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Maryland Palatinate Province of Maryland
1632–1776
Top:Maryland Palatinate (1632–1654) Bottom:Province of Maryland (1634–1776) Coat of arms
Map of the Province of Maryland in 1776; manyPalatines settled in Western Maryland.
Status	Proprietary Palatinate (1632–1654) Colony ofEngland (1634–1707) Colony ofGreat Britain (1707–1776)
Capital	St. Mary's City(1634–1695) Annapolis(from 1695)
Common languages	English,Palatine German,Susquehannock,Nanticoke,Piscataway
Religion	Roman Catholicism,Anglicanism
Government	Proprietary colony
Royal Proprietor
• 1634–1675	Lord Baltimore, 2nd
• 1751–1771	Lord Baltimore, 6th
Proprietary Governor
• 1634–1647	Leonard Calvert
• 1769–1776	Robert Eden
Legislature	General Assembly (1634–1774) Annapolis Convention (1774–1776)
History
• Established	1632
• Disestablished	1776
Currency	Maryland pound
Succeeded by Maryland
Today part of	United States Maryland Washington, D.C.

TheProvince of Maryland^[1] was anEnglish and laterBritish colony inNorth America from 1634^[2] until 1776, when the province was one of theThirteen Colonies that joined in supporting theAmerican Revolution againstGreat Britain. In 1781, Maryland was the 13th signatory to theArticles of Confederation. The province's first settlement and capital was inSt. Mary's City, located at the southern end ofSt. Mary's County, a peninsula in theChesapeake Bay bordered by four tidal rivers.

The province began in 1632 as theMaryland Palatinate,^[3] aproprietary palatinate granted toCecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, whose father, George, had long sought to found a colony in theNew World to serve as a refuge forCatholics at the time of theEuropean wars of religion.Palatines from theHoly Roman Empire also immigrated to Maryland, with many settling inFredrick County, withMaryland Palatines (Palatine German:Marylandisch Pälzer) reaching a population of 50,000 by 1774.^[4]

Provincial Maryland served as an early pioneer of religious toleration in the English colonies. However, religious strife amongAnglicans,Puritans, Catholics, andQuakers was common in the early years and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. Later, in 1689, the year following theGlorious Revolution in Great Britain,John Coode led a rebellion that removed Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, from power in Maryland. That power was restored to the Baltimore family in 1715 afterCharles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, declared in public that he was aProtestant.

Despite early competition with thecolony of Virginia to its south, and theHolland Dutch colony ofNew Netherland to its north, the province of Maryland developed along similar lines to Virginia. Its early settlements and population centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty into the Chesapeake Bay, and, like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered on the cultivation oftobacco for sale in Europe.

However, after tobacco prices collapsed, the need for cheap labor to accommodate the mixed farming economy that followed led to a rapid expansion of theAtlantic slave trade and the concomitantNorth American enslavement of Africans—as well as the expansion ofindentured servitude and Britishpenal transportation. Maryland received a larger felon quota than any other province.^[5]

Maryland was an active participant in the events leading up to theAmerican Revolution, echoing events inNew England by establishingcommittees of correspondence and hosting its owntea party similar to the one thattook place in Boston. By 1776 the old order had been overthrown as Maryland's colonial representatives signed theDeclaration of Independence, presaging the end of British colonial rule.

The CatholicGeorge Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1632), formerSecretary of State to KingCharles I of England, wished to create a haven forEnglish Catholics in the New World. After having visited the Americas and founded a colony in the futureCanadian province ofNewfoundland called "Avalon", he convinced the King to grant him a second territory in more southern, temperate climes. Upon Baltimore's death in 1632 the grant was transferred to his eldest sonCecil, the 2nd Baron Baltimore.

On June 20, 1632, Charles granted the original charter forMaryland, aproprietary colony of about twelve million acres (49,000 km²), to the 2nd Baron Baltimore. Some historians view this grant as a form of compensation for the 2nd Lord Baltimore's father's having been stripped of his title ofSecretary of State upon announcing hisCatholicism in 1625.^[6]

Whatever the reason for granting the colony specifically to Lord Baltimore, however, the King had practical reasons to create a colony north of the Potomac in 1632. The colony ofNew Netherland begun by England's great imperial rival in this era, theUnited Provinces, specifically claimed theDelaware River valley and was vague about its border with Virginia. Charles rejected all the Dutch claims on the Atlantic seaboard, but was anxious to bolster English claims by formally occupying the territory. The new colony was named after the devoutly CatholicQueen Mary,^[7] by an agreement between the 1st Lord Baltimore and King Charles I.^[8]

