Puerto Barrios | |
|---|---|
 Puerto Barrios at night | |
 Flag  Seal | |
  Puerto Barrios Location in Guatemala | |
| Coordinates:15°42′47.7″N88°35′23.6″W / 15.713250°N 88.589889°W /15.713250; -88.589889 | |
| Country |  Guatemala |
| Department |  Izabal |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Hugo Sarceño[1] |
| Area | |
| 1,190 km2 (460 sq mi) | |
| Elevation | 638 m (2,093 ft) |
| Highest elevation | 1,276 m (4,186 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2018)[2] | |
| 100,593 | |
| • Density | 84.5/km2 (219/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 100,593 |
| Climate | Af |
Puerto Barrios (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈpweɾ.toˈβa.rjos]) is a city inGuatemala, located within theGulf of Honduras. The city is located onBahia de Amatique. Puerto Barrios is the departmental seat ofIzabal department and is the administrative seat of Puerto Barrios municipality.
It is Guatemala's mainCaribbean Sea port, together with its more modern twin port town just to the southwest,Santo Tomás de Castilla. As of the 2018 census, the population of Puerto Barrios was 100,593. Puerto Barrios is located 297 kilometers (185 mi) northeast ofGuatemala City. It is the terminus of Highway CA9 which begins at the Pacific port city ofPuerto San José and traverses the country throughGuatemala City.
The city's population is a mix of mostly Garifuna,Maya,Afro-Caribbean (such asAfro-Jamaicans), and other West Indian groups. Its heyday was in the latter 19th and early 20th centuries, following the construction of a railroad connecting largebanana and coffee plantations with the shipping docks, all controlled by theInternational Railways of Central America andThe Great White Fleet, both owned by theUnited Fruit Company.
Puerto Barrios is divided into many neighborhoods orBarrios such as El Rastro, Las Champas, Los Tanques, La Veinte, La Veintedos, La Catorce, La Trece, and El Estrecho. Although the town is small, due to its harbor nature, many of its visitors are ship workers who frequent the night entertainment centers throughout the town.
Puerto Barrios is starting to get more visitors in the new century as the nearby town ofSanto Tomás de Castilla has started receiving cruise ships.Puerto Barrios Airport was refurbished and receives scheduled flights.
Among the many nearby tourist attractions are theMayan ruins ofQuirigua. In 1910, the United Fruit Company bought Quiriguá and all the land around the site for banana production; they set aside 75 acres or 30 hectares around the ceremonial center as an archaeological park, leaving an island of jungle among the plantations.[4] Nearby the Quirigua ruins is the Quirigua Hospital, established by United Fruit Company in 1910, and considered the finest tropical hospital in the America's at the time of its operation.[5] On the grounds of the hospital is the Quirigua Hospital Cemetery, where some of the UFC and hospital workers that died in Guatemala are interred. TheCastillo de San Felipe de Lara, an old Spanish fort inRío Dulce, guards the entrance toLake Izabal. Another popular attraction is the lively town ofLivingston whereGarifuna culture can be experienced, with itsPunta andYankunu dances.
In 1883, then president generalJusto Rufino Barrios had the plan to connectGuatemala City to a port on the Atlantic shore through a railroad in order to be able to move the coffee produced by his own haciendas and those of his liberal partners. On 4 August 1883, he issued a decree in which a person with a salary of more than 4 pesos a month could pay 4 pesos a year over a 10-year span to finance the railroad. However, after the death of Barrios in theBattle of Chalchuapa in 1885, this plan was forgotten by his successor, generalManuel Lisandro Barillas.
It was not until 1892, whenJosé María Reina Barrios assumed power, that the railroad project was restarted. On 19 July 1895, Reina Barrios issued executive action No. 513, which established that a city was to be founded between the Escondido and Estrecho rivers, to be calledPuerto Barrios. The ceremonial act of foundation took place on 5 December 1892. A part of the Northern Railroad project, executive action No. 524 declared Puerto Barrios to be a "Major port of the Republic" and ordered the customs offices previously based inLivingston to be relocated there.[6]
TheExposición Centroamericana (Central American Expo) was an industrial and cultural exposition that was to take place in Guatemala in 1897 and which was approved on 8 March 1894 by the National Assembly by Decree 253 by a suggestion made by president Reina Barrios. Given that in those days most visitors arriving from Europe and North America would arrive at the port on the Caribbean Sea shore, Reina Barrios pushed for the Northern Railroad to be finished quickly. Not only was the railroad vital for the Expo success, it was key to move merchandise and passengers between the Caribbean Sea and the new Port ofIztapa on the Pacific shore. Reina Barrios hoped the railroad would improve the progress and development of the country given that the United States and Spain were still at war over Cuba, and it was evident that a dependable inter-oceanic communication line was crucial for the North American country.[7] Completing a transoceanic railway was a main objective of Reina Barrios' government, with a goal to attract international investors at a time when thePanama Canal was not built yet. However, a sharp decline in the price of coffee and silver, along with the high technical difficulties of the railroad construction close toGuatemala City – mainly due to the steep cliffs and mountains around the city− resulted in the collapse of Guatemala's economy, and the eventual assassination of Reina Barrios, on 8 February 1898.
