Republic of Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska (Polish) | |
|---|---|
| 1944–1945 | |
.svg) Flag | |
| Anthem: "Mazurek Dąbrowskiego" (English:"Poland Is Not Yet Lost") | |
| Capital | Warsaw(de jure) Lublin(de facto) |
| Common languages | Polish |
| Religion | Catholic |
| Demonym | Pole, Polish |
| Government | Provisional government |
| President ofKRN | |
• 1944–1945 | Bolesław Bierut |
| Prime Minister | |
• 1944–1945 | E. Osóbka-Morawski |
| Historical era | World War II |
| 22 July 1944 | |
• PKWN renamed into Provisional Government (RTRP) | 31 December 1944 |
| 28 June 1945 | |
| Currency | Polish złoty |
| Today part of | Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Ukraine Belarus Lithuania |
TheProvisional Government of the Republic of Poland (Polish:Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej,RTRP) was created by theState National Council (Krajowa Rada Narodowa) on the night of 31 December 1944.[1]
The Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland was created to take the place of the previous governmental body, thePolish Committee of National Liberation (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego or PKWN). Because of its location inLublin, the PKWN was also known as the "Lublin Committee". The establishment of the RTRP was an important step in strengthening the control of thePolish Workers' Party and theSoviet Union inPoland.
On 1 January 1945, the Polish Committee of National Liberation became the Provisional Government of Republic of Poland. InLondon, thePolish government-in-exile protested. They issued a declaration that the Soviet Union had "taken over the sovereign political rights of the Polish nation." The governments ofWinston Churchill andFranklin D. Roosevelt also issued formal protest, but they tookno further action.
The Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland did not recognize thePolish government-in-exile and proclaimed itself to be the legitimate government of Poland. Initially, the RTRP was only officially recognized by the Soviet Union. But before theYalta Conference,Joseph Stalin conveyed his intention to theWestern Allies that Poland was under the control of the Soviet Union and that he intended for it to stay that way. The RTRP was given control of the Polish territories seized by theRed Army as it advanced westward.
The RTRP was chaired by the previous Prime Minister of PKWN,Edward Osóbka-Morawski. The Deputy Prime Ministers of the RTRP wereWładysław Gomułka of thePolish Workers' Party (PPR, forPolska Partia Robotnicza) andStanisław Janusz fromPeople's Party. The Minister of Defense wasMichał Rola-Żymierski. The Minister of Security wasStanisław Radkiewicz.
The Polish Workers' Party declared that the RTRP was to be acoalition, but in practice all key posts were controlled by PPR. Semi-official control of the RTRP was exercised by Soviet GeneralIvan Serov. SomePolish Communists, like Władysław Gomułka andEdward Ochab, were opposed to this excessive Soviet control. However, they could do little to change the existing status quo.
On 18 January, the RTRP was relocated fromLublin toWarsaw.
From 30 January to 2 February, the heads of government of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States— Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, respectively — attended preliminary discussions on theYalta Conference.
From 4 February to 12 February, the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union attended the Yalta Conference in the Crimea. At Yalta, the following "Joint Allied Declaration on Poland" was developed:
The three heads of governments consider that the Eastern frontier of Poland should follow the Curzon line, with digressions from it in some regions of five to eight kilometers in favor of Poland. They recognize that Poland must receive substantial of accessions of territory in the north and west. They feel that the opinion of the new Polish Provisional Government of National Unity should be sought in due course on the extent of these accessions, and that the finaldelimitation of the Western frontier of Poland should thereafter await the Peace Conference.[2]
On 7 February, Churchill documented the following discussion while at Yalta:
How soon," asked the President, "will it be possible to hold elections?"
"Within a month," Stalin replied, "unless there is some catastrophe at the front, which is improbable."
"I said that this would of course set our minds at rest, and we could wholeheartedly support a freely elected Government which would supersede everything else, but we must not ask for anything which would in any way hamper the military operations."[2]
On 23 April, Soviet diplomatVyacheslav Molotov was in Washington, DC. PresidentHarry S. Truman and theUnited States Department of State appealed to Molotov for a compromise on the "Polish question". On the same day, Prime Minister Edward Osóbka-Morawski of the RTRP announced the following at a press conference:
We need people who agree with our foreign policy and with our social reforms. Only such a government can do its work properly. We need the collaboration of men who accept the Yalta decisions, not only formally, but in fact. We are making every effort to contact such people. What we do not want are Fascists . . .[2]
On 28 June 1945, the Provisional Government of Republic of Poland (Rząd Tymczasowy Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) was transformed into the more coalition-likeProvisional Government of National Unity (Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej). This was promised by Stalin at Yalta and done by him as gesture of good will towards the Western Allies andPolish government-in-exile in London.
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