Colonial Maryland was considerably larger than the present-day State ofMaryland. The original charter granted the Calverts a province with a boundary line that started "from the promontory or headland, called Watkin's Point, situate upon thebay aforesaid near theriver Wighco on the West, unto themain ocean on the east; and between that boundary on the south, unto that part of thebay of Delaware on the north, which lyeth under the40th degree of north latitude from the aequinoctial, where New England is terminated."^[9]p. 116 The boundary line would then continue westward along the fortieth parallel "unto the true meridian of the first fountain of theriver Pattowmack". From there, the boundary continued south to the southern bank of the Potomac River, continue along the southern river bank to the Chesapeake Bay, and "thence by the shortest line unto the aforesaid promontory, or place, called Watkin's Point."^[9]p. 38. Based on this deceptively imprecise description of the boundary, the land may have comprised up to 18,750 square miles (48,600 km²), 50% larger than today's State.^[10]

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In Maryland, Baltimore sought to create a haven for English Catholics and to demonstrate that Catholics and Protestants could live together peacefully, even issuing theAct Concerning Religion in matters of religion. The 1st Lord Baltimore was himself a convert toCatholicism, a considerable political setback for a nobleman in 17th-century England, where Catholics could easily be considered enemies of the crown and potential traitors to their country. Like other aristocratic proprietors, he also hoped to turn a profit on the new colony.

The Calvert family recruited Catholic aristocrats and Protestant settlers for Maryland, luring them with generous land grants and a policy of religious toleration. To try to gain settlers, Maryland used what is known as theheadright system, which originated inJamestown. Settlers were given 50 acres (20 ha) of land for each person they brought into the colony, whether as settler,indentured servant, orslave.

Of the 200 or so initial settlers who traveled to Maryland on the shipsArk andDove, the majority were Protestant.^[11] On November 22, 1633, Lord Baltimore sent the first settlers to the new colony, and after a long voyage with a stopover to resupply inBarbados, theArk and theDove landed on March 25, 1634 (thereafter celebrated as "Maryland Day"), atBlackistone Island, thereafter known asSt. Clement's Island, off the northern shore of thePotomac River, upstream from its confluence with theChesapeake Bay andPoint Lookout. The new settlers were led by Lord Baltimore's younger brother the HonorableLeonard Calvert, whom Baltimore had delegated to serve as governor of the new colony.^[11]

The Native Americans in Maryland were a peaceful people who welcomed the English. At the time of the founding of the Maryland colony, approximately forty tribes consisting of 8,000 – 10,000 people lived in the area. They were fearful of the colonists' guns, but welcomed trade for metal tools. The Native Americans who were living in the location where the colonists first settled were called the Yaocomico Indians. The colonists gave the Yaocomico Indians cloth, hatchets, and hoes in exchange for the right to settle on the land. The Yaocomico Indians allowed the English settlers to live in their houses, a type of longhouse called a witchott. The Indians also taught the colonists how to plant corn, beans, and squash, as well as where to find food such as clams and oysters.^[12][13]

Here atSt. Clement's Island they raised a large cross, and led byJesuitFather Andrew White celebrated Mass. The new settlement was called "St. Mary's City" and it became the first capital of Maryland. It remained so for sixty years until 1695 when the colony's capital was moved north to the more central, newly established "Anne Arundel's Town (also briefly known as "Providence") and later renamed as "Annapolis".

More settlers soon followed. The tobacco crops that they had planted from the outset were very successful and quickly made the new colony profitable. However, given the incidence of malaria and typhoid, life expectancy in Maryland was about 10 years less than in New England.^[14]

"Historic St. Mary's City" (a historic preservationist/tourism agency) has been established to protect what is left of the ruins of the original 17th-century village, and several reconstructed, government buildings, little of which remained intact. With the exception of several periods of rebellion by early Protestants and later colonists, the colony/province remained under the control of the several Lords Baltimore until 1775–1776, when it joined with other colonies inrebellion against Great Britain and eventually became the independent and sovereignU.S. State ofMaryland.

The establishment of the Province of Maryland disrupted the trade relationship between Virginian colonists and theSusquehannock, an Iroquoian-speaking tribe that lived in the lower Susquehanna River valley. Following a raid on aJesuit mission in 1641, the Governor of Maryland declared the Susquehannock "enemies of the province." A few attempts were made to organize a military campaign, however, it was not until 1643 that an ill-fated expedition was mounted. The Susquehannock inflicted numerous casualties on the English and captured two cannon. 15 prisoners were taken and afterwards tortured to death.^[15]

Raids on Maryland continued intermittently until 1652. In the winter of 1652, the Susquehannock were attacked by theHaudenosaunee (Iroquois), and although the attack was repulsed, it led to the Susquehannock negotiating theArticles of Peace and Friendship with Maryland.^[15] The Susquehannock relinquished their claim to territory on either side of Chesapeake Bay, and reestablished a trading relationship with the English.^[16][17]

A Haudenosaunee raid in 1660 led Maryland to expand its treaty with the Susquehannock into an alliance. The Maryland assembly authorized armed assistance, and described the Susquehannock as "a Bullwarke and Security of the Northern Parts of this Province." A detachment of 50 soldiers was sent to help defend the Susquehannock town against Haudenosaunee attacks. Despite suffering a smallpox epidemic in 1661, the Susquehannock easily withstood a siege in 1663, and destroyed a Haudenosaunee war party in 1666.^[15]

By 1675, epidemics and years of war had taken their toll on the Susquehannock. They abandoned their village on the Susquehanna River and moved south into Maryland. GovernorCharles Calvert invited them to settle on the Potomac River above theGreat Falls, however, the Susquehannock instead chose to occupy a site onPiscataway Creek where they erected a palisaded fort. In July 1675, a group of Virginians chasingDoeg raiders crossed the Potomac into Maryland and mistakenly killed several Susquehannock. Subsequent raids in Virginia and Maryland were blamed on the tribe. In September 1675, a thousand-man expedition against the Susquehannock was mounted by militia from Virginia and Maryland led byJohn Washington and Thomas Truman. After arriving at the Susquehannock town, Truman and Washington summoned five sachems to a parley, but then had them summarily executed. Sorties during the ensuing six-week siege resulted in 50 English deaths. In early November, the Susquehannock escaped the siege under cover of darkness, killing ten of the militia as they slept.^[18]

Most of Susquehannock crossed the Potomac and took refuge in the Piedmont of Virginia. Two encampments were established on theMeherrin River near the village of the Siouan-speakingOccaneechi. In January 1676, the Susquehannock raided plantations in Virginia, killing 36 colonists.Nathaniel Bacon, unhappy with Governor SirWilliam Berkeley's response to the raids, organized a volunteer militia to hunt down the Susquehannock. Bacon persuaded the Occaneechi to attack the closest Susquehannock encampment. After the Occaneechi returned with Susquehannock prisoners, Bacon turned on his allies and indiscriminately massacred Occaneechi men, women and children.^[18]

Other Susquehannock refugees fled to hunting camps on the North Branch of the Potomac or took refuge with the Lenape. Some refugees returned to the Susquehanna River in 1676 and established a palisaded village near the site of their previous village. This village was also abandoned when the inhabitants merged with the Haudenosaunee a few years later.^[19]

In 1629,George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore, "driven by 'the sacred duty of finding a refuge for his Catholic brethren'",^[20] applied toCharles I for a royal charter to establish a colony south of Virginia. He also wanted a share of the fortunes being made intobacco in Virginia, and hoped to recoup some of the financial losses he had sustained in his earlier colonial venture in Newfoundland.^[21]

In 1631,William Claiborne, a Puritan from Virginia, received a royal trading commission granting him the right to trade with the natives in all lands in the mid-Atlantic where there was not already a patent in effect.^[22] Claiborne established a trading post onKent Island on May 28, 1631.

Meanwhile, back in London, the Privy Council persuaded Lord Baltimore to accept instead a charter for lands north of the Virginia colony, in order to put pressure on the Dutch settlements further north along theDelaware andHudson Rivers. Calvert agreed, but died in 1632 before the charter was formally signed by King Charles I. The Royal Grant and Charter for the new colony of Maryland was then granted to his son,Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore, on June 20, 1632.^[22] This placed Claiborne on Calvert land. Claiborne refused to recognize Lord Baltimore's charter and rights, or the authority of his brother Leonard as governor.

Following the arrest of one of his agents for trading in Maryland waters without a license in 1635, Claiborne fitted out an armed ship. There ensued a naval battle on April 23, 1635, by the mouth of thePocomoke River during which three Virginians were killed. Following this battle, Leonard Calvert captured Kent Island by force in February 1638.^[23]

In 1644, during theEnglish Civil War, Claiborne led an uprising of Protestants in what came to be called thePlundering Time, also known as "Claiborne and Ingle's Rebellion", and retook Kent Island. Meanwhile,privateer CaptainRichard Ingle (Claiborne's co-commander) seized control ofSt. Mary's City, the capital of the Maryland colony. Catholic Governor Calvert escaped to theVirginia Colony which remained nominally loyal to the crown until 1652.^[24] The Protestant pirates began plundering the property of anyone who did not swear allegiance to theParliament of England, mainly Catholics. The rebellion was put down in 1647 by Governor Calvert.

The victory of Parliament in England renewed old tensions. This led to the 1655Battle of the Severn, at the settlement of "Providence" (present-dayAnnapolis, Maryland). Moderate Protestants and Catholics loyal to Lord Baltimore, under the command ofWilliam Stone,met Puritans loyal to theCommonwealth of England from Providence under the command of Captain William Fuller. 17 of Stone's men and two Puritans were killed, resulting in victory for the Puritans.

The issue of the ongoing Claiborne grievance was finally settled by an agreement reached in 1657. Lord Baltimore gave Claiborne amnesty for all of his offenses, Virginia laid aside any claim it had to Maryland territory, and Claiborne was indemnified with extensive land grants in Virginia for his loss of Kent Island.^[25]

"Multiple colonial charters, two negotiated settlements by the states in 1785 and 1958, an arbitrated agreement in 1877, and several Supreme Court decisions have defined how Maryland and Virginia would deal with the Potomac River as a boundary line, and shaped the boundary on the Eastern Shore (separatingAccomack County, Virginia, fromWorcester andSomerset counties in Maryland)."^[26]

The border dispute with Pennsylvania continued and led toCresap's War, a conflict between settlers from Pennsylvania and Maryland fought in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 with a series of violent incidents prompted by disputes over property rights and law enforcement, and escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a cease-fire. A provisional agreement had been established in 1732.^[27]

Maryland lost some of its original territory toPennsylvania in the 1660s whenKing Charles II granted the Penn family, owners of Pennsylvania, a tract that overlapped the Calvert family's Maryland grant. For 80 years the powerful Penn and Calvert families hadfeuded over overlapping Royal grants. Surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon mapped the Maryland-Pennsylvania border in 1767, setting out theMason–Dixon line.^[28]

In 1672, Lord Baltimore declared that Maryland included the settlement of Whorekills on the west shore of the Delaware Bay, an area under the jurisdiction of theProvince of New York (as the British had renamed New Netherland after taking possession in 1664). A force was dispatched which attacked and captured this settlement. New York could not immediately respond because New York was soon recaptured by the Dutch. This settlement was restored to the Province of New York when New York was recaptured from the Dutch in November, 1674.^{[citation needed]}

Lord Baltimore held all the land directly from the King for the payment of "two Indian arrowheads annually and one fifth of all gold and silver found in the colony."^[1] Maryland's foundation charter was drafted in feudal terms and based on the practices of the ancientCounty Palatine of Durham, which existed until 1646. He was given the rights and privileges of aPalatine lord, and the extensive authority that went with it. The Proprietor had the right and power to establish courts and appoint judges and magistrates, to enforce all laws, to grant titles, to erect towns, to pardon all offenses, to found churches, to call out the fighting population and wage war, to impose martial law, to convey or lease the land, and to levy duties and tolls.^[1]

However, as elsewhere in English North America, English political institutions were re-created in the colonies, and theMaryland General Assembly fulfilled much the same function as theHouse of Commons of England.^[29] An act was passed providing that:

"from henceforth and for ever everyone being of the council of the Province and any other gentleman of able judgement summoned by writ (and the Lord of every Manor within this Province after Manors be erected) shall and may have his voice, seat, and place in every General Assembly. together with two or more able and sufficient men for the hundred as the said freedmen or the major part of them ... shall think good".

In addition, the Lord Proprietor could summon any delegates whom he was pleased to select.^[30]

In some ways the General Assembly was an improvement upon the institutions of the mother country. In 1639, noting that Parliament had not been summoned in England for a decade, the free men of Maryland passed an act to the effect that "assemblies were to be called once in every three years at the least," ensuring that their voices would be regularly heard.^[29]

Due to immigration, by 1660 the population of the Province had gradually become predominantly Protestant. Political power remained concentrated in the hands of the largely Catholic elite. Most councilors were Catholics and many were related by blood or marriage to the Calverts, enjoying political patronage and often lucrative offices such as commands in the militia or sinecures in the Land Office.^[31]

• George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore (1579–1631), Secretary of State under King James I, applied in 1629 for a charter to establish a colony in the Mid-Atlantic area of North America, but died five weeks before it was issued.^[32]
• Caecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (1605–1675), inherited both his father's title and his charter, which was granted in 1632. He was named forSir Robert Cecil, first Earl of Salisbury,^[33] principalSecretary of State toQueen Elizabeth, whom Calvert had met during an extended trip to Europe between 1601 and 1603.^[32] Rather than go to the colony himself, Baltimore stayed behind in England to deal with the political opposition raised by supporters of theVirginia Colony and sent his next younger brotherLeonard in his stead. Caecilius never travelled to Maryland.^[34]
• Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore (1637–1715), sailed to Maryland in 1661 as a young man of 24, becoming the first member of the Calvert family to take personal charge of the colony. He was appointed deputy governor by his father and, when the 2nd Lord Baltimore died in 1675, Charles inherited Maryland, becoming governor in his own right. During his tenure the price of tobacco began to decline, causing economic hardship especially among the poor. A hurricane in 1667 devastated the tobacco crop.^[35] In 1684, the 3rd Lord Baltimore traveled toEngland^[36] in regard to a border dispute withWilliam Penn. He never returned to Maryland. In his absence the Protestant Revolution of 1689 took control of the colony. That year the family's royal charter was also withdrawn, and Maryland became a Royal Colony.

• Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore (1679–1715) understood that the chief impediment to the restoration of his family's title to Maryland was the question of religion.^[37] In 1713 he converted toAnglicanism, despite his father cutting off his support. He also withdrew his son Charles from a Jesuit school, largely for political reasons. Henceforth father and son would worship within the Church of England, much to the disgust of his father Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore, who maintained his Catholic faith despite the political drawbacks, until his death in February 1715.^[37] Benedict became the Fourth Lord Baltimore upon his father's death in February 1715 and immediately petitionedKing George I to reinstate the family's charter. However, the 4th Lord Baltimore survived his father by only two months, dying himself in April 1715.
• Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore (1699–1751) was the great-grandson ofCharles II of England through his maternal grandmother, Charlotte Lee, Countess of Lichfield, the illegitimate daughter of the king's mistress,Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland. The Province of Maryland was restored to the control of theCalvert family by King George I when around 1715Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore, swore publicly that he was a Protestant and had embraced theAnglican faith.

• Frederick Calvert, 6th Baron Baltimore (1731–1771) inherited from his father the title Baron Baltimore and theProprietary Governorship of the Province of Maryland in 1751. The 6th Lord Baltimore wielded immense power in Maryland, whichwas then a colony of theKingdom of Great Britain, administered directly by the Calverts.^[39] Frederick's inheritance coincided with a period of rising discontent in Maryland, amid growing demands by thelegislative assembly for an end to his family's authoritarian rule. Frederick, however, remained aloof from the colony and never set foot in it in his lifetime. He lived a life of leisure, writing verse and regarding the Province of Maryland as little more than a source of revenue. The colony was ruled through governors appointed by the 6th Lord Baltimore. His frequent travels made him difficult to contact and meant that Maryland was largely ruled without him. His personal life was extremely scandalous by the standards of the time, and this contributed to growing unrest in his colony. In 1758, his wife "died from a hurt she received by a fall out of aPhaeton carriage" while accompanied by her husband. Although Frederick was suspected of foul play, no charges were ever brought.^[38]

Frederick died in 1771, by which time relations between Britain and her American colonies were fast deteriorating. In his will, Frederick left his proprietary Palatinate of Maryland to his eldest illegitimate son,Henry Harford, then aged just 13. The colony, perhaps grateful to be rid of Frederick at last, recognized Harford as Calvert's heir. However, the will was challenged by the family of Frederick's sister, Louisa Calvert Browning, who did not recognize Harford's inheritance. Before the case could grind its way through theCourt of Chancery, Maryland had become engulfed by the American Revolution and by 1776 was at war with Britain. Henry Harford would ultimately lose almost all his colonial possessions.

Although Maryland was an early pioneer of religious tolerance in the British colonies, religious strife amongAnglicans,Puritans,Roman Catholics, andQuakers was common in the early years, and Puritan rebels briefly seized control of the province. In 1644 the dispute with William Claiborne led to armed conflict. Claiborne seized Kent Island while his associate, the pro-Parliament Puritan Richard Ingle, took over St. Mary's.^[22] Both used religion as a tool to gain popular support. From 1644 to 1646, the so-called "Plundering Time" was a period of civil unrest aggravated by the tensions of theEnglish Civil War (1641–1651). Leonard Calvert returned from exile with troops, recaptured St. Mary's City, and eventually restored order.^[11]

In 1649 Maryland passed theMaryland Toleration Act, also known as the Act Concerning Religion, a law mandating religious tolerance for trinitarian Christians. Passed on September 21, 1649, by the assembly of the Maryland Colony, it was the first law requiring religious tolerance in theEnglish North American colonies. In 1654, after theThird English Civil War (1649–1651), Parliamentary (Puritan) forces assumed control of Maryland for a time.

When dissidents pressed for an established church, Caecilius Calvert's noted that Maryland settlers were "Presbyterians,Independents,Anabaptists, andQuakers, those of theChurch of England as well as theRomish being the fewest ... it would be a most difficult task to draw such persons to consent unto a Law which shall compel them to maintaine ministers of a contrary perswasion to themselves."^[31]

In 1650, Maryland had 10 churches withregular services which included all 5 Catholic churches in the colonies at the time, 4Anglican churches, and 1Congregational church.^[40] Following theFirst Great Awakening (1730–1755), the number of regular places of worship in Maryland grew to 94 in 1750 (50 Anglican, 18Presbyterian, 15 Catholic, 4Baptist, 4Dutch Reformed, and 3Lutheran),^[41] with the colony gaining an additional 110 regular places of worship to a total of 204 by 1776 (51 Episcopal, 30 Catholic, 29 Presbyterian, 26Friends, 21Methodism, 16German Reformed, 16 Lutheran, 5 Baptist, 5German Baptist Brethren, 2Dutch Reformed, 2Moravian, and 1Mennonite).^[42]

In 1689, MarylandPuritans, by then a substantial majority in the colony, revolted against theproprietary government, in part because of the apparent preferment of Catholics like ColonelHenry Darnall to official positions of power. Led by ColonelJohn Coode, an army of 700 Puritans defeated a proprietarial army led by Colonel Darnall.^[43] Darnall later wrote: "Wee being in this condition and no hope left of quieting the people thus enraged, to prevent effusion of blood, capitulated and surrendered." The victorious Coode and his Puritans set up a new government that outlawedCatholicism, and Darnall was deprived of all his official roles.^[43] Coode's government was, however, unpopular; andWilliam III installed a Crown-appointed governor in 1692. This wasLionel Copley who governed Maryland until his death in 1694 and was replaced by Francis Nicholson.^[44]

After this "Protestant Revolution" in Maryland, Darnall was forced, like many other Catholics, to maintain a secret chapel in his home in order to celebrate theCatholic Mass. In 1704, an Act was passed "to prevent the growth of Popery in this Province", preventing Catholics from holding political office.^[43]

Darnall's great-grandsonCharles Carroll of Carrollton, arguably the wealthiest Catholic in Maryland,^{[citation needed]} signed theUnited States Declaration of Independence during theAmerican Revolution.

Religious freedomfor Christians only was established by Maryland's first constitution,^[45] effective November 8, 1776.^[46]

Early settlements and population centers tended to cluster around the rivers and other waterways that empty intoChesapeake Bay. In the 17th century, most Marylanders lived in rough conditions on small farms. While they raised a variety of fruits, vegetables, grains, and livestock, the main cash crop wastobacco, which soon dominated the province's economy.

The Province of Maryland developed along lines very similar to those of Virginia. Tobacco was used as money, and the colonial legislature was obliged to pass a law requiring tobacco planters to raise a certain amount of corn as well, in order to ensure that the colonists would not go hungry. Like Virginia, Maryland's economy quickly became centered around the farming oftobacco for sale in Europe. The need for cheap labor to help with the growth of tobacco, and later with the mixed farming economy that developed when tobacco prices collapsed, led to a rapid expansion ofindentured servitude and, later, forcible immigration andenslavement of Africans.

By 1730 there were public tobacco warehouses every fourteen miles. Bonded at £1,000 sterling, each inspector received from £25 to £60 as annual salary. Four hogsheads of 950 pounds were considered a ton for London shipment. Ships from English ports did not need port cities; they called at the wharves of warehouses or plantations along the rivers for tobacco and the next year returned with goods the planters had ordered from the shops of London.^[49][50]

Outside the plantations, much land was operated by independent farmers who rented from the proprietors, or owned it outright. They emphasized subsistence farming to grow food for their large families. Many of the Irish and Scottish immigrants specialized in rye-whiskey making, which they sold to obtain cash.^[51]

Maryland developed into aplantation colony by the 18th century. In 1700 there were about 25,000 people and by 1750 that had grown more than 5 times to 130,000. By 1755, about 40% of Maryland's population was black.^[52] Maryland planters also made extensive use ofindentured servants andpenal labor. An extensive system ofrivers facilitated the movement of produce from inland plantations and farms to the Atlantic coast for export.Baltimore, on the Patapsco River, leading to theChesapeake Bay, was the second-most important port in the 18th-century South, afterCharleston, South Carolina.

Dr. Alexander Hamilton (1712–1756) was a Scottish-born doctor and writer who lived and worked in Annapolis. Leo Lemay says his 1744 travel diaryGentleman's Progress: The Itinerarium of Dr. Alexander Hamilton is "the best single portrait of men and manners, of rural and urban life, of the wide range of society and scenery in colonial America."^[53]

The Abbé Claude C. Robin, a chaplain in the army ofGeneral Rochambeau,^[54] who travelled through Maryland during the Revolutionary War, described the lifestyle enjoyed by families of wealth and status in the colony:

[Maryland houses] are large and spacious habitations, widely separated, composed of a number of buildings and surrounded by plantations extending farther than the eye can reach, cultivated ... by unhappy black men whom European avarice brings hither. ...Their furniture is of the most costly wood, and rarest marbles, enriched by skilful and artistic work. Their elegant and light carriages are drawn by finely bred horses, and driven by richly apparelled slaves."^[55]

The first printing press was introduced to the Province of Maryland in 1765 by a German immigrant,Nicholas Hasselbach, whose equipment was later used in the printing of Baltimore's first newspapers,The Maryland Journal andThe Baltimore Advertiser, first published byWilliam Goddard in 1773.^[56][57][58]

In the late colonial period, the southern and eastern portions of the Province continued in their tobacco economy, but as theAmerican Revolution approached, northern and central Maryland increasingly became centers ofwheat production. This helped drive the expansion of interior farming towns likeFrederick and Maryland's major port city ofBaltimore.^[59]

Maryland was not directly involved in any major battles in theFrench and Indian War, but their proximity toPennsylvania andVirginia promptedGovernor Horatio Sharpe to take action and prepare defenses in the case of an attack. Maryland constructedFort Frederick and a few smaller forts to defend the border. Throughout the course of the war, Sharpe and the Maryland Assembly struggled to maintain a solid battalion and funding. After the British capturedFort Duquesne in 1758, Maryland stopped funding its defense. The colony’s experience during the war demonstrates how internal political struggles between Governor Horatio Sharpe, the Assembly, and Lord Baltimore limited the colony’s ability to fund defenses, sustain military forces, and effectively contribute to the British war effort.

Maryland did not need much military defense before 1753. Maryland officials and Marylanders did not believe that the colony needed to worry about defense, since Virginia held most of the territory to the west of the province. However, when Governor Horatio Sharpe arrived and was elected in Maryland as the Governor on August 10th, 1753, he was immediately tasked by the Royal Government to prepare defenses due to tension between France and Britain.^[60] Maryland’s proximity to Pennsylvania and Virginia meant that it was at a high risk of being invaded, and preparing defenses was important.

TheBattle of the Monongahela (1755) inBraddock, Pennsylvania, was a motivating factor for many colonies to speed up their military preparations out of fear of an attack.^[60] This battle, also known as the Battle of Braddock’s Field and the Battle of the Wilderness, was a major moment in the French and Indian War, as it was a significant loss for the British. At the 1755 Maryland Assembly, the Militia Act was passed, which required all male citizens between the ages of 16 and 60 to enlist in the colony’s military.^[61] The same Assembly also approved the construction of Fort Frederick, which began in 1756. However, the Assembly constantly refused to raise additional funds for political reasons. The 6th Lord Baltimore,Frederick Calvert, refused to have his properties taxed, and the Assembly did not want to tax Marylanders without taxing Calvert.^[62] Sharpe was directly under the order of Calvert, meaning that he was required to veto Assembly bills that were in disfavor of Calvert.^[62] This only raised tensions between Sharpe and the Assembly.

In the 1756 Assembly, Maryland was able to raise £40,000 for the war effort.^[60] This money went towards military manpower, fort construction, military supplies such as arms and ammunition, and bounty incentives. Many colonies, such asMassachusetts and Pennsylvania, had begun offering bounties for Indian scalps. In this Assembly, Maryland began offering them as well, with £3000 out of the £40,000 set aside for compensation.^[63] The Assembly hoped that payment would encourage Marylanders and neighboring Indian tribes to contribute to the war effort.

War preparations were often inconsistent and met delays. In 1756-1757, a smallpox outbreak in Annapolis affected Sharpe’s plans to hold an assembly in January to organize funds for the year.^[60] This delay and the political tensions within the Assembly severely impacted Maryland’s funding. Construction on Fort Frederick could not be completed, as further funding could not be obtained. The House of Delegates was under constant pressure from Sharpe because of its inability to raise funds. Sharpe complained about this toGovernor Dinwiddie of Virginia in numerous letters, expressing his dissatisfaction with the House of Delegates. He also sent a letter toGeorge Washington in July of 1757, where he said, “It grieves me to see near 20,000 men in this Province fit to bear arms so backward as they are to defend themselves…”^[60] It was clear that Sharpe was frustrated with both the Maryland Assembly and Marylanders who did not feel the need to contribute to the war effort.

In April of 1757, the assembly was finally held. In this assembly,John Campbell (Lord Loudon) wanted Maryland to raise money, men, and supplies for Britain.^[60] This was met with complaints from the House of Delegates, who believed that Maryland should focus on its own war effort to avoid any financial and military disaster. They feared that sending troops to Britain would be a risk, as if they were attacked, the colony would not have much defense. Sharpe was obliged to follow Campbell’s orders, but resistance from the House of Delegates resulted in Maryland not fulfilling them in its entirety. Instead, Sharpe passed the Billeting Act, which allowed Royal Troops to be housed in Maryland and required the colony to provide food and basic supplies.^[64] This was the bare minimum of Campbell’s demands. This decision had major political consequences for the colony. Campbell criticized the colony and believed that Maryland was using its internal political conflicts as an excuse to not fulfill the orders. Sharpe’s reputation suffered as well, although he personally supported Campbell.

As part of the war, Maryland formed a short-lived alliance with theCherokee Indians. In April 1757, a group of Cherokee, led by the sachem Wahachey, arrived at Fort Frederick seeking an alliance. Maryland did not pass up this opportunity. In May, Sharpe’s envoys met with the Cherokee and exchanged gifts, agreeing on a military pact.^[62] The Cherokee presented the envoys with Indian scalps and demanded payment. This raised suspicions in Maryland, and some questioned the legitimacy of the scalps, thinking that the Cherokee were cheating to receive more payment.^[62] Although there was some tension, the Cherokee were crucial to Maryland’s strength during the war. Governor Horatio Sharpe, along with George Washington and Governor Dinwittie, asked that their troops learn the Indian war manners, as they were facing threats from other tribes.^[65]

Maryland’s military relations with the Cherokee did not last long. Britain’s broader relationship with Native American tribes deteriorated, leading to theAnglo-Cherokee War. Following the British capture of Fort Duquesne in 1758, Maryland was relatively safe from French and Indian attacks. The Maryland Assembly cut funding for its defense, as the immediate threat had passed.

Up to the time of theAmerican Revolution, the Province of Maryland was one of two colonies that remained anEnglishproprietary colony,Pennsylvania being the other.^[66]Maryland declared independence fromBritain in 1776, withSamuel Chase,William Paca,Thomas Stone, andCharles Carroll of Carrollton signing theDeclaration of Independence for the colony. In the 1776–77 debates over theArticles of Confederation, Maryland delegates led the party that insisted that states with western land claims cede them to the Confederation government, and in 1781 Maryland became the last state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. It accepted theUnited States Constitution more readily, ratifying it on April 28, 1788.

In 1800, when the nation's capital was moved fromPhiladelphia to present-dayWashington, D.C., Maryland also gave up some territory to create the new federal capital city.

• List of colonial governors of Maryland
• Colonial families of Maryland
• History of Maryland
• History of slavery in Maryland
• Thomas Cresap
• Lord Baltimore penny
• Economic history of Colonial Maryland

EnglishWikisource has original text related to this article:

Charter of Maryland

• Andrews, Matthew Page,History of Maryland, Doubleday, New York (1929)
• Everstine, Carl N. "The Establishment of Legislative Power in Maryland", 12Maryland Law Review 99 (1951)
• Thomas, Isaiah (1874).The history of printing in America, with a biography of printers. Vol. I. New York, B. Franklin.
• Wroth, Lawrence C. (1922).A History of Printing in Colonial Maryland, 1686–1776. Baltimore : Typothetae of Baltimore.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
• Wroth, Lawrence C. (1938).The Colonial Printer. Portland, Me., The Southworth-Anthoensen press.

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