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Pumi language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Qiangic language spoken in Yunnan, China
Pumi
Prinmi
psshinv mivཕྷྷྲིནཀ་མིཀ་,prienv mivཕྲནཀ་མིཀ་,psshonv mefཕྷྷྲོནཀ་མེས་,prinv mevཕྲིནཀ་མེཀ་,chinv mifཁྲིནཀ་མིས་
Native toChina
RegionSichuan,Yunnan
EthnicityPumi
Native speakers
(54,000 cited 1999)[1]
Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
pmi – Northern Pumi
pmj – Southern Pumi
Glottologpumi1242

ThePumi language (also known asPrinmi[citation needed]) is aQiangic language used by thePumi people, an ethnic group fromYunnan,China, as well as by theTibetan people ofMuli inSichuan,China.[2][3] Most native speakers live inLanping,Ninglang,Lijiang,Weixi andMuli.

The autonym of the Pumi ispʰʐə̃55mi55 in Western Prinmi,pʰɹĩ55mi55 in Central Prinmi, andpʰʐõ55mə53 in Northern Prinmi with variants such aspʰɹə̃55mə55 andtʂʰə̃55mi53.[3][4]

InMuli Bonist priests read religious texts in Tibetan, which needs to be interpreted into Prinmi.[citation needed] An attempt to teach Pumi children to write their language using the Tibetan script has been seen inNinglang.[5] A pinyin-based Roman script has been proposed, but is not commonly used.[6]

Dialects

[edit]

Earlier works suggest there are two branches of Pumi (southern and northern), and they are not mutually intelligible. Ding (2014) proposes three major groups: Western Prinmi (spoken inLanping), Central Prinmi (spoken in southwesternNinglang,Lijiang,Yulong andYongsheng) and Northern Prinmi (spoken in northernNinglang andSichuan).[7]

Lu (2001)

[edit]

Dialects of Pumi include the following (Lu 2001).[3]

Southern (22,000 speakers)
Northern (55,000 speakers)

Sim (2017)

[edit]

Sims (2017)[8] lists the following dialects of Pumi.

  • Northern
    • Sanyanlong 三岩龙 [Jiulong County] (B. Huang & Dai 1992)[9]
    • Taoba 桃巴 [Muli County] (Sun 1991)[10]
    • Shuiluo 水洛 [Muli County] (Jacques 2011)[11]
  • Central
    • Wadu 瓦都[12] [Ninglang County] (Daudey 2014)[13]
    • Niuwozi 牛窝子[14] [Ninglang County] (Ding 2001, etc.)[15]
  • Southern
    • Dayang [Lanping County] (Matisoff 1997)[16]
    • Qinghua 箐花 [Lanping County] (Sun 1991; B. Huang & Dai 1992)[10][9]

Sims (2017)[8] reconstructs high tones and low tones for Proto-Prinmi.

Documentation

[edit]

Transcribed, translated and annotated audio documents in the Pumi language are available from thePangloss Collection.[17] They concern Northern dialects of Pumi.

Phonology

[edit]
Pumi Consonants
LabialDentalRetroflexPalatalVelar
Nasalvoiceless[m̥][n̥][ŋ̥]
voiced[m][n][ŋ]
Plosivevoiceless[p][t][ʈ][k]
aspirated[pʰ][tʰ][ʈʰ][kʰ]
voiced[b][d][ɖ][ɡ]
Affricatevoiceless[ts][ʈʂ][tɕ]
aspirated[tsʰ][ʈʂʰ][tɕʰ]
voiced[dz][ɖʐ][dʑ]
Fricativevoiceless[s][ʂ][ɕ][x]
voiced[z][ʐ][ʑ][ɣ]
Lateralvoiceless[ɬ]
voiced[l]
Approximantvoiceless[ɹ̥]
voiced[w][ɹ][j]
Oral Vowels of Pumi
FrontCentralBack
Close[i/iᵊ][ɨ][ʉ][u]
Close-Mid[e][ɤ][o]
Mid[ə]
Open-Mid[ɛ][ɜ]
Near-Open[ɐ]
Open[a][ɑ]
Nasal Vowels of Pumi
FrontCentralBack
Close[ĩ]
Close-Mid[õ]
Mid[ə̃]
Open-Mid[ɛ̃]
Near-Open[ɐ̃]

Orthography

[edit]

The pinyin-based Roman script for Pumi has been proposed, but yet to be promoted.

Initials:
LetterIPALetterIPALetterIPALetterIPALetterIPA
b[p]p[pʰ]bb[b]m[m]hm[m̥]
d[t]t[tʰ]dd[d]n[n]hn[n̥]
g[k]k[kʰ]gg[ɡ]h[x]hh[ɣ]
j[tɕ]q[tɕʰ]jj[dʑ]x[ɕ]xx[ʑ]
z[ts]c[tsʰ]zz[dz]s[s]ss[z]
zh[ʈʂ]ch[ʈʂʰ]zzh[ɖʐ]sh[ʂ]ssh[ʐ]
zr[ʈ], [ʈʂ/kʴ]cr[ʈʰ], [ʈʂʰ/kʴʰ]zzr[ɖ], [ɖʐ/ɡʴ]l[l]lh[ɬ]
brpʴprpʴʰbbrbʴr[ɹ]hr[ɹ̥]
ng[ŋ]hng[ŋ̥]w[w]y[j]
Rimes:
LetterIPALetterIPALetterIPALetterIPA
i[i/iᵊ]u[u]ui[ɥi/wi]e[ə]
ie[jɛ/e]iu[ju]uee[ɥe/we]
ii[ɨ/ə]uu[uə/ʉ]ue[ɥɛ/wɛ/wə]üa[ɥɐ]
in[ĩ/ə̃]ien[(j)ɛ̃/ĩ]uen[ɥɛ̃/wɛ̃/wĩ]uin[ɥĩ]
o[o/ɤ]io[(j)ɐw/ɨɤ]on[õ]ion[jõ]
a[ɑ]ia[jɐ/jɜ]ua[wɑ/wɜ]uan[wɐ̃/wɜ̃]
aa[a]uaa[wa]an[ɐ̃]
ea[ɜ/ɛ]ai[ɜj]uai[wɜj]

