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Donald Trump at a campaign rally in 2016Donald Trump andKim Jong Un. Trump stated that the number of cameras at the summit press line exceeded those at theEmmy Awards.
Donald Trump, having previously served as the 45thUS president and currently as the 47th, has elicited highly polarized public perceptions about his performance as a head of state and largely controversial opinions about histemperament and personal conduct while in office.
During his career as a businessman, Trump had an image of "the epitome of entrepreneurial success and glamour", which he advanced by hostingThe Apprentice.[1]
Trump's first book,The Art of the Deal, published in 1987, was aNew York Times Best Seller. According toThe New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New York City, making him an emblem of the successfultycoon." The book features an image Trump has promoted as aself-made man.[2] This image of Trump as a billionaire self-made man supported his populist appeal in the 2016 election and during hisfirst presidency.[2][3]
Tanned face, hairstyle, thumbs up and pouted lips are consistent elements of Trump's appearance that are very recognizable and make up an "iconic" imagery.[5]
In 2004, theChicago Tribune wrote that Trump is "known for his gaudy casinos and unusual mane of copper hair".[6]His hair has been subject to speculation;[7] during his 2016 presidential campaign, it was the subject of much public discussion, wherein it was asserted to be atoupée orcomb over.[8] In a 2011 interview, Trump said, "I get a lot of credit for comb-overs. But it's not really a comb-over. It's sort of a little bit forward and back. I've combed it the same way for years. Same thing, every time."[9]
In public appearances, Trump typically wears custom-made suits—described as boxy[10]—designed by Italian fashion houseBrioni[11] and tailorMartin Greenfield,[12] with large red ties, tied in aWindsor knot.[13] At times, he has also worn bulkyshoulder pads underneath his suits.[14] His fashion has been criticized, such as being called "stuck in the 1980s" byRobin Givhan[15] and designerTom Ford describing Trump's fashion as "not sartorially elegant".[16]
As of 2017, Trump's "unique personal style, brashness and disregard for conventional political norms and discourse" gained him attention and detractors, according to Gallup. Among detractors, perceptions of his temperament, arrogance and a tendency to act contrary to the expectations of presidents were disapproved of.[17] As of 2023, critics perceived Trump to be vulgar and self-obsessed.[18] After his temperament and mental fitness were subject to public debate, Trump responded by saying that he is a "very stable genius".[19] Americans have mostly disapproved of Trump's temperament and personal conduct in office.[20] To his supporters, Trump is seen as relatable and a simple and straightforward figure, who trusts his instincts.[5]
According to a review of Trump's public appearances byThe New York Times, Trump's speeches became longer, less focused, harsher and more profane over the years. On one occasion, he recounted how the audience at hisdebate withKamala Harris was on his side, even though there was no audience as the debate was held in an empty hall. According to the article, "He digresses into bizarre tangents about golf, about sharks, about his own 'beautiful' body. He relishes 'a great day inLouisiana' after spending the day inGeorgia. He expresses fear thatNorth Korea is 'trying to kill me' when he presumably meansIran."[21]
Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture ofhip hop lyrics since the 1980s; he was named in hundreds of songs, most often in a positive tone.[25][26] Mentions of Trump in hip hop turned negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015, including the release of a song called "FDT" (for "Fuck Donald Trump")[25][27] which later topped theiTunes charts afterJoe Biden defeated Trump in the2020 United States presidential election.[28]
Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention, with a "love-hate" relationship with the press.[29][30][31] Trump began promoting himself in the press in the 1970s.[32] Fox News anchorBret Baier and former House speakerPaul Ryan have characterized Trump as a "troll" who makes controversial statements to see people's "heads explode".[33][34] According to conservative media watchdog, Media Research Center, 92% of media coverage of the Trump administration portrays him negatively, which has made Trump accuse the mainstream media of bias.[35]
