Pudong 浦东新区 | |
|---|---|
| Pudong New Area | |
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 | |
 Location within Shanghai | |
| Coordinates:31°14′05″N121°30′23″E / 31.23472°N 121.50639°E /31.23472; 121.50639 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Municipality | Shanghai |
| District Gov't Established | 1993 |
| Government | |
| • CPC Pudong District Secretary | Li Zheng (李政) |
| • District Governor | Wu Jincheng (吴金城) |
| Area | |
• Total | 1,210.4 km2 (467.3 sq mi) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 5,681,512 |
| • Density | 4,693.9/km2 (12,157/sq mi) |
| GDP[1] | |
| • Total | CN¥ 1.6 trillion US$ 237.78 billion (2022) |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 281,180 US$ 41,755 (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC+08:00 (China Standard Time) |
| Postal code | 200120 |
| Area code | 021 |
| Website | Pudong.gov.cn |
| Pudong | |||||||||||||||
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.svg) "Pudong" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters | |||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 浦东 | ||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 浦東 | ||||||||||||||
| Postal | Pootung | ||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "East of the Pu [River]" | ||||||||||||||
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Pudong is adistrict ofShanghai located east of theHuangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The namePudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's eastbank, directly across from the west bank orPuxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broaderPudong New Area, astate-level new area which extends all the way to theEast China Sea.
The traditional area of Pudong is now home to theLujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and theShanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as theOriental Pearl Tower, theJin Mao Tower, theShanghai World Financial Center, and theShanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly facePuxi's historicBund, a remnant of formerforeign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes thePort of Shanghai, theShanghai Expo andCentury Park,Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park,Shanghai Pudong International Airport, theJiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve,Nanhui New City, and theShanghai Disney Resort.
Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai'sOld City andforeign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts ofPuxi on the west bank:Huangpu,Yangpu, andNanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 when the county was split amongHuangpu,Yangpu,Nanshi,Wusong andChuansha County.
PremierLi Peng announced the policy of Pudong'sopening and development on April 18, 1990. Speaking at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation, Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area".[2]: 23 Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment.[2]: 23 The occasion is often described as Pudong's "birthday".[2]: 23 Nonetheless, development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990.[2]: 23
On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.
In 1993, the Chinese government set up aSpecial Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area.Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence inReform and Opening Up.[3]: 158 Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs.[3]: 158 It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attractingforeign direct investment and developing the local economy.[3]: 158
The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as theLujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and thesupertall Jin Mao Building (420.5 m or 1,380 ft), Shanghai World Financial Center (494 m or 1,621 ft) and Shanghai Tower (632 m or 2,073 ft), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most commonskyline of Shanghai.
In official discourses onurbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.[3]: 157
On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that theState Council had approved the proposal to mergeNanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of theShanghai Expo, whose grounds now form apublic park.
Pudong New Area consists of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County),Chuansha County, andNanhui County.
Pudong has ahumid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classificationCfa), influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is 17.2 °C (63.0 °F). The temperatures are highest on average in July and August, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.1 °C (41.2 °F).
