ThePulitzer Prize for Fiction is one of the seven AmericanPulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters, Drama, and Music. It recognizes distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing with American life, published during the preceding calendar year.[citation needed]
As thePulitzer Prize for the Novel (awarded 1918–1947), it was one of the original Pulitzers; the program wasinaugurated in 1917 with seven prizes, four of which were awarded that year[1] (no Novel prize was awarded in 1917, the first one having been granted in 1918).[2]
The name was changed to thePulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1948[3] and eligibility was expanded to the broader "distinguished fiction published in book form".[4][5] The Advisory Board wanted to give the award toJames A. Michener'sTales of the South Pacific, which required expanding the category criteria and lifting the ban on short stories.[6]
Finalists have been announced since 1980, usually a total of three.[2]
As defined in the original Plan of Award, the prize was given "Annually, for the American novel published during the year which shall best present the wholesome atmosphere of American life, and the highest standard of American manners and manhood," although there was some struggle over whether the wordwholesome should be used instead ofwhole, the word Pulitzer had written in his will.[7] In 1927, the advisory board quietly instituted Pulitzer's word choice, replacingwholesome withwhole.
A new consideration arose when the Pulitzer jury was unanimous in recommendingThornton Wilder'sThe Bridge of San Luis Rey for the 1928 prize, although the book deals with Peruvians inPeru, not with Americans in America. The jury chair, Richard Burton ofColumbia University, emphasized themoral value of the book in his report to the advisory board: "This piece of fiction is not only an admirable example of literary skill in the art of fiction, but also possesses a philosophic import and a spiritual elevation which greatly increases its literary value."Robert Morss Lovett disagreed, saying it would be "mere subterfuge to say that it has anything to do with the highest standard of American manners and manhood," but went along with the jury in finding "less literary merit" in the other novels under discussion. (Lovett rejected the runner-upBlack April byJulia Peterkin, calling it "a rather unedifying picture of life in a primitive negro community" and "an ironical answer to the terms on which the prize is offered." Peterkin won nevertheless in 1929 for a similar novel,Scarlet Sister Mary.) Having settled onBridge, the Advisory Board redefined the conditions from "whole atmosphere of American life, and the highest standard of American manners and manhood" to "preferably one which shall best present the whole atmosphere of American life," although this did not address the novel's setting.[8] Further refinement into "the best novel published that year by an American author" removed any impediment toPearl S. Buck'sThe Good Earth in 1932, also with a foreign setting in its study of Chinese village life inAnhui,East China.[9]
With 1929 came the first of several much more substantive changes. The board changed the wording to "preferably one which shall best present the whole atmosphere of American life" and deleted the insistence that the novel portray "the highest standard of American manners and manhood". In 1936, emphasis was changed again, with the award going to "a distinguished novel published during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life". In 1948, the advisory board widened the scope of the award with the wording "For distinguished fiction published in book form during the year by an American author, preferably dealing with American life."[7] This change allowed the prize to go to a collection of short stories for the first time, James Michener'sTales of the South Pacific.
In 31 years under the "Novel" name, the prize was awarded 27 times; in its first 76 years to 2024 under the "Fiction" name, 70 times. There have been 11 years during which no title received the award. It was shared by two authors for the first time in 2023.[2] Since this category's inception in 1918, 31 women have won the prize. Four authors have won two prizes each in the Fiction category:Booth Tarkington,William Faulkner,John Updike, andColson Whitehead.
Because the award is for books published in the preceding calendar year, the "Year" column links to the preceding year in literature.
Four writers to date have won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction multiple times, one nominally in the novel category and two in the general fiction category.Ernest Hemingway was selected by the 1941 and 1953 juries, but the former was overturned with no award given that year.[s]
^The 1918 jury gave honorable mention toBromley Neighborhood byAlice Brown.[10]
^In 1920, first-time fiction juror Stuart P. Sherman initially recommendedJava Head byJoseph Hergesheimer for the award; he rescinded his recommendation when the other jurors informed him that the word "whole" in a key phrase of the original description of the award, "the whole atmosphere of American life", had subsequently been changed to "wholesome".[11]
^JurorRobert Morss Lovett wrote in the June 22, 1921 issue ofThe New Republic that in fact the jury had preferredMain Street by Sinclair Lewis. The Pulitzer board overturned their decision. The man with the deciding vote may have beenNicholas Murray Butler. Lovett thought the public had a right to know that the jury had chosen another book. Lewis was angry but wrote her a congratulatory note. Wharton wrote back, "When I discovered that I was being rewarded — by one of our leading Universities — for uplifting American morals, I confess I did despair. Subsequently, when I found the prize shd really have been yours, but was withdrawn because your book (I quote from memory) had 'offended a number of prominent persons in the Middle West,' disgust was added to despair."