In the 2016 campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his standing in the Republican primaries.[36]New York Times writerAmy Chozick wrote in 2018 that Trump's media dominance, which enthralls the public and creates "can't miss"reality television-type coverage, was politically beneficial for him.[37] According toColumbia Journalism Review, "Because Trump entered the presidential stage from the world of business hucksterism and reality TV, he was seen, from the outset, as a less serious contender. In fact, he was treated as a joke."[38] Salena Zito wrote forThe Atlantic that "the press takes [Trump] literally, but not seriously; his supporters take him seriously, but not literally."[38]
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign and his presidency, Trump has accused the press of bias, calling it the "fake news media" and "theenemy of the people".[39][40] After winning the election, journalistLesley Stahl recounted Trump's allegedly saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."[41]
Trump has privately and publicly mused about revoking the press credentials of journalists he views as critical.[42] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House reporters, which were restored by the courts.[43] In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.[44] The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[43]
Trump has employed the legal system as an intimidation tactic against the press.[45] In early 2020, the Trump campaign suedThe New York Times,The Washington Post, and CNN for alleged defamation.[46][47] These lawsuits lacked merit and were not likely to succeed, however.[45][48]
At the end of Trump's second year, his two-year averageGallup approval rating was the lowest of any president since World War II.[49] In January 2020, his Gallup rating reached 49%,[50] the highest point since he took office, with 63% of those polled approving his handling of the economy.[51] His approval and disapproval ratings have been unusually stable.[52][53][54] In 2019 Gallup found Trump to be the most polarizing president to date.[55]
InGallup's end-of-year poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, tied with Obama in 2019, and placed first in 2020.[56][57] Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948,[58] Trump is the first elected president not to be named most admired in his first year in office.[58]
Globally, a Gallup poll on 134 countries comparing the approval ratings of U.S. leadership between the years 2016 and 2017 found that only in 29 of them did Trump lead Obama in job approval.[59] Overall ratings were similar to those in the last two years of theGeorge W. Bush presidency.[60]
Trump was viewed as not a serious candidate during the2016 presidential campaign.[38] He was viewed positively by some voters as an outsider who was opposed to politicians, appealing in the context of theTea Party movement.[61]
Trump's presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joinedTwitter in March 2009. He frequently tweeted during the 2016 election campaign and has continued to do so as president. As of March 2024, Trump has more than 87 million Twitter followers.[62]
By the end of May 2020, Trump had written about 52,000 tweets.[63] These include 22,115 tweets over seven years before his presidential candidacy, 8,159 tweets during the1+1⁄2 years of his candidacy and transition period, and 14,186 tweets over the first three years of his presidency. Of all those tweets, Trump was found to have lied 30,000 plus times.[64]
Trump has frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public. A White House press secretary said early in his presidency that Trump's tweets are official statements by the president of the United States,[65] employed for announcing policy or personnel changes. Trump used Twitter to fire Secretary of StateRex Tillerson in March 2018[66] and Secretary of DefenseMark Esper in November 2020.[67]
Many of Trump's tweets contain false assertions.[68][69][70] In May 2020, Twitter began tagging some Trump tweets withfact-checking warnings[63][71][72] and labels for violations of Twitter rules.[73] Trump responded by threatening to "strongly regulate" or "close down" social media platforms.[63][74]
Fact-checkers fromThe Washington Post,[75] theToronto Star,[76] and CNN[77] compiled data on "false or misleading claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground).
As president, Trump frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.[68][69][78] The misinformation has been documented byfact-checkers; academics and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics.[79][80][81] This behavior was similarly observed when he was a presidential candidate.[82][83] His falsehoods have also become a distinctive part of his political identity.[80]
Trump uttered "at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office, according toThe New York Times,[68] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office, according to the "Fact Checker" political analysis column ofThe Washington Post.[84] By thePost's tally, it took Trump 601 days to reach 5,000 false or misleading statements and another 226 days to reach the 10,000 mark.[85] For the seven weeks leading up to the midterm elections, it rose to an average of thirty per day[86] from 4.9 during his first hundred days in office.[87] ThePost's reported tally is 22,247 as of August 27, 2020,[75] with the 2019 total more than double the cumulative total of 2017 and 2018.[88]
Some of Trump's falsehoods are inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size duringhis inauguration.[89][90] Others have had more far-reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID-19 in a press conference and on Twitter in March 2020.[91][92] The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these drugs in the United States andpanic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[93][94] The state ofFlorida obtained nearly a million doses for its hospitals, even though most of them did not want the drug.[95] Other misinformation, such as Trump's retweet of unverified videos of a far-right British nationalist group in November 2017, serves Trump's domestic political purposes.[96] As a matter of principle, Trump does not apologize for his falsehoods.[97]
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media rarely referred to them as "lies",[98][99] a word that has in the past been avoided out of respect for the presidential office.[98][99] Nevertheless, in August 2018The Washington Post declared for the first time that some of Trump's misstatements (statements concerning hush money paid toStormy Daniels andPlayboy modelKaren McDougal) were lies.[100][99]
In 2020, Trump was a significant source of disinformation on national voting practices and the COVID-19 pandemic.[101] Trump's attacks on mail-in ballots and other election practices served to weaken public faith in the integrity of the 2020 presidential election,[102][103] while his disinformation about the pandemic dangerously delayed and weakened the national response to it.[101][104][105]
Some view the nature and frequency of Trump's falsehoods as having profound and corrosive consequences on democracy.[106] James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs or policy irrationally settled by "political power"; this erodesliberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner.[107]
Many of Trump's comments and actions have been seen as racist or racially charged.[110] He has repeatedly denied he is racist, asserting: "I am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world."[111] Many of his supporters say the way he speaks reflects his rejection ofpolitical correctness, while others accept it because they share such beliefs.[112] Scholars have discussed Trump's rhetoric in the context ofwhite supremacy.[113]
Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascendance and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump voters.[114] Racist andIslamophobic attitudes have been shown to be a powerful indicator of support for Trump.[115] In national polling, about half of Americans say that Trump is racist; a greater proportion believe that he has emboldened racists.[116][117][118]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination against black renters.[119] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989Central Park jogger case, even after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. He has maintained his position on the matter into 2019.[120]
Trump relaunched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of"birther" conspiracy theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United States.[121][122] In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the "long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him "very popular".[123][124] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started byHillary Clinton duringher 2008 presidential campaign.[125] In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.[126]
According to an analysis inPolitical Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[127] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing crime, they're rapists."[128][129] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over a civil suit regardingTrump University were also criticized as racist.[130]
Trump answers questions from reporters about theUnite the Right rally in Charlottesville.
In a January 2018Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, he reportedly referred to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[132] His remarks were condemned as racist worldwide, as well as by many members of Congress.[133][134]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic members of Congress – all four minority women, three of them native-born Americans – should "go back" to the countries they "came from".[135] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines, to condemn his "racist comments".[136]White nationalist publications and social media sites praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[137] Trump continued to make similar remarks during his 2020 campaign.[138]
Misogyny and allegations of sexual assault and misconduct
Trump has a history of insulting and belittling women when speaking to media and in tweet. He made lewd comments, demeaned women's looks, and called them names like 'dog', 'crazed, crying lowlife', 'face of a pig', or 'horseface'.[139][140][141]
In October 2016, two days before thesecond presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic"recording surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab 'em by thepussy."[142] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology during the campaign[143] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[144]
At least twenty-six women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of September 2020[update], including his then-wife Ivana. There were allegations of rape, violence, being kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked women.[145][146][147] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears", and alleged there was a conspiracy against him.[148]
Some research suggests Trump's rhetoric causes an increased incidence of hate crimes.[149][150][151] During the2016 campaign, he urged or praised physical attacks against protesters or reporters.[152][153] Since then, some defendants prosecuted for hate crimes or violent acts cited Trump's rhetoric in arguing that they were not culpable or should receive a lighter sentence.[154] In August 2019 it was reported that a man who allegedly assaulted a minor for perceived disrespect toward the national anthem had cited Trump's rhetoric in his own defense.[155] In August 2019, a nationwide review by ABC News identified at least 36 criminal cases in which Trump was invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence. Of these, 29 were based around someone echoing presidential rhetoric, while the other seven were someone protesting it or not having direct linkage.[156]
In 1983, Trump received theJewish National Fund Tree of Life Award, after he helped fund two playgrounds, a park, and a reservoir in Israel.[157][158] In 1986, he received theEllis Island Medal of Honor in recognition of "patriotism, tolerance, brotherhood and diversity",[159] and in 1995 was awarded the President's Medal from theFreedoms Foundation for his support of youth programs.[160] He has been awarded five honorary doctorates, but one was revoked byRobert Gordon University in 2015 after Trump called for a Muslim ban, citing Trump's speech being "wholly incompatible... with the ethos and values of the university". The remaining awards areLehigh University's honorary doctorate of laws in 1988,Wagner College's honorary doctorate of humane letters in 2004, andLiberty University's honorary doctorates of business and law in 2012 and 2017 respectively.[161]
^abcLawrence, Regina G.; Boydstun, Amber E. (Fall 2017)."The Trump Conundrum".Columbia Journalism Review.Archived from the original on August 2, 2021. RetrievedDecember 17, 2020.
^*McGranahan, Carole (May 2017). "An anthropology of lying: Trump and the political sociality of moral outrage".American Ethnologist.44 (2):243–248.doi:10.1111/amet.12475.It has long been a truism that politicians lie, but with the entry of Donald Trump into the U.S. political domain, the frequency, degree, and impact of lying in politics are now unprecedented [...] Donald Trump is different. By all metrics and counting schemes, his lies are off the charts. We simply have not seen such an accomplished and effective liar before in U.S. politics.
Stern, Donnel (May 9, 2019). "Constructivism in the Age of Trump: Truth, Lies, and Knowing the Difference".Psychoanalytic Dialogues.29 (2):189–196.doi:10.1080/10481885.2019.1587996.S2CID164971149.Donald Trump lies so often that some have wondered whether he haspoisoned the well [...] We expect politicians to stretch the truth. But Trump is a whole different animal. He lies as a policy.
Grosz, Stephen (January 9, 2019)."The real reason Donald Trump lies".Financial Times.Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. RetrievedJune 25, 2019.We all lie, but we don't lie like President Trump. He is the most extravagant, reckless, inexhaustible fibber of our era.
Stoddard, Ed; Mfula, Chris (January 12, 2018)."Africa calls Trump racist after 'shithole' remark".Reuters.Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. RetrievedOctober 1, 2019.African politicians and diplomats labeled U.S. President Donald Trump a racist on Friday.
Inwood, Joshua (2018). "White supremacy, white counter-revolutionary politics, and the rise of Donald Trump".Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space.37 (4):579–596.doi:10.1177/2399654418789949.S2CID158269272.
Giroux, Henry A. (2017). "White nationalism, armed culture and state violence in the age of Donald Trump".Philosophy & Social Criticism.43 (9):887–910.doi:10.1177/0191453717702800.S2CID151410842.
Sanchez, James Chase (2018). "Trump, the KKK, and the Versatility of White Supremacy Rhetoric".Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric.8 (1/2):44–56.doi:10.1177/2399654418789949.S2CID158269272.
Pulido, Laura; Bruno, Tianna; Faiver-Serna, Cristina; Galentine, Cassandra (2018). "Environmental Deregulation, Spectacular Racism, and White Nationalism in the Trump Era".Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics.109 (2):520–532.doi:10.1080/24694452.2018.1549473.S2CID159402163.
^Lajevardi, Nazita; Oskooii, Kassra A. R. (2018). "Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump".Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics.3 (1):112–152.doi:10.1017/rep.2017.37.S2CID158559765.
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