| Climate data for Pudong, elevation 4 m (13 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 23.9 (75.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 31.6 (88.9) | 33.8 (92.8) | 35.4 (95.7) | 37.2 (99.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 40.9 (105.6) | 37.0 (98.6) | 35.6 (96.1) | 29.7 (85.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 40.9 (105.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.9 (48.0) | 10.7 (51.3) | 15.1 (59.2) | 20.7 (69.3) | 25.4 (77.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.3 (90.1) | 28.4 (83.1) | 23.6 (74.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 11.6 (52.9) | 21.3 (70.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.1 (41.2) | 6.7 (44.1) | 10.6 (51.1) | 15.9 (60.6) | 20.9 (69.6) | 24.2 (75.6) | 28.7 (83.7) | 28.5 (83.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 19.7 (67.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 7.6 (45.7) | 17.2 (63.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) | 3.4 (38.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 11.8 (53.2) | 17.1 (62.8) | 21.2 (70.2) | 25.5 (77.9) | 25.6 (78.1) | 21.7 (71.1) | 16.2 (61.2) | 10.4 (50.7) | 4.3 (39.7) | 13.9 (56.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.4 (18.7) | −5.1 (22.8) | −2.3 (27.9) | 2.5 (36.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 17.2 (63.0) | 19.0 (66.2) | 13.4 (56.1) | 6.8 (44.2) | −1.7 (28.9) | −6.2 (20.8) | −7.4 (18.7) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 77.2 (3.04) | 69.8 (2.75) | 85.1 (3.35) | 87.1 (3.43) | 91.1 (3.59) | 231.1 (9.10) | 154.2 (6.07) | 227.0 (8.94) | 136.3 (5.37) | 78.1 (3.07) | 70.4 (2.77) | 57.1 (2.25) | 1,364.5 (53.73) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 10.6 | 10.8 | 12.2 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 14.4 | 12.2 | 13.3 | 10.7 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 9.0 | 132.7 |
| Average snowy days | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 5.1 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 73 | 74 | 72 | 71 | 74 | 82 | 78 | 79 | 77 | 73 | 75 | 71 | 75 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 107.1 | 111.1 | 147.0 | 168.4 | 173.1 | 120.0 | 189.8 | 191.4 | 156.8 | 152.3 | 122.7 | 123.4 | 1,763.1 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 33 | 35 | 39 | 43 | 41 | 28 | 44 | 47 | 43 | 44 | 39 | 40 | 40 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[4][5]All-time September high[6] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Huinan Town, elevation 5 m (16 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.1 (71.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 31.7 (89.1) | 34.3 (93.7) | 35.5 (95.9) | 39.0 (102.2) | 40.1 (104.2) | 36.6 (97.9) | 32.2 (90.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 23.5 (74.3) | 40.1 (104.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) | 10.2 (50.4) | 13.9 (57.0) | 19.3 (66.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 27.1 (80.8) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.3 (88.3) | 27.6 (81.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 11.5 (52.7) | 20.5 (68.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 14.9 (58.8) | 20.0 (68.0) | 23.7 (74.7) | 28.0 (82.4) | 27.9 (82.2) | 24.2 (75.6) | 19.1 (66.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 16.6 (61.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) | 3.0 (37.4) | 6.4 (43.5) | 11.2 (52.2) | 16.5 (61.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.4 (77.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 15.7 (60.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 4.0 (39.2) | 13.5 (56.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.9 (17.8) | −6.0 (21.2) | −4.2 (24.4) | −0.7 (30.7) | 7.1 (44.8) | 12.7 (54.9) | 18.7 (65.7) | 18.8 (65.8) | 11.5 (52.7) | 1.9 (35.4) | −1.7 (28.9) | −7.8 (18.0) | −7.9 (17.8) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 72.2 (2.84) | 67.9 (2.67) | 97.5 (3.84) | 85.2 (3.35) | 94.0 (3.70) | 211.2 (8.31) | 135.7 (5.34) | 187.8 (7.39) | 126.0 (4.96) | 73.8 (2.91) | 63.7 (2.51) | 54.6 (2.15) | 1,269.6 (49.97) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 10.9 | 10.1 | 13.4 | 12.0 | 11.8 | 15.0 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 8.8 | 132.9 |
| Average snowy days | 1.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 4.6 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 77 | 78 | 78 | 77 | 78 | 85 | 82 | 83 | 81 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 79 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 112.4 | 117.0 | 140.7 | 164.3 | 172.6 | 123.8 | 207.4 | 202.1 | 170.4 | 164.3 | 131.9 | 130.1 | 1,837 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 35 | 37 | 38 | 42 | 41 | 29 | 48 | 50 | 46 | 47 | 42 | 42 | 41 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[4][7] | |||||||||||||
Districts of theDirect-Controlled Municipality ofShanghai are administratively on the same level asprefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of asub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the ShanghaiParty Standing Committee.[citation needed]
On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.[8]
Pudong is bounded by theHuangpu River in the west and theEast China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished fromPuxi ("West Bank"), the older part ofShanghai. It has an area of 1,210.4 square kilometres (467.3 sq mi) and, according to the2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows an 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.[9]
Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. Thetotal fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level.[10] The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.
The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2.[9] About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.
| Name | Chinese (S) | Hanyu Pinyin | Shanghainese Romanization | Population (2010)[11] | Area (km2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weifang Xincun Subdistrict | 潍坊新村街道 | Wéifāng Xīncūn Jiēdào | vij vaon sin tsen ka do | 100,548 | 3.89 |
| Lujiazui Subdistrict | 陆家嘴街道 | Lùjiāzuǐ Jiēdào | loq ka tzyu ka do | 112,507 | 6.89 |
| Zhoujiadu Subdistrict | 周家渡街道 | Zhōujiādù Jiēdào | tzoe ka du ka do | 144,668 | 5.52 |
| Tangqiao Subdistrict | 塘桥街道 | Tángqiáo Jiēdào | daon djio ka do | 76,916 | 3.86 |
| Shanggang Xincun Subdistrict | 上钢新村街道 | Shànggāng Xīncūn Jiēdào | zaon kaon sin tsen ka do | 104,932 | 7.54 |
| Nanmatou Road Subdistrict | 南码头路街道 | Nánmǎtóulù Jiēdào | neu mau doe lu ka do | 107,130 | 4.22 |
| Hudong Xincun Subdistrict | 沪东新村街道 | Hùdōng Xīncūn Jiēdào | wu ton sin tsen ka do | 112,031 | 5.51 |
| Jinyang Xincun Subdistrict | 金杨新村街道 | Jīnyáng Xīncūn Jiēdào | cin yan sin tsen ka do | 206,017 | 8.02 |
| Yangjing Subdistrict | 洋泾街道 | Yángjīng Jiēdào | yan cin ka do | 146,237 | 7.38 |
| Puxing Road Subdistrict | 浦兴路街道 | Pǔxìnglù Jiēdào | phu xin lu ka do | 177,468 | 6.25 |
| Dongming Road Subdistrict | 东明路街道 | Dōngmínglù Jiēdào | ton min lu ka do | 121,449 | 5.95 |
| Huamu Subdistrict | 花木街道 | Huāmù Jiēdào | hau moq ka do | 221,327 | 20.93 |
| Chuanshaxin Town* (Chwansha) | 川沙新镇 | Chuānshāxīn Zhèn | tseu sa sau sin tzen | 420,045 | 148.05 |
| Gaoqiao town | 高桥镇 | Gāoqiáo Zhèn | ko djio tzen | 184,486 | 38.73 |
| Beicai town | 北蔡镇 | Běicài Zhèn | poq tsa tzen | 276,547 | 24.91 |
| Heqing town | 合庆镇 | Héqìng Zhèn | req chin tzen | 132,038 | 41.97 |
| Tang town | 唐镇 | Tángzhèn | daon tzen | 129,267 | 32.16 |
| Caolu town | 曹路镇 | Cáolù Zhèn | dzo lu tzen | 186,012 | 45.58 |
| Jinqiao town | 金桥镇 | Jīnqiáo Zhèn | cin djio tzen | 81,537 | 25.28 |
| Gaohang town | 高行镇 | Gāoháng Zhèn | ko raon tzen | 137,625 | 22.85 |
| Gaodong town | 高东镇 | Gāodōng Zhèn | ko ton tzen | 110,552 | 36.24 |
| Zhangjiang town | 张江镇 | Zhāngjiāng Zhèn | tzan kaon tzen | 165,297 | 42.10 |
| Sanlin town | 三林镇 | Sānlín Zhèn | se lin tzen | 360,516 | 34.19 |
| Huinan town | 惠南镇 | Huìnán Zhèn | we neu tzen | 213,845 | 65.24 |
| Zhoupu town | 周浦镇 | Zhōupǔ Zhèn | tzoe phu tzen | 147,329 | 42.60 |
| Xinchang town | 新场镇 | Xīnchǎng Zhèn | sin dzan tzen | 84,183 | 54.30 |
| Datuan Town | 大团镇 | Dàtuán Zhèn | da deu tzen | 71,162 | 50.45 |
| Kangqiao town | 康桥镇 | Kāngqiáo Zhèn | khaon djio tzen | 174,672 | 41.25 |
| Hangtou town | 航头镇 | Hángtóu Zhèn | raon doe tzen | 110,060 | 60.40 |
| Zhuqiao town | 祝桥镇 | Zhùqiáo Zhèn | tzoq djio tzen | 104,945 | 146.28 |
| Nicheng town | 泥城镇 | Níchéng Zhèn | gnij zen tzen | 62,519 | 61.50 |
| Xuanqiao town | 宣桥镇 | Xuānqiáo Zhèn | si djio tzen | 59,567 | 45.78 |
| Shuyuan town | 书院镇 | Shūyuàn Zhèn | syu yeu tzen | 59,323 | 66.90 |
| Wanxiang Town | 万祥镇 | Wànxiáng Zhèn | ve zian tzen | 24,346 | 23.35 |
| Laogang town | 老港镇 | Lǎogǎng Zhèn | lo kaon tzen | 37,408 | 38.90 |
| Nanhui Xincheng Town** | 南汇新城镇 | Nánhuì Xīnchéng Zhèn | neu we sin zen tzen | 47,381 | 67.76 |
| Luchaogang Farm | 芦潮港农场 | Lúcháogǎng Nóngchǎng | lu dzo kaon non dzan | 688 | 9.40 |
| Donghai Farm | 东海农场 | Dōnghǎi Nóngchǎng | ton he non dzan | 508 | 15.20 |
| Chaoyang Farm | 朝阳农场 | Cháoyáng Nóngchǎng | dzo yan non dzan | 862 | 10.67 |
| Waigaoqiao Free-trade Zone | 外高桥保税区 | Wàigāoqiáo Bǎoshuìqū | nga ko djio po seu chiu | 1,349 | 10.00 |
| Jinqiao Export Processing Zone | 金桥经济技术开发区 | Jīnqiáo Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū | cin djio cin tzij djij dzeq khe faq chiu | 5,514 | 67.79 |
| Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park | 张江高科技园区 | Zhāngjiāng Gāo Kējì Yuánqū | tzan kaon ko khu djij yeu chiu | 23,617 | 75.90 |
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With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2024gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.73 trillion (US$238,13 billion), and the output values of its three leading industries are projected to reach CN¥840 billion.[20] Its GDP per capita in 2022 was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 bypurchasing power parity values.[1]
The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart fromLujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there isWaigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone inmainland China covering approximately 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) in north-east Pudong. TheJinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi).Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.[21]
The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined.[22] Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.[23]
The newestDisney resort, with aDisneyland included, is located in Pudong, which opened to tourists in June 2016.[24]
Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower (simplified Chinese:宝钢大厦;traditional Chinese:寶鋼大廈;pinyin:Bǎogāng Dàshà) in Pudong.[25]Comac has its head office in Pudong.[26] The headquarters ofYangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower (浦发大厦;浦发大廈;Pǔfā Dàshà) in Pudong.[27]
Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong.[28]Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower.[29]Google has its Shanghai offices in theShanghai World Financial Center.[30]
TheShanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999.
In the same year,Line 2 of theShanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves theairport. Other lines, namely Lines4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16, and18 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. Amagnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.
Pudong is connected to downtownPuxi by fourteentunnels (out of eighteen cross-Huangpu tunnels in total) and four majorbridges (out of eleven in total). The first of these bridges were theNanpu Bridge (1991) and theYangpu Bridge (1993). TheXupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these isLupu Bridge, which is the world's second longestarch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently, there are fourteen tunnels that link Pudong and downtown Puxi. Dapu Rd. Tunnel is the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, followed by Yan'an Rd. Tunnel (running east–west), Waihuan Tunnel[31] (one part of theShanghai Outer Ring Expressway), Dalian Rd. Tunnel (running north–south), andFuxing Rd. Tunnel (complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel). Many new tunnels have been constructed since then, especially around theLujiazui area.
Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west untilYangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends fromLujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to theS20 Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway, which runs east–west fromXupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.
Pudong is currently served by thirteen metro lines operated byShanghai Metro and one maglev line operated byShanghai Maglev Train, in addition to theAirport Link Line:
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Pudong istwinned with:
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