^The 1932 jury was asked by Advisory Board secretaryFrank D. Fackenthal to "list the books in the order of the jury's choice without indicating the ins and outs of the vote." Their report said that they had also "favorably considered"The Lady Who Came to Stay by R.E. Spencer andShadows on the Rock byWilla Cather, noting "it's a rare year when three such excellent novels appear."[9]
^The 1934 jury was not unanimous, but recommendedA Watch in the Night byHelen C. White as their "majority choice", withLamb in His Bosom byCaroline Miller a "close second" andNo More Sea byWilson Follett a "good third." The Advisory Board namedLamb in His Bosom as the winner.[20]
^The 1942 jury's report stated that "none of the novels brought to its attention seemed of really outstanding merit... but since it is probably inadvisable to omit the award for two successive years, a list of possibilities is here submitted." Their shortlist consisted ofThe Great Big Doorstep by E. P. O'Donnell,Green Centuries byCaroline Gordon,Storm byGeorge R. Stewart, andWindswept byMary Ellen Chase. The Advisory Board bypassed the jury's selections, recommending eventual winnerIn This Our Life byEllen Glasgow.[28]
^The 1945 jury also shortlistedColcorton by Edith Pope andThe History of Rome Hanks and Kindred Matters byJoseph Pennell.[31]
^The 1946 jury shortlistedApartment in Athens byGlenway Wescott,Black Boy byRichard Wright andThe Wayfarers byDan Wickenden. The jury as a whole could not reach a consensus; one point of contention overBlack Boy specifically was that the book is a memoir, not a novel.[11]
^The 1951 jury recommendedThe Wall byJohn Hersey for the prize. Asked to provide additional suggestions, they reiterated their support forThe Wall, but also shortlistedDebbie by Max Steele, eventual winnerThe Town byConrad Richter andWorld Enough and Time byRobert Penn Warren.[36]
^The 1952 jury also shortlistedJenkins' Ear by William andOdell Shepard.[37]
^The two-man 1954 jury could not agree on a single book to recommend to the Advisory Board, so no award was given; among the books recommended by juror Eric P. Kelly wereRamey by Jack D. Ferris,The Sands of Karakorum byJames Ullman,The Adventures of Augie March bySaul Bellow, andThe Four Lives of Mundy Tolliver byBen Lucien Burman, while juror Harris F. Fletcher recommendedThe Street of the Three Friends byMyron Brinig andThe Deep Sleep byWright Morris[11]
^"Among the books the judges most seriously considered were the following: (1)Norman Fruchter'sCoat Upon a Stick…, (2)May Sarton's novellaJoanna and Ulysses…, (3)Sumner Locke Elliott'sCareful, He Might Hear You…, [and] (4)John Killens'And Then We Heard the Thunder… If a prize were to be awarded for a 1963 novel we felt these to be the most serious candidates." However, the fiction jury ultimately recommended that no award be given because "no one of them imposes itself upon us as demanding recognition as 'distinguished fiction'…."[11]
^"An exquisitely crafted novel that carries the reader on an adventuresome journey into the depths of totalitarian North Korea and into the most intimate spaces of the human heart."[63]
^"A beautifully written coming-of-age novel with exquisitely drawn characters that follows a grieving boy's entanglement with a small famous painting that has eluded destruction, a book that stimulates the mind and touches the heart."[64]
^"An imaginative and intricate novel inspired by the horrors of World War II and written in short, elegant chapters that explore human nature and the contradictory power of technology."[65]
^"A layered immigrant tale told in the wry, confessional voice of a "man of two minds" -- and two countries, Vietnam and the United States."[66]
^"For a smart melding of realism and allegory that combines the violence of slavery and the drama of escape in a myth that speaks to contemporary America."[67]
^"A generous book, musical in its prose and expansive in its structure and range, about growing older and the essential nature of love."[68]
^"An ingeniously structured narrative that branches and canopies like the trees at the core of the story whose wonder and connectivity echo those of the humans living amongst them."[69]
^"A spare and devastating exploration of abuse at a reform school in Jim Crow-era Florida that is ultimately a powerful tale of human perseverance, dignity and redemption."[70]
^"A majestic, polyphonic novel about a community’s efforts to halt the proposed displacement and elimination of several Native American tribes in the 1950s, rendered with dexterity and imagination."[71]
^"A mordant, linguistically deft historical novel about the ambiguities of the Jewish American experience, presenting ideas and disputes as volatile as its tightly-wound plot."[72]
^"A beautifully rendered novel set in West Virginia's Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum in the aftermath of the Civil War, where a severely wounded Union veteran, a 12-year-old girl and her mother, long abused by a Confederate soldier, struggle to heal."[76]
^"An accomplished reconsideration of ‘Huckleberry Finn’ that gives agency to Jim to illustrate the absurdity of racial supremacy and provide a new take on the search for family and freedom."[77]
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 3.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 6.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 6.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 8.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 8.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 10.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 10.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 106.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 11.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 11.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. pp. 11, 12.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 12.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 12.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 12.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. pp. 12, 14.ISBN9783598301919.
^abcMcDowell, Edwin (11 May 1984)."PUBLISHING: PULITZER CONTROVERSIES".The New York Times. Retrieved2018-04-19.[I]n 1941, after both the jury and the board voted to give the fiction prize to Ernest Hemingway'sFor Whom the Bell Tolls, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia andex-officio chairman of the board, forced the board to change its vote because he found the book offensive.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 14.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 14.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 16.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 16.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. pp. 160, 161, 162, 163.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 166.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 171.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 174.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. pp. 176, 177.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 18.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 18.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 228.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 20.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 20.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 243.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. pp. 246, 247.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 21.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 266.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 270.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 274.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 287.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 294.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 302.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 308.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz Dietrich; Fischer, Erika J. (1997).Novel/Fiction Awards 1917–1994: From Pearl S. Buck and Margaret Mitchell to Ernest Hemingway and John Updike. The Pulitzer Prize Archive. Vol. 10 (in part D, "Belles Lettres"). München: K.G. Saur. pp. LX–LXI.ISBN9783110972115.OCLC811400780.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 308.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 324.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 331.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 335.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 340.ISBN9783598301919.
^Fischer, Heinz-D.; Fischer, Erika J. (2007).The Pulitzer Prize Archive: A History and Anthology of Award-winning Material in Journalism, Letters and Arts — Chronicle of the Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction: Discussions, Decision and Documents. Berlin: K.G. Saur. p. 346.ISBN9783598301919.
Michael's Cunningham's "Letter from the Pulitzer Fiction Jury: What Really Happened This Year,"The New Yorker —Part One (July 9, 2012) andPart Two (July 10, 2012)
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