| Psalm 133 | |
|---|---|
| "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity" | |
| Song of Ascents | |
 19th-century glass windows in theEvangelische Stadtkirche Ravensburg [de] with inscription from Psalms 133:1 | |
| Other name |
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| Language | Hebrew (original) |
Psalm 133 is the 133rdpsalm of theBook of Psalms, beginning in English in theKing James Version: "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity". In Latin, it is known as "Ecce quam bonum".[1] The psalm is one of the fifteenSongs of Ascents (Shir Hama'alot), and one of the three Songs of Ascents consisting of only three verses.[2]
In the slightly different numbering system used in the GreekSeptuagint version of the Bible and in the LatinVulgate, this psalm isPsalm 132.
The psalm forms a regular part ofJewish,Catholic,Lutheran,Anglican and other Protestant liturgies. It has been set to music often, notably byHeinrich Schütz,Friedrich Kiel, and as the conclusion ofLeonard Bernstein'sChichester Psalms. Addressing the topic of unity, the beginning of the psalm has been chosen as a motto by universities, as well as a symbol of brotherhood byfreemasonry.
Psalm 133 is one of the shortest chapters in the Book of Psalms, being one of three psalms with three verses; the others are Psalms131 and134. The shortest psalm isPsalm 117, with two verses.[3]
According to 18th-century theologianJohn Gill,David may have composed this psalm after he was unanimously crowned as king by the united tribes of Israel, or after his sonAbsalom's revolt was put down and the tribes hurried to show their loyalty to David. Gill noted that it may also be viewed as prophetic, referring to the reunion of the tribes after theBabylonian captivity, to the unity of the Christians at the time of theGospels, or to theMessianic Age.[4]
The following table shows the Hebrew text[5][6] of the Psalm with vowels alongside an English translation based upon theJPS 1917 translation (now in thepublic domain).
| Verse | Hebrew | English translation (JPS 1917) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | שִׁ֥יר הַֽמַּעֲל֗וֹת לְדָ֫וִ֥ד הִנֵּ֣ה מַה־טּ֭וֹב וּמַה־נָּעִ֑ים שֶׁ֖בֶת אַחִ֣ים גַּם־יָֽחַד׃ | A Song of Ascents; of David. Behold, how good and how pleasant it is For brethren to dwell together in unity! |
| 2 | כַּשֶּׁ֤מֶן הַטּ֨וֹב ׀ עַל־הָרֹ֗אשׁ יֹרֵ֗ד עַֽל־הַזָּקָ֥ן זְקַֽן־אַהֲרֹ֑ן שֶׁ֝יֹּרֵ֗ד עַל־פִּ֥י מִדּוֹתָֽיו׃ | It is like the precious oil upon the head, Coming down upon the beard; Even Aaron's beard, That cometh down upon the collar of his garments; |
| 3 | כְּטַל־חֶרְמ֗וֹן שֶׁיֹּרֵד֮ עַל־הַרְרֵ֢י צִ֫יּ֥וֹן כִּ֤י שָׁ֨ם ׀ צִוָּ֣ה יְ֭הֹוָה אֶת־הַבְּרָכָ֑ה חַ֝יִּ֗ים עַד־הָעוֹלָֽם׃ | Like the dew of Hermon, That cometh down upon the mountains of Zion; For there the LORD commanded the blessing, Even life for ever. |
The themes of brotherly love and unity in verse 1 have been interpreted various ways.Rashi states that when the Jewish people are united, God joins together with them.[7]Matthew Henry suggests that David is directing this call for unity to the sons of his many wives, or to "the benefit of the communion of saints".[8]
Augustine of Hippo saw the psalm's theme of brotherhood as so important that he stated, in whatJames Luther Mays noted as overstatement, that it gave birth to monasteries—that is, to those communities who wished to live together as brothers. After the Reformation it became part of one order for the celebration of theEucharist, interpreting the sacrament as constituting a spiritual family, and in theBook of Common Prayer it denotes an idea of unity that simultaneously can function to exclude others, according to Mays.[9]
TheMidrash interprets verses 1 and 2 in the context ofMoses anointing his brotherAaron asHigh Priest of Israel. According to the Midrash, two drops of theholy anointing oil hung from Aaron's beard like two pearls. Both Moses and Aaron were worried that an error had been made in the anointing ceremony, but abat kol (heavenly voice) declared, "Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brothers to dwell together in unity" and "Just as Moses did not transgress, neither did you [Aaron] transgress".[10] These verses are also cited in theTalmudic discussion of the possible misuse of the holy anointing oil (Horayot 12a).[11]
Verse 2, which mentions Aaron by name, is cited byEliyahu Kitov in connection with Aaron's role as one of the sevenushpizin (guests) who visit thesukkah during the holiday ofSukkot.[12][13]
Mays analyzes the structure of the psalm as follows: v. 1 is an exclamation containing a value statement, followed by two or three similes in vv. 2–3a, and a declaration in 3b that supports the initial statement. The similes are meant to evoke positive associations with "good" and "pleasant", though Mays is puzzled by the reference to "the beard of Aaron"; it is not clear whether it is in apposition to the first mention of "beard", or whether it is a second beard. All similes, Mays says, contain the phrase coming or running down, anticipating the blessing of God that runs down in the last verse.[9] The psalm is the inspiration for the colloquial names for a number of wild plants calledAaron's beard.[14]
TheKing James Version adds "and as the dew" before the reference to themountains of Zion, thereby distinguishing two sources ofdew.Alexander Kirkpatrick states that there is "no justification" for adding these words; "the dew that falls on the slopes of the snow-cladHermon is particularly copious. Dew is a symbol for what is refreshing, quickening, invigorating." He argues that the psalmist's image is based on Mount Hermon's dew and does not depend on dew also arising on Mount Zion. Equally, he notes that "it need not be supposed that the poet imagined that the dew which fell upon the mountains of Zion was in any way physically due to the influence of Mount Hermon (though it is possible that it was popularly supposed that there was some connexion); all he means is that the life-giving effect of harmonious unity upon the nation is as though the most abundant dews fell upon the dry mountain of Zion."[16] Mount Hermon and Mount Zion (Jerusalem) are about 210 kilometres (130 mi) apart.[17]
Psalm 133 is one of the 15Songs of Ascents recited in some communities after theShabbatafternoon prayer in the period betweenSukkot andShabbat HaGadol (the Shabbat prior toPassover).[18]
Verse 3 is part of theSelichot prayers.[19]
Verse 1 is used as a theme for thePizmon of Shacharit recited in the Western Ashkenazic rite on Yom Kippur that falls on Shabbat,[20] and the verse itself (without the opening two words) is recited prior to the piyyut.[21]
In theAgpeya, theCoptic Church'sbook of hours, this psalm is prayed in the office ofCompline[22] and the third watch of theMidnight office.[23] It is also in the prayer of the Veil, which is generally prayed only by monks.[24]
The Latin title of the Psalm isEcce Quam Bonum. Thefirst lines,Ecce quam bonum et quam jucundum habitare fratres in unum ("Behold how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity"), constitute the motto ofSewanee: The University of the South,[25] theRoyal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea,Morrissey Hall of the University of Notre Dame, and theImmaculate Heart of Mary Seminary inWinona, Minnesota.[26]
Verse 1, known asHine Ma Tov ("How goodly") has often been set to music in Judaism: melodies have been composed for congregational prayer, folk singing, and art and choral settings.[27] The verse is also sung as aShabbat table song.[28]
A Christian hymn in English, "How beautiful the sight", was written based on Psalm 133 byJames Montgomery, sung to the tune Old Godric.[29]
In 1571,David Aquinus composed a setting of Psalm 133 for four voices, setting the translation of the Bible byMartin Luther, "Siehe, wie fein und lieblich ist's" (See how fine and lovely it is).[30]Heinrich Schütz set the psalm in German twice, in 1619 as his SWV 48, "Siehe, wie fein und lieblich ist's", for two sopranos, alto, tenor, bass, cornett, violin, violone and continuo,[31] and again for choir as part of his setting of theBecker Psalter as SWV 238,[32] "Wie ist's so fein, lieblich und schön" (How it is so fine, lovely and beautiful).[33]
Franz Paul Lachner wrote in 1849 a setting of the psalm for four female voicesa cappella.[34]Friedrich Kiel composed a choral setting of verses 1 and 3, "Siehe, wie fein und lieblich ist es", as No. 2 of his6 Motetten für gemischten Chor (Sixmotets for mixed choir), Op. 82, of selected psalm settings, published in 1883.[35]Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov set the psalm for choir, together withPsalm 132 asTwo evening meal verses in 1899.[36]
Miriam Shatal composed a vocal setting of Psalm 133, verse 3 in 1957.[37]
Donald Wyndham Cremer Mossman (1913–2003) composed a setting for choir and organ titledEcce, quam bonum! with the incipit "Behold, how good and joyful a thing it is", which became part ofThe Complete St Paul’s Cathedral Psalter.[38]Herman Berlinski composed in 1980A Psalm of Unity for mixed choir, organ, soprano, two contraltos and mezzo-soprano based on text fromPsalm 140 and Psalm 133. Verse 1 concludes the text in Hebrew of the final movement of Leonard Bernstein'sChichester Psalms, an extended work for choir and orchestra which begins with the complete text ofPsalm 131.[39]