After Reina Barrios' death, civilian lawyerManuel Estrada Cabrera was designated as president and inherited an enormous external debt to British banks, which forced him to search for an ally in theUnited States. In 1900, Estrada Cabrera authorized his Secretary of Economy,Rafael Spínola, to contract an American company, Central American Improvement Co. Inc., to finish the Northern Railroad and fix those stretches that were in disrepair on the rest of the line.[8] To cover the expenses, the Guatemalan government gave a concession to the American company to use the railroad along with all of its facilities without any cost; this included the port and dock in Puerto Barrios, for which the Guatemalan people and government had to pay fees for their use.[8]
Finally, in 1904, knowing the pro-American attitude of Estrada Cabrera,Minor Keith's partners,[a] began to get concession on railroads of both Guatemala andEl Salvador, and in that year, International Railways of Central American (IRCA) was incorporated inNew Jersey.;[9] the harbor was then partly built by Theodore Roosevelt's Corps of Engineers in 1906-1908.[citation needed] Eventually,United Fruit Company, owner of IRCA, controlled Puerto Barrios completely, as it owned the docks, the railroads, the banana production from Izabal and even the merchant fleet: the Great White Fleet.
This situation remained as such until the government of ColonelJacobo Árbenz Guzmán (1951-1954), who decided to build a highway and another port –Santo Tomas de Castilla – to compete with the American fruit company. He also issued an Agrarian Reform that impacted UFCO land. Eventually, Árbenz was accused ofCommunism and was ousted in 1954, but the highway was almost completed and was completed by his successor, colonelCarlos Castillo Armas. Just as Arbenz had hoped, IRCA's last profit was reported in 1957.[9]
Theearthquake on 4 February 1976, one of the worst in Guatemala's history, destroyed most of the port facilities of Puerto Barrios, and most modern cargo traffic moved to its twin port inSanto Tomás de Castilla. In the 21st century, Puerto Barrios remains an important hub forDole andFresh Del Monte Produce industries in addition toChiquita,United Fruit Company's successor.
The municipality's elevation varies from sea level atPunta de Manabique to 1,276 metres or 4,186 feet above sea level at Cerro San Gil. The municipal capital is located on the shore of Santo Tomás internal bay, which is part ofAmatique Bay. There is a small peninsula called Punta de Manabique which separates the small bay from theGulf of Honduras, and shelters it from storms.
Places adjacent to Puerto Barrios | ||||||||||||||||
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Puerto Barrios has a trade-windtropical rainforest climate (Köppen:Af). The city experiences significant rainfall year-round. Like most cities and towns with this climate, Puerto Barrios does not have a dry season. The average annual temperature in Puerto Barrios is 27.3 °C or 81.1 °F. About 2,748 millimetres or 108.2 inches of rain falls annually over the course of the year.
| Climate data for Puerto Barrios (Puerto Barrios Airport) (1991–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.0 (96.8) | 36.0 (96.8) | 39.0 (102.2) | 40.4 (104.7) | 41.0 (105.8) | 39.0 (102.2) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.4 (97.5) | 37.8 (100.0) | 35.2 (95.4) | 35.0 (95.0) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.6 (83.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 31.6 (88.9) | 32.1 (89.8) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.4 (88.5) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.8 (89.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 28.6 (83.5) | 27.6 (81.7) | 30.3 (86.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) | 24.7 (76.5) | 25.8 (78.4) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.4 (83.1) | 28.6 (83.5) | 28.0 (82.4) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.0 (80.6) | 25.0 (77.0) | 24.1 (75.4) | 26.6 (79.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.6 (69.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.3 (73.9) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.0 (71.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) | 15.1 (59.2) | 15.1 (59.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 19.8 (67.6) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.5 (67.1) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.2 (66.6) | 16.9 (62.4) | 15.4 (59.7) | 14.7 (58.5) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 294.6 (11.60) | 185.5 (7.30) | 160.8 (6.33) | 139.3 (5.48) | 207.6 (8.17) | 248.7 (9.79) | 408.7 (16.09) | 384.7 (15.15) | 325.2 (12.80) | 371.8 (14.64) | 404.9 (15.94) | 269.5 (10.61) | 3,401.3 (133.91) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 14.7 | 12.5 | 10.6 | 7.9 | 11.9 | 15.9 | 22.0 | 20.5 | 16.8 | 16.7 | 17.1 | 16.5 | 183.1 |
| Source:NOAA[11] | |||||||||||||
In order to establish the necessary physical infrastructure to make possible the "independent" and national capitalist development that could reduce the extreme dependence on the United States and break the American monopolies operating in the country, presidentJacobo Árbenz and his government began the planning and construction of the Atlantic Highway, which was intended to compete with the monopoly on land transport exerted by theUnited Fruit Company, through one of its subsidiaries: theInternational Railways of Central America (IRCA), which had the concession since 1904, when it was granted by then presidentManuel Estrada Cabrera. Construction of the highway began by the Roads Department of the Ministry of Communications, with the help of the military engineering battalion. It was planned to be built parallel along the railway line, as much as possible. The construction of the new port was also aimed to break another UFCO monopoly, since Puerto Barrios was owned and operated solely by The Great White Fleet, another UFCO subsidiary.[12]
In 1935, the filmThe New Adventures of Tarzan, was filmed on location in Guatemala, taking advantage of the help from theUnited Fruit Company and presidentJorge Ubico. The places where the filming was made were:
There is a prison in the city with an official capacity of 175 prisoners. As of 2016, it has over 900 prisoners, making it over capacity.[14]
In 2018, Desarrollos Inmobiliarios Izabal, S.A. a development company in Guatemala commissioned Guatemalan architecture firm, Studio Domus, to develop a 15 million dollar development project consisting of a 37-story skyscraper and yacht club in Puerto Barrios. Developers broke ground in May 2019 and construction is expected to conclude in January 2021.
When completed, Torre Manatí will be the tallest skyscraper in Central America.[15]
Quirigua Hospital.
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Capital:Puerto Barrios | ||
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