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| Proto-Philippine | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Philippine languages |
| Region | Philippines |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
| Lower-order reconstructions | |
TheProto-Philippine language is a reconstructed ancestralproto-language of thePhilippine languages, a proposed subgroup of theAustronesian languages which includes all languages within the Philippines (except for theSama–Bajaw languages) as well as those within the northern portions ofSulawesi inIndonesia.[1][2][3][4] Proto-Philippine is not directly attested to in any written work, butlinguistic reconstruction by thecomparative method has found regular similarities among languages that cannot be explained by coincidence or word-borrowing.
There have been three initial proposals in delineating the southern boundaries of the Philippine group: NorthernBorneo inMalaysia, southern Philippines (encompassing southern Luzon all the way toMindanao and theSulu Sea area), and northernSulawesi inIndonesia.[4] The earliest boundary was proposed by Esser (1938) between theGorontalo languages and theTomini languages of Sulawesi. While it was later found decades after (Himmelmann, 1990) that there are shared innovations between Philippine and Tomini languages, there are still uncertainties as to whether the latter do validly form one genetic group, or should be relegated as a mere geographic unit.[5] Meanwhile, Charles (1974) in particular proposed that languages inSabah and of northernSarawak are descendants of this Proto-Philippine,[6] which has subsequently garnered counter-evidences (Blust, 1974; Reid, 1982; Zorc, 1986). Lastly, there have been several proposals establishing southern Philippines as the boundary (Thomas & Healey, 1962; Dyen, 1965; Zorc, 1977; 1986) with the "Macro Meso-Philippine" and "Sangiric" as two primary branches.[7] Walton (1979) and McFarland (1980) included theSama-Bajau group as the third branch, but such has been later disputed as entirely separate directly under Malayo-Polynesian.[3]
Due to issues with the validity of a Philippine genetic group, and thus the existence of an ancestral Proto-Philippine language, most of its features, particularly its phonology, remain as proposals.
Llamzon's (1975) proposed phonology of Proto-Philippine was derived from earlier reconstructions of Dempwolff's (1934-1938) works by Dyen (1947; 1951; 1953a; 1953b; 1953c). Used in this reconstruction were nine languages—Tagalog,Cebuano,Hiligaynon,Waray,Bikol (Central?),Ilokano,Ibanag,Ifugao, andKankanaey—with the rationale that the aforementioned have "relatively better structural description and vocabularies" than other related and geographically contiguous languages at that time.[1] While his analysis focused on attestedProto-Austronesian phonemes which were retained in this Proto-Philippine, features that were lost or merged were not highlighted.
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Unvoiced | |
| Nasal | *m/m/ | *n/n/ | *ng/ŋ/ | |||||||
| Stop | *p/p/ | *b/b/ | *t/t/ | *d/d/ | *D/ɖ/ | *j/ɟ/ | *k/k/ | *g/ɡ/ | *q/ʔ/ | |
| Affricate | *Z/ɟʝ/ | |||||||||
| Fricative | *s/s/ | *h/h/ | ||||||||
| Flap/Tap | *r/ɾ/ | |||||||||
| Trill | *R134/ʀ/ | |||||||||
| Approximant | *w/w/ | *l/l/ | *y/j/ | |||||||
Proto-phonemes *Z and *D were restricted to medial positions, and were not retained in any of the languages.
The proto-phonemes *j and *R are not preserved as such in any Philippine language: *j became either *g or *d (e.g. *púsəj becameIlocanopúsəg,Tagalogpúsod), whereas *R shifted to *r (e.g. inIlokano), *l (e.g. inPangasinan), *g (e.g. inTagalog) or *y (e.g. inKapampangan).[1][4]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i/i/ | *u/u/ | |
| Mid | *ə/ə/ | ||
| Open | *a/a/ |
Proto-Philippine'sschwa *ə often merged with other vowels (e.g./u/ in Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Waray;/a/ in Ibanag,/i/ in Tagalog), but is retained in a diverse range of Philippine languages (e.g.Gaddang,Kinaray-a,Maranao,Maguindanao,Rinconada Bikol,Palawano), and in southern dialects ofIlokano.
