Thenumerals and derived numbers of theProto-Indo-European language (PIE) have been reconstructed by modern linguists based on similarities found across allIndo-European languages. The following article lists and discusses their hypothesized forms.
Thecardinal numbers are reconstructed as follows:
| Number | Reconstruction (Sihler)[1] | Reconstruction (Beekes)[2] |
|---|---|---|
| one | *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- | *Hoi(H)nos ; sem-/sm̥- |
| two | *d(u)wo- | *du̯oh₁ |
| three | *trei-(full grade) /*tri-(zero grade) | *trei̯es |
| four | *kʷetwor-(o-grade) /*kʷetur-(zero grade) (see also thekʷetwóres rule) | *kʷétu̯ōr |
| five | *penkʷe | *penkʷe |
| six | *s(w)eḱs;originally perhaps*weḱs | *(s)u̯éks |
| seven | *septm̥ | *séptm̥ |
| eight | *(h₁)oḱtṓwor*h₃eḱtō,*h₃eḱtow | *h₃eḱteh₃ |
| nine | *(h₁)newn̥ | *(h₁)néun |
| ten | *déḱm̥/*deḱm̥(t) | *déḱm̥t |
| twenty | *wīḱm̥t-;originally perhaps*widḱomt- | *du̯idḱm̥ti |
| thirty | *trīḱomt-;originally perhaps*tridḱomt- | *trih₂dḱomth₂ |
| forty | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-;originally perhaps*kʷetwr̥dḱomt- | *kʷeturdḱomth₂ |
| fifty | *penkʷēḱomt-;originally perhaps*penkʷedḱomt- | *penkʷedḱomth₂ |
| sixty | *s(w)eḱsḱomt-;originally perhaps*weḱsdḱomt- | *u̯eksdḱomth₂ |
| seventy | *septm̥̄ḱomt-;originally perhaps*septm̥dḱomt- | *septm̥dḱomth₂ |
| eighty | *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-;originally perhaps*h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- | *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂ |
| ninety | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-;originally perhaps*h₁newn̥dḱomt- | *h₁neundḱomth₂ |
| hundred | *ḱm̥tom;originally perhaps*dḱm̥tom | *dḱm̥tóm |
| thousand | *ǵʰeslo-;*tusdḱomti(originally "big hundred"[citation needed]) | *ǵʰesl- |
Other reconstructions typically differ only slightly from Beekes and Sihler. A nineteenth-century reconstruction (byBrugmann) forthousand is*tūsḱmtiə.[3][4] See also Fortson 2004.[5]
The elements*-dḱomt- (in the numerals "twenty" to "ninety") and*dḱm̥t- (in "hundred") are reconstructed on the assumption that these numerals are derivatives of*deḱm̥(t) "ten".
Lehmann[6] believes that the numbers greater than ten were constructed separately in the dialect groups and that*ḱm̥tóm originally meant "a large number" rather than specifically "one hundred."
| PIE | English | Gothic | Latin | Ancient Greek | Sanskrit | Iranian | Slavic | Baltic | Celtic | Armenian | Albanian | Tocharian | Hittite |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *sem- "one, together" | same (<ONsamr);OEsam- "together"; [alsoGermanzusammen] | sama "same" | sem-el "once",sem-per "always",sim-plex "single, simple",sin-gulī "one each, single" | heĩs, hén, mía "one" <*sems, *sem, *smiH₂ | sam- "together",samá "same, equal, any" | Avhama-,OPershama- "any, all" Pastsam "even, fine" | OCSsamŭ "self, alone, one" | Lithsan-, są- "with";OPrussa-, sen- "with, dividing" | OIrsamlith "at the same time";Whafal "equal" | mi "one" | gjithë "all" < PAlb*semdza | Asas, Bṣe "one" <*sems | |