Tones:

  • Monosyllabic words
    • f – falling tone
    • v – high tone
    • none – rising tone
  • Polysyllable words
    • f – nonspreading of the high tone
    • v – spreading of the high tone to the next syllable
    • r – rising tone
    • none – default low tone

Grammar

[edit]

A reference grammar of the Wadu dialect of Pumi isavailable online.[18] A grammar of Central Pumi is also available.[19]

Example

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toPumi writing.
PumiEnglish
Tèr gwéjè dzwán thèr phxèungphxàr sì.
Timitae llìnggwe zreungzrun stìng.		He has broken several hammers.
This man is crying and shouting all the time.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Northern Pumi atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
    Southern Pumi atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
  2. ^Ding, Picus S. (2003). "Prinmi: A Sketch of Niuwozi". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy (eds.).The Sino-Tibetan Languages. London: Routledge Press. pp. 588–601.
  3. ^abcLu 2001
  4. ^Ding 2014,chapter 1
  5. ^"Shínián, xiāngcūn "hánguī" zǒujìn xiànxué "pǔmǐbān""十年，乡村“韩规”走进县学“普米班”.Dàzhòng wǎng大众网 (in Chinese). 2011-10-07.
  6. ^Ding, Picus Sizhi (2007)."Challenges in Language Modernization in China: The Case of Prinmi"(PDF). In David, Maya; Nicholas Ostler; Caesar Dealwis (eds.).Working Together for Endangered Languages: Research Challenges and Social Impacts (Proceedings of FEL XI). Bath, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. pp. 120–126. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2018-07-26.
  7. ^Ding 2014,chapter 1
  8. ^abSims, Nathaniel (2017).The Suprasegmental Phonology of Proto-Rma (Qiang) in Comparative Perspective. Presented at the 50th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Beijing, China.
  9. ^abHuang, Bufan 黄布凡; Dai, Qingxia 戴庆厦, eds. (1992).Zàng-Miǎn yǔzú yǔyán cíhuì藏緬語族語言詞匯 [A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu xueyuan chubanshe.
  10. ^abSun, Hongkai 孙宏开; et al. (1991).Zàng-Miǎnyǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì藏缅语语音和词汇 [Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe.
  11. ^Jacques 2011b
  12. ^"Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Yǒngníng Xiāng Yǒngníng Cūnwěihuì Zhōngwǎ Zìráncūn"宁蒗彝族自治县永宁乡永宁村委会中瓦自然村 [Zhongwa Natural Village, Yongning Village Committee, Yongning Township, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County].ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived fromthe original on 2019-01-22.
  13. ^Daudey 2014
  14. ^"Nínglàng Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Xīnyíngpán Xiāng Xīnyíngpán Cūnwěihuì Niúwōzǐ Zìráncūn"宁蒗彝族自治县新营盘乡新营盘村委会牛窝子自然村 [Niuwozi Natural Village, Xinyingpan Village Committee, Xinyingpan Township, Ninglang Yi Autonomous County].ynszxc.net (in Chinese). Archived fromthe original on 2019-01-22.
  15. ^Ding, Picus Shizhi (2001)."The Pitch-Accent System of Niuwozi Prinmi"(PDF).Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area.24 (2):57–83.
  16. ^Matisoff, James A. (1997)."Dàyáng Pumi Phonology and Adumbrations of Comparative Qiangic"(PDF).Mon-Khmer Studies.27:171–213.
  17. ^"Pumi corpus".The Pangloss Collection.
  18. ^Daudey 2014
  19. ^Ding 2014

Bibliography

[edit]
Sino-Tibetan branches
WesternHimalayas (Himachal,
Uttarakhand,Nepal,Sikkim)
Greater Magaric
Map of Sino-Tibetan languages
EasternHimalayas
(Tibet,Bhutan,Arunachal)
Myanmar and Indo-
Burmese border
Naga
Sal
East andSoutheast Asia
Burmo-Qiangic
Dubious (possible
isolates,Arunachal)
Greater Siangic
Proposed groupings
Proto-languages
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.
Na-Qiangic languages
Naic
Namuyi
Shixing
Naish
Ersuic
Qiangic
Qiang
Gyalrongic
East Gyalrongic
West Gyalrongic
Chamdo
Choyo
Muya
Pumi
Zhaba
Cross (†) anditalics indicateextinct languages.
Official
Regional
ARs /SARs
Prefecture
Counties/Banners
numerous
Indigenous
Lolo-
Burmese
Mondzish
Burmish
Loloish
Hanoish
Lisoish
Nisoish
Other
Qiangic
Tibetic
Other
Other languages
Austroasiatic
Hmong–Mien
Hmongic
Mienic
Mongolic
Kra-Dai
Zhuang
Other
Tungusic
Turkic
Other
Minority
Varieties of
Chinese
Creole/Mixed
Extinct
Sign
  • GX = Guangxi
  • HK = Hong Kong
  • MC = Macau
  • NM = Inner Mongolia
  • XJ = Xinjiang
  • XZ = Tibet
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