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ThePublic Credit Act of 1869 in the USA states that bondholders who purchasedbonds to help finance theCivil War (1861 – 1865) would be paid back in gold. The act was signed on March 18, 1869, and was mainly supported by theRepublican Party, notablySenatorJohn Sherman.
Prior to theCivil War, the U.S. operated on agold standard in practice.Bank notes werelegal tender issued by state banks which could be exchanged for an amount of gold at any bank. Both gold andbank notes circulated asmediums of exchange. On February 25, 1862, the U.S. passed theFirst Legal Tender Act to help finance theCivil War. The act changed the economy to a fiduciary standard based on afiat currency calledUnited States Notes, or more popularly,greenbacks. Unlikebank notes, greenbacks were not backed by any metallic standard and functioned as a "loan without interest."[1] Greenbacks were issued as an immediate, short-term relief for the country's growing demand for currency. The issuance ofgreenbacks and the sale of government bonds to finance the war were led by theSecretary of the Treasury at the time,Salmon P. Chase.[2] Until 1879, gold, bank notes, and greenbacks were used as mediums of exchange and hadfree floating exchange rates.
After the Civil War, there was debate over whether to keep the greenback standard or to revert to thegold standard. During the Civil War, the nation experienced a strong period ofinflation. Theprice level in the U.S. almost doubled between 1861 and 1865, with harmful implications on the exchange rate.Inflation increased the exchange rate withEngland, making the price of British pounds more expensive. There was concern that if the pre-war gold standard was put in place during this inflationary period, people would cash out their U.S. currency for gold to buy British goods. The flow of gold out of the country would slow the economy and lead tounemployment.[3]
SomeRepublicans pushed for a gold standard early on. They believed that creditors who supported the war should be paid back in gold, the way they were expected to be paid back. The Republicans also believed that the government should not be in charge of managing currency and that the gold standard did not allow government to intervene in the economy. It was thought by all that the gold standard would also be a good move from an international perspective, since the U.S. would appear stable, and its system would be compatible with its major trading partner, England, who also operated on a gold standard.
Over time, theprice level andexchange rate began to fall.Congress decided on a severemonetary contraction to lower theprice level so they could reinstate thegold standard during theContraction Act of 1866 before easing the policy in 1868. The passing of the Public Credit Act of 1869 was the first definitive piece of legislation that moved the U.S. toward reinstating a gold standard. However, the act included no explicit dates, people, or actions intended to pay back the bondholders in gold. The U.S. did not officially operate on the gold standard again until theResumption Act of 1875.
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