| *(h₁)óynos, (h₁)óywos "one" | one (<OEān) | ains "one" | ūnus (archaicoinos) | oĩnos "one (on a die)",oĩ(w)os "alone" | (ēka- <*oi-ko-;Mitanni-Aryanaika-vartana "one turn (around a track)")[7] | Avaēva-,OPersaiva-, (NPersyek- "one, only, alone") | OCSinŭ "one, another" | Lithvíenas,OPrusains "one" | OIrōen,Wun "one" | andr-ēn "right there",ast-ēn "right here" | ?Ghegtânë,Tosktërë "all" < PIE*tod-oino-; ???një "one" <*ňân < PIE*eni-oino-[a] | B-aiwenta "group" < "*unit" | ās "one" |
| *dwóh₁, neut.*dwóy(H₁) "two" | two (<OEtwā) | twái (fem.twōs, neut.twa) "two" | duo "two" | dúō "two" | dvā́(u) "two" | Avdva, fem. neut.baē "two";NPersdo "two";Kurddiwa "two (fem.)" | OCSdŭva "two" | Lithdù,OPrusdwai "two" | OIrda,Wdau (fem.dwy) "two" | erku "two" | dy "two" | Awu, Bwi "two"(<PTC *tuwó) | dā-,ta-;HLuwtuwa/i- "two";Lyckbi- "two";Miltba "two"[b][9] |
| *tréyes (fem.*tisres,[10] neut.*tríH₂) "three" | three (<OEþrīe) | þreis "three" | trēs "three" | treĩs "three" | tráyas (fem.tisrás) "three" | Avθrayō, θrayas (fem.tisrō, neut.θri),OPersçi-,Parthhrē "three" | OCStrĭje "three" | Lithtrỹs,OPrustris,Latgtreis "three" | OIrtrí (fem.téoir),Wtri (fem.tair, teir) "three" | erekʿ "three" | tre masc.,tri fem. "three" | Atre, Btrai "three" | tri- "three";teriyas- (gen. pl.) |
| *kʷetwóres (fem.*kʷétesres, neut.*kʷetwṓr) "four" | four (<OEfēower) | fidwor "four" (In Germanic influenced by pénkʷe "five") | quattuor "four"[c] | téssares "four" | masc.catvā́ras (acc.catúras), neut.catvā́ri, fem.cátasras "four" | Av masc.čaθwārō (acc.čaturąm), fem.čataŋrō "four";NPersčahār "four";Kurdçwar | OCSčetyre "four" | Lithketurì,OPrusketturei "four"[d] | Gaulpetuar[ios] "four"[12] OIrceth(a)ir (fem.cethēoir, influenced by fem.tēoir "three") "four";Wpedwar (fem.pedair) "four" | čʿorkʿ,kʿaṙ(rare) "four | katër "four" | Aśtwar, Bśtwer "four" | (remodelled in Hittite and Luwian) Lycteteri |
| *pénkʷe "five" | five (<OEfīf) | fimf "five" | quīnque "five"[e] | pénte "five" | páñca "five";Mitanni-Aryanpanza- "five"[7] | Avpanča "five";Kurdpênc/pênz | OCSpętĭ "five" | Lithpenkì,OPruspenkei "five"[f] | Gaulpinpe-,pompe "five"[12] | hing "five" | pesë "five" | Apäñ, Bpiś "five" | Luwpaⁿta "five" |
| *swéḱs "six" | six (<OEsiex) | sáihs "six" | sex "six" | héx, dial.wéx "six" | ṣáṣ "six" | Avxšvaš "six" | OCSšestĭ "six" | Lithšešì,OPrusuššai "six" | Celtibsues "six";[12] | vecʿ "six" | gjashtë "six" | Aṣäk, Bṣkas "six" | |
| *septḿ̥ "seven" | seven (<OEseofon) | sibun "seven" | septem "seven" | heptá "seven" | saptá "seven";Mitanni-Aryanšatta- "seven"[7] | Avhapta,NPershaft-, "seven" | OCSsedmĭ "seven" | Lithseptynì,OPrusseptinnei "seven" | OIrsecht,Wsaith "seven" | eawtʿn "seven" | shtatë "seven" | Aṣpät, Bṣukt "seven" | sipta- "seven" |
| *h₁oḱtṓ(w) "eight" | eight (<OEeahta) | ahtáu "eight" | octō "eight" | oktṓ "eight" | aṣṭā́(u) "eight" | Avašta "eight" | OCSosmĭ "eight"[g] | Lithaštuonì,OPrusastonei,Latgostoni "eight" | Gauloxtu- "eight"[12] | utʿ "eight" | tetë "eight" <*H₁ok̂tō-t- | Aokät, Bokt "eight" | Lycaitãta "eight"[15] |
| *(h₁)néwn̥ "nine" | nine (<OEnigon) | niun "nine" | novem "nine" | ennéa "nine" | náva "nine" | Avnava,NPersnoh- "nine" | OCSdevętĭ "nine" <*newn̥-ti- (Influenced by*dékm̥t "ten") | Lithdevynì (influenced by*dékm̥t "ten"),OPrusnewinei "nine" | OIrnoí n-,Wnaw "nine" | inn "nine" | nëntë "nine" <*newn̥-ti- | ABñu | Lycnuñtãta "nine"[16] |