| Proto-Philippine diphthongs by Llamzon (1975) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| *ay | *uy | *aw | *iw |
Another notable proposal is by Paz (1981) who conducted a bottom-up approach by reconstructing using her own symbols.[8]
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Voiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | Voiced | Unvoiced | |
| Nasal | m/m/ | n/n/ | N/ŋ/ | ||||||
| Stop | p/p/ | b/b/ | t/t/ | d/d/ | ḍ/ɖ/ | g̯/ɡʲ/ | k/k/ | g/ɡ/ | ?/ʔ/ |
| Fricative | s/s/ | h /h/ | |||||||
| Trill | *r/r/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | w/w/ | l̩/l̥/ | *l/l/ | y/j/ | |||||
Paz revisits two types of proto-Austronesian L as part of her reconstruction (l, l̥), which makes it distinct from other reconstructions.
| Height | Front | Central | Back | Stress | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | Vː | |||||
| Mid | ə | |||||||
| Open | a | |||||||
In comparison to Llamzon, Paz presents five diphthongs instead.
| Proto-Philippine diphthongs by Paz (1981) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ay | uy | əy | aw | iw |
Below is a table comparing core vocabulary from modern Philippine languages in relation to the following Proto-Philippine innovations. Note that the accented vowels (e.g. á) under Proto-Philippine indicate the stress, while q representsglottal stop.
| Proto-Philippine | Tagalog | Ilokano | Kapampangan | Maguindanaon | Visayan group | Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ásu | aso | aso | asu | asu | dog | |
| *baláy | bahay | balay | bale | waláy | baláy | house |
| *bábuy | baboy | baboy | babi | babuy | baboy | pig |
| *baqRu | bago | baro | bayu | bagu | bag-o | new |
| *báqi | babae | babai | babai | babay | babayi bayi | woman/female |
| *dəkət | dikít | dekket | deket | dukót | adhesive/(to) stick | |
| *dáRaq | dara | daya | dara | blood | ||
| *duRúq | dugô | lugu | dugô | |||
| *hajək | halík | agek | alek | halók | (to) kiss | |
| *ŋájan | pangalan ngalan | nagan | ngalan | ngala ngalan | pangalan ngalan ngaran | name |
| *danúm | danum | danum | water | |||
| *túbiR | tubig | tubig | ||||
| *laŋúy | langóy | langóy | langúy | langóy | (to) swim | |
| *táu | tao | tao | tau | taw | tawo | human |
Below are selected animal and plant names in Proto-Philippine from theAustronesian Comparative Dictionary.[9]
| No. | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Philippine |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9207 | fish sp.,slipmouth | Leiognathus sp. | *sapsáp |
| 10806 | kind ofmackerel | Rastrelliger spp. | *tuliŋan |
| 10964 | a sea fish, therudderfish | Kyphosus cinerascens | *hilek |
| 1631 | anchovy | Stolephorus spp. | *bulínaw |
| 12682 | milkfish | Chanos chanos | *baŋús |
| 11877 | parrot fish | Scarus spp. | *mulmúl |
| 9819 | kind of water bird, theOriental darter | Anhinga melanogaster | *kasíli |
| 10671 | a bird and its call, probably thetailor bird | Orthotomus atrogularis | *tiwtiw |
| 11077 | coconut crab | Birgus latro | *tatus |
| 12348 | large marine mollusk | Turbo marmoratus | *RaRaŋ |
| No. | Common name | Scientific name | Proto-Philippine |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9369 | a flowering plant | Ixora spp. | *santán |
| 9568 | a fruit tree, thepomelo | Citrus decumana | *suháq |
| 2940 | a leguminous shrub | Leucaena glauca | *ipil ipil |
| 8957 | a palm | Corypha spp. | *silaR |
| 12394 | a plant | Acalypha spp. | *abilus |
| 10807 | a plant | Astronia spp.,Melastomataceae | *tuŋaw₂ |
| 11068 | a plant | Glochidion spp. | *anam |
| 9810 | a plant | Impatiens balsamina | *kamantigi |
| 6876 | a plant | Lunasia amara | *paqit-an |
| 10007 | a plant | Sesbania grandiflora | *katúday |
| 9565 | a plant | Solanum spp. | *sili-sili |
| 10064 | a plant in the banana family | Musa textilis? | *qaRutay |
| 12593 | a plant with medicinal value, probably | Blumea spp. | *qalibun |
| 11080 | a shrub or tree | Melanolepis multiglandulosa | *álem |
| 9651 | a shrub, theJew's mallow | Corchorus spp., fam.Malvaceae | *salúyut |
| 12668 | a small tree with leaves used as medicine | Citrus aurantifolia | *dayap |
| 10265 | a tall tree | Parkia spp. | *kúpaŋ |
| 7998 | a tree | Acalypha amentacea | *beRus |
| 12362 | a tree | Diospyros sp. | *kanadem |
| 947 | a tree | Diospyros spp. | *talaŋ₁ |
| 9647 | a tree | Erythrina spp. | *sabaŋ₂ |
| 10966 | a tree | Ficus sp. | *lab(e)nuR |
| 10563 | a tree | Ficus sp. | *tebéR |
| 11024 | a tree | Ganua obovatifolia,Sapotaceae | *piaŋa |
| 608 | a tree | Lagerstroemia speciosa | *banabá |
| 11756 | a tree | Mallotus lackeyi | *lamay |
| 12325 | a tree | Myristica spp. | *lagu₂ |
| 9093 | a tree | Planchonella obovata | *banisah |
| 9092 | a tree | Pongamia spp. | *bani₂ |
| 10722 | a tree | Prunus sp. | *taŋa₄ |
| 12392 | a tree | Shorea polysperma | *taŋíliq |
| 11555 | a tree and its fruit, theJava plum | Syzygium cumini | *luŋ(e)búy |
| 12198 | a tree with bark that can be used as a shampoo | Ganophyllum falcatum | *gúguq |
| 12228 | a tree with edible fruit | Diplodiscus paniculatus | *baRubu |
| 1208 | a tree; | Macaranga tanarius | *binuŋa |
| 12434 | a vine | Caesalpinia bonduc | *kabit₃ |
| 10233 | a vine with gourd or cucumber-like fruit | Luffa sp.? | *kabatíti |
| 11595 | a vine with red flower clusters, theChinese honeysuckle | Quisqualis indica | *taluluŋ |
| 12477 | an edible plant,swamp cabbage | Ipomoea aquatica | *taŋkuŋ |
| 11071 | beautyberry | Callicarpa spp. | *anayup |
| 11088 | creeping vine that grows on sandy beaches, thebeach morning glory | Ipomoea pes-caprae | *balinu |
| 11148 | hairy eggplant | Solanum ferox | *basula |
| 10234 | kind of aromatic herb | Pogostemon cablin | *kab(e)liŋ |
| 9922 | kind ofebony orpersimmon tree with fruits that are pounded and used to stupefy fish | Diospyros spp. | *kanúmay |
| 10312 | kind of edible squash or gourd | Lagenaria leucantha | *tabayaR |
| 11075 | kind of tall grass | Themeda gigantea | *taŋ(e)laj |
| 9750 | kind of wildlemon tree, possibly | Citrus hystrix | *kabuRaw |
| 9806 | large forest tree with edible brown, hairy fruits | Diospyros discolor | *kamaguŋ |
| 10412 | lesser yam | Dioscorea sp. | *tugíq |
| 10885 | lima bean | Phaseolus lunatus | *patániq |
| 2 | Manila hemp | Musa textilis | *abaká |
| 11872 | mountain apple | Eugenia spp. | *makúpa |
| 12657 | native spinach | Amaranthus spp. | *kulitis |
| 11653 | Philippine cedar tree | Cedrela sp. | *kalantas |
| 10749 | plant with leaves used as a vegetable | Talinum paniculatum orTalinum triangulare | *talínum |
| 1854 | silk cotton tree | Ceiba pentandra | *buybuy |
| 11145 | small tree | Morinda citrifolia? | *apatut |
| 12468 | taro | Colocasia esculenta | *gabi |
| 10978 | thealmasiga tree | Agathis celebica | *gala |
| 11073 | thecastor bean plant | Ricinus communis | *katana |
| 10163 | thehorseradish tree | Moringa oleifera | *maruŋgay |
| 12753 | thePhilippine mahogany | Shorea orHopea sp. | *yakál |
| 9615 | thesappan tree | Caesalpinia sappan | *sibukaw |
| 12361 | theseeded breadfruit tree | Artocarpus camansi | *kamansi |
| 12253 | theseeded breadfruit tree | Artocarpus camansi | *kamansiq |
| 10762 | tree with bright yellow fruit that has dry flesh | Lucuma nervosa | *tisaq |
| 8970 | wild palm tree with fruit similar toareca nut | Heterospathe elata | *sagisí |