated with several significant recent spiritual teachers. The controversial GuruOsho, formerly the self-styled Bhagwan Rajneesh, lived and taught in Pune for much of the 1970s and 1980s. TheOsho International Meditation Resort, one of the world's largest spiritual centres, is located inKoregaon Park and attracts visitors from over a hundred countries. The meditation resort organises music and meditation festival every year during monsoon, known asOsho Monsoon Festival. Number of well known artists around the world participates in the event.[133]
Marathi is the official and most-spoken language. Pune, being the cultural capital of Maharashtra, is a centre for Marathi literature and its dialect forms the basis for the written standard of Marathi. As a destination for migrants throughout India,Hindi is also widely-spoken, as isDakhni Urdu by the Muslim community.Gujarati andMarwari are spoken by the business community.
Pune Municipal Corporation andPimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation are the civic bodies responsible forlocal government. It comprises two branches, the executive branch headed by the Municipal Commissioner, anIAS officer appointed by theGovernment of Maharashtra, and an elected deliberative branch, the general body, headed by theMayor of Pune.[135] Municipal elections are held every five years to elect councillors, commonly known as "corporators", who form the general body. The current general body of the PMC elected in February 2017 has 162 corporators representing 41 multi-member wards (39 with 4 corporators each and 2 with 3 each).[136] The general body, in turn, elects the mayor and the deputy mayor. The mayor has a ceremonial role as the first citizen and ambassador of the city while the actual executive power lies with the municipal commissioner. For policy deliberations, corporators form several committees. Perhaps the most important of these is the 16-member Standing Committee, half of whose members retire every year.[137] The Standing Committee and the 15 ward committees are in charge of financial approvals.[135] PMC was ranked 8th out of 21 Indian cities for best governance and administrative practices in 2014. It scored 3.5 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[138]
ThePune City Police Department is the law enforcement agency for the city of Pune. It is a division of theMaharashtra Police and is headed by thePolice Commissioner, an officer of theIndian Police Service. The Pune Police Department reports to the State Ministry of Home Affairs. A separate police commissionerate was announced forPCMC, Pune in April 2018 to be carved out of the historic Pune Police Department.[139][140] The new commissionerate took charge on 15 August 2018.[141][142]
The PMC supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from theKhadakwasla Reservoir. There are five other reservoirs in the area that supply water to the city and the greater metropolitan area.[144]The city lacks the capacity to treat all the sewage it generates, which leads to the Mutha river containing only sewage outside the monsoon months.[145] In 2009 only 65% of sewage generated was treated before being discharged into the rivers.[144] According to Anwesha Borthakur and Pardeep Singh, unplanned and haphazard development has turned the Mula-Mutha river into a dead river. The Pune municipal corporation has undertaken plans to restore life into the rivers.[146] PMC is also responsible for collecting solid waste. Around 1,600 tons of solid waste is generated in Pune each day. The waste consists of 53% organic, compostable material; and 47% inorganic material, of which around half is recyclable. The unrecovered solid waste is transported to the dumping grounds in Urali devachi.[147]
Healthcare in the PMR is provided by private and public facilities. Primary care is provided by practitioners ofAllopathic medicine as well as traditional and alternative medicine (i.e.Ayurved,Homeopathy andUnani). For minor and chronic ailments, people in the region often rely on practitioners of traditional medicine.[149]The PMR is served by three government hospitals:Sassoon Hospital, Budhrani and Dr Ambedkar Hospital. There are also a number of private hospitals such as Ranka Hospital,Sahyadri, Jahangir Nursing Home, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Sancheti Hospital,Aditya Birla Memorial Hospital,KEM Hospital,Ruby Hall, Naidu Hospital[150] and Smile Inn Dental Clinic Pune.[151]
Pune is a well known manufacturing and industrial center of India. With an estimated nominal GDP of Rs. 3,31,478 crores for year 2019–20, Pune District is the third largest contributor to the economy of Maharashtra, after Mumbai and Thane. Pune has the fifth largest metropolitan economy and the sixth highest per capita income in the country.[152][153] As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Maharashtra), the GDP per capita of Pune District in 2019–20 was Rs. 3,16,848. In 2014–15, the manufacturing sector provided employment to over 500,000 people.[154]
The formation ofMIDC in 1962 resulted in a constant process of industrial land acquisition and the creation of required support infrastructure. Since then, there has been a massive influx of several European companies who continue to be keen on setting up manufacturing facilities in the city. The city serves as headquarters to many companies. Major industrial areas around Pune areChakan,Chinchwad,Bhosari,Pirangut,Hinjawadi,Talegaon,Talawade,Urse.The Independent referredChakan as India's "Motor City".[155] TheKirloskar Group, one of India's largest manufacturers and exporters of pumps and the largest infrastructure pumping project contractor in Asia, is headquartered in Pune.[156][157]Kalyani Group headquartered in Pune ownsBharat Forge which operates world's largest single location forging facility consisting of fully automated forging press lines and state-of-the-art machining facility in Pune.[158][159]Bajaj Auto, headquartered in Pune, is ranked as the world's fourth largest two and three wheeler manufacturer.[160]
The Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park inHinjawadi is a ₹ 60,000 crore (US$8.9 billion) project by theMaharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC).[82][163] The IT Park encompasses an area of about 2,800 acres (11 km2) and is home to over 800 IT companies.[164][154] Besides Hinjawadi, IT companies are also located atMagarpatta,Kharadi and several other parts of the city. As of 2017, the IT sector employed more than 300,000 people.[164][154] Pune has also emerged as a new hub for tech startups in India.[165][166][167]NASSCOM, in association with MIDC, has started a co-working space for city based startups under its10,000 startups initiative atKharadi MIDC.[168] Pune Food Cluster development project is an initiative funded by theWorld Bank. It is being implemented with the help ofSmall Industries Development Bank of India, Cluster Craft to facilitate the development of the fruit and vegetable processing industries in and around Pune.[169][170]
Pune is an emerging centre forVFX services, with Indian and international studios such as Anibrain,Reliance Animation,[171] Digikore Studio, HMX Media, Waffold Pune, Stereo D, Framestore and Method Studios[172] having established their facilities here.
TheMeetings, Incentives, Conferencing, Exhibitions trade is expected to be boosted since the Pune International Exhibition and Convention Centre (PIECC) opened in 2017. The 97-hectare PIECC has aseating capacity of 20,000 with a floor area of 13,000 m2 (139,931 sq ft). It has seven exhibition centres, a convention centre, a golf course, a five-star hotel, a business complex, shopping malls, and residences. The US$115 million project was developed by the Pimpri-Chinchwad New Town Development Authority.[173] There are many food joints around Pune which makes it a favourite outing destination.[174]
Historical attractions include the 8th century rock-cutPataleshwar cave temple, the 18th centuryShaniwarwada, the 19th centuryAga Khan Palace,Lal Mahal and Sinhagad fort.Shinde Chhatri, located at Wanowrie, is a memorial dedicated to the Maratha generalMahadaji Shinde (Scindia).[177] The old city had many residential buildings with courtyards calledWada. However, many of these have been demolished and replaced by modern buildings.
Ganesh Kala Krida Rangamanch is the largest indoor theatre in the city, with aseating capacity of approximately 45,000.[187] TheSawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav, one of the most prominent and sought-afterIndian classical music festivals in India, is held in Pune every year in December. It commemorates the life and achievements ofSawai Gandharva.[188] The concept ofDiwāḷī Pahāṭ (lit.Diwali dawn) originated in Pune as a music festival on the morning of the festival of Diwali.[189]
Ganesh Chaturthi is widely and publicly celebrated in Pune.Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak started the public celebration of the festival as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892.[190][191] Pandals with Ganesh idols are erected all across Pune. Many Ganeshmandals display live or figurine shows calledDekhava during the festival. These shows often carry socially relevant messages. Processions of Ganpati are accompanied byDhol-Tasha pathaks (groups who play Dhol-Tasha percussion instruments). Involvement of thesepathaks has become a cultural identity of Pune with there being over 150 such groups operating in and around Pune.Jnana Prabodhini, a social organisation in Pune is widely accredited for founding the tradition ofDhol-Tashapathaks.[192]
Anew international airport has been proposed, due to the limited capacity of the existing airport. A location in theChakan-Rajgurunagar area was chosen for the airport,[198][199] but non-availability of land delayed the project for over a decade.[200] In September 2016 the location was changed toPurandar, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of the city near the towns ofSaswad andJejuri.[201][202] Changes in state government,delay or changes called for by the ministry of defence, or the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), and local opposition has delayed the project by several years.But with approvals in place from relevant authorities the project is going to be making progress per a statemt made by the civil aviation minister in June 2024.[203]
Pune Metro is amass rapid transit system serving the city. The system comprises two operational lines with a combined operational length of 31.25 km (19.42 mi).[205] Construction for athird line is underway, which on completion would increase the combined operational length to 59.1 km.[205]
The presently under construction Line 3 will plough from Megapolis Circle in Hinjewadi till the District Court Pune station. It will see a cross platform interchange atShivaji Nagar (for the Purple Line) and Disctrict Court (for both, the Purple and Aqua lines).[206]
Public buses within the city and its suburbs are operated byPMPML .In January 2019, Pune became the first Indian city to adopte-buses and Bhekrai Nagar became the country's first all electric bus depot. As of January 2025, up to 490 electric buses have been deployed across the city.[207]
PMPML operates theRainbow BRTS system. When launched, it was the first of its kind in India bus rapid transit system in India. The project has turned out to be a failure, receiving little patronage from the local citizenry.[208] As of 2023 only 16 km out of 68 km proposed were completed for the project. Due to the then ongoing metro construction related work and high incidences of accidents, dedicated bus lanes from Yerawda to Vimannagar were removed in 2023.[209]
TheMumbai Pune Expressway is India's first six-lane high-speed expressway, and it was built in 2002. Only four wheeled vehicles are allowed on it. This expressway has reduced travel time between Pune and Mumbai to a little over two hours. Three ring roads are planned around the city.[213][214][215]
Once known as the "cycle city of India", Pune has experienced a rapid growth in the number ofmotorised two wheelers replacing the bicycle.[216] In 2005 the city was reported to have one million two wheelers. The report also stated that the increase in vehicular and industrial activity had led to a 10-fold increase in particulate pollution in some areas of the city.[217] In 2018 the number of vehicles in the city has exceeded its population with 3.62 million total vehicles, 2.70 million being two wheelers.[218][219] In the fiscal year 2017–18 alone 300,000 new vehicles were registered in the city, two-thirds of them two wheelers.[220]
A revival of cycling in Pune with 130 kilometres (81 mi) of cycle tracks built was attempted as a part of theBRT system under theJawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission in 2004. However, a 2011 report revealed that only 88 kilometres (55 mi) of tracks were actually built and most were unusable at the time of the report.[221][222] Under theSmart Cities Mission, app basedcycle sharing schemes have been launched in the city since late 2017.[223][224][225] The PMC has devised the Pune Cycle Plan with 470 kilometres (290 mi) of cycle tracks planned.[226][227][228] Cycles are also seen as a possible way of improvinglast mile connectivity for the metro system.[229]
Pune has over a hundred educational institutes and more than nine deemed universities apart from theSavitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU; formerly University of Pune), which is the largest university in the country based on total number of affiliated colleges.[230] Higher education institutes attract international students mainly from the Middle Eastern countries such as Iran, and United Arab Emirates, and also African countries such as Ethiopia and Kenya.[231] Pune is the largest centre for Japanese learning in India.[232] Other languages taught in the city include German, which is taught at theGoethe-Institut, and French, which is taught atAlliance Française. Several colleges in Pune havestudent exchange programmes with colleges in Europe.[233]
The PMC runs 297 primary schools and 30 secondary and higher secondary schools.[234][235] While it is mandatory for the PMC to provide primary education under state law, secondary education is an optional duty.[235][236][237] In the rural and suburban areas of the PMR, public primary schools are run by the PuneZilla Parishad. Private schools are run by education trusts and are required to undergo mandatory inspection by the concerned authorities. Private schools are eligible for financial aid from the state government.[238] Public schools are affiliated to theMaharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education (State Board). The language of instruction in public schools is primarily Marathi, although the PMC also runsUrdu, English andKannadamedium schools.[235][239][240] Along with these languages, private schools also offer instruction in Hindi andGujarati.[241] Private schools vary in their choice of curriculum and may follow the State Board or one of the two central boards of education, theCBSE orCISCE.[242][243]
Jnana Prabodhini Prashala, located in Sadashiv Peth, is the first school forintellectually gifted and talented students in India.[244] Additionally, it counts with one of the 18 United World Colleges across the globe, having UWC Mahindra College in the Mulshi Valley.
Most colleges in Pune are affiliated to the SPPU (Savitribai Phule Pune University). Nine other universities have also been established in the city.[245] Pune also hosts the Military Intelligence Training School which offers diploma courses incounter intelligence, combat intelligence, aerial imagery and interpretation, among others.[246]
TheCollege of Engineering Pune, an autonomous institute of the government of Maharashtra founded in 1854, is the third oldest engineering college in Asia. TheDeccan Education Society was founded by local citizens in 1884, including social and political activistBal Gangadhar Tilak, who was also responsible for foundingFergusson College in 1885.[247] The Indian Law Society'sLaw College is one of the top ten law schools in India.[248] TheArmed Forces Medical College andB. J. Medical College are among the top medical colleges in India. TheArmed Forces Medical College consistently ranks among the top five medical colleges in India.[249] TheFilm and Television Institute of India, one of only three Indian institutions in the globalCILECT film school network, is located on Law College Road. The Lalit Kala Kendra is an undergraduate department of Music, Dance and Drama on the SPPU campus that has been operational since 1987. This department features a combination ofgurukul and formal education systems.[250] The College of Military Engineering, the Army Institute of Physical Training, and the Institute of Armament Technology are also in Pune.Christ University Pune Lavasa campus, is part of Christ University,Bangalore located inLavasa.[251]
Symbiosis International University operates 33 colleges and institutions in the city, including the Symbiosis Institute of Business Management, the Symbiosis Institute of Management Studies, the Symbiosis Centre for Management and Human Resource Development, the Symbiosis Law School and the Symbiosis Institute of International Business. They are ranked among the top management and law institutes in the country.[252][253] TheSymbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research is one of the few colleges in India that promotesopen source technology.[254]
Pune is home to a number of governmental and non-governmental research institutes focusing on a wide range of subject areas from the humanities to the sciences. TheMinistry of Defence also runs a number of defence related education, training and research establishments in and around the city. Major research centers include:
A number of Marathi-language newspapers from the British era continued publishing decades after independence. These includedKesari,Tarun Bharat,Prabhat andSakal.[259]Sakal has remained the most popular Marathi daily.[260][261]Kesari is now only published as an online newspaper. The Mumbai-basedMaharashtra Times,Loksatta andLokmat have all introduced Pune based editions in the last fifteen years. The Mumbai-based popular English newspaper theIndian Express has a Pune edition. Its rival theTimes of India introduced a tabloid calledPune Mirror in 2008.Mid-Day,Daily News and Analysis andSakaal Times are other local English newspapers. The English-language newspaperThe Hindu has launched[when?] a Pune edition covering local as well as national news.[citation needed] Another English-language online news website PuneNow was launched, covering local and national news.[262]
The government ownedAll India Radio (AIR) has been broadcasting from Pune since 1953.[263] Savitribai Phule Pune University broadcasts programmes focusing on its different departments and student welfare schemes on its ownFM radio channel calledVidyavani.[264] A number of commercial FM channels are also received in the city.[265] The city receives almost all of thetelevision channels in India includingbroadcast,cable anddirect-to-home TV.
Badminton in its modern form originated in Pune.[266] The game ofbadminton was also known as Poona or Poonah after the then British garrison town of Poona where it was particularly popular and where the first rules for the game were drawn up in 1873. (Games employing shuttlecocks have been played for centuries across Eurasia, but the modern game of badminton developed in the mid-19th century among the British as a variant of the earlier game of battledore and shuttlecock. "Battledore" wasan older term for "racquet".)[267][268][undue weight? –discuss]
Women's tennisITF $25K tournament held atDeccan Gymkhana club's tennis courts in 2021. It also hosted men's ITF $15K event.ATP 250 Maharashtra Open was held atBalewadi till 2022. It was India's biggest professional tennis championship and only ATP event of India, where top professional tennis players participated.[269][270]
Popular games and sports in Pune includecricket, athletics, basketball, badminton,field hockey, football, tennis,kabaddi,paragliding,kho-kho,wrestling,rowing, andchess.[citation needed] TheChhatrapati Shivaji Stadium in Balewadi is the venue for wrestling and other traditional sports. TheRoyal Connaught Boat Club is one of several boating clubs on the Mula-Mutha river. Pune has basketball courts at the Deccan Gymkhana and at Fergusson College.[271] Pune Skatepark is a skateboarding park built in Sahakarnagar, consisting of an eight-foot bowl in a 3,000 square foot flatground.[272] Other prominent sporting institutions in Pune include theNehru Stadium, the PYC Hindu Gymkhana, the Poona Golf Club and the Poona Cricket Club. The PYC has a long history of excellence in cricket. It is one of the oldest clubs in India and has produced many great cricketers, including D. B. Deodhar, Vijay Hazare and C. K. Naid.[273]
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^Balkrishna Govind Gokhale (1988).Poona in the Eighteenth Century: An Urban History. Oxford University Press. pp. 111, 112.ISBN9780195621372.The caste composition of these leaders throws an interesting light on the nature and functioning of the upper echelons of Poona society. The late Professor G.S.Sardesai compiled a list of prominent historical families who played significant political, military and financial roles in Poona's affairs during the Eighteenth Century. The list contains the names and genealogies of 163 families. The caste affiliations of the families are Deshasthas 80 Chitpawans 46 Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus 15 Karhadas 11 Saraswats 11.
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^Kosambi, Meera (1989). "Glory of Peshwa Pune".Economic and Political Weekly.248 (5): 247.
^Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind (1985). "The Religious Complex in Eighteenth-Century Poona".Journal of the American Oriental Society.105 (4):719–724.doi:10.2307/602730.JSTOR602730.
^abTirthkar, S.N., 2009. Master plan 2025 of Pune Municipal Corporation for sewage treatment and disposal. J Inst Public Health Eng, 2, pp.13–19.[1]Archived 10 February 2018 at theWayback Machine
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