| *déḱm̥t "ten" | ten (<OEtien) | taíhun "ten" | decem "ten" | déka "ten" | dáśa "ten" | Avdasa,NPersdah- "ten" | OCSdesętĭ "ten" | Lithdẽšimt,OPrusdesimtan "ten" | Gauldecam- "ten";[12] | tasn "ten" | dhjetë "ten" <*dék̂m̥t-i- | Aśäk, Bśak "ten" | [i] |
| *wídḱm̥ti(h₁) "twenty" <*dwi-dḱm̥t-i(h₁) "two tens" | (remodelled) | (remodelled) | vīgintī "twenty" | eíkosi "twenty" | viṁśatí "twenty",dviṁśatí "twenty" | Avvīsaiti,Ossetianinsäi "twenty" | (remodelled) | (remodelled) | OIrfiche (fichet),OWuceint "twenty" | kʿsan "twenty" | zet "twenty" | Awiki, Bikäṃ "twenty" | |
| *ḱm̥tóm "hundred" <*dḱm̥tóm | hundred (<OEhund, hund-red) | hunda (pl.) "hundred" | centum "hundred" | he-katón "hundred" | śatám "hundred" | Avsatǝm "hundred" | OCSsŭto "hundred" | Lithšim̃tas,OPrussimtan "hundred" | OIrcét,Wcan(t) "hundred" | qind "hundred" (possibly borrowed fromLatincentum) | Akänt, Bkante "hundred" | ||
| *ǵʰéslom "thousand" | mīlle "thousand"< PIE *sm-ih₂-ǵʰésl-ih₂ | kʰī́lioi "thousand"< PIE *ǵʰesl-i-yoy | sahásra "thousand"< PIE *sm̥-ǵʰéslom | Avhazaŋra "thousand"< PIE *sm̥-ǵʰéslom | |||||||||
| *tuHsont- "thousand" | thousand (<OEþūsend) | þūsundi "thousand" | OCStysǫšti "thousand" | Lithtūkstantis;OPrustusimtons "thousand" |
The numbersthree andfour had feminine forms with the suffix*-s(o)r-, reconstructed as*t(r)i-sr- and*kʷetwr̥-sr-, respectively.[5]
Special forms of the numerals were used asprefixes, usually to formbahuvrihis (likefive-fingered in English):
| Number | Prefix (Fortson)[19] |
|---|---|
| one- (together, same) | *sm̥- |
| two- | *dwi- |
| three- | *tri- |
| four- | *kʷ(e)tru-or*kʷetwr̥- |
Theordinal numbers are difficult to reconstruct due to their significant variation in thedaughter languages. The following reconstructions are tentative:[20]
The cardinals ending in a syllabic nasal (seven, nine, ten) inserted a second nasal before the thematic vowel, resulting in the suffixes*-mó- and*-nó-. These and the suffix*-t(ó)- spread to neighbouring ordinals, seen for example inVedicaṣṭamá- "eighth" andLithuaniandeviñtas "ninth".
 | This sectionneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.(October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Reflexes, or descendants of the PIE reconstructed forms in its daughter languages, include the following.
| Number | Reconstruction (Sihler) | Reflexes[5][21] |
|---|---|---|
| one | *Hoi-no-[22] | Alb. njã > një (dialectal nji/njo),Lith. vienas,Latv. viens,Gaul. oinos,Gm. ein/eins,Eng. ān/one,Gk. οἶος oîos,Av. aēuua,Ir. óin/aon,Kashmiri akh,Lat. ūnus,Roman. unu,Osc. uinus,OCS edinŭ,ON einn,OPruss. aīns,Osset. iu/ieu,Pers. aiva-/yek,Kamviri ev,Pol. jeden,Russ. odin,Ved. aika,Umbr. uns,Goth. ains,Welsh un,Kurdish (Kurmanji) yek/êk |
| *sem-[23] | Arm. mi/mek/meg,Alb. gjithë,Lith. sa, sav-as,Eng. sum/some,Gm. saman/zusammen,Gk. εἷς heîs,Hitt. san,Av. hakeret,Ir. samail/samhail,Lat. semel,Lyc. sñta,Kamviri sâ~,Pers. hama/hamin,Russ. odin, yedin, perviyVed. sakŕ̥t,Toch. sas/ṣe,Welsh hafal,ON sami,Goth. sama | |
| two | *du(w)o-[24] | Hitt. dā-,Luv. tuwa/i-,Lyc. kbi-,Mil. tba-,Ved. dvā(u),Av. duua,Pers. duva/do,Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ,Kashmiri zū',Kamviri dü,Gk. δύο dúo,Lat. duō,Osc. dus,Umbr. tuf,Roman. doi,ON tveir,Goth. twai,Eng. twā/two,Gm. zwêne/zwei,Gaul. vo,Ir. dá/dó,Welsh dau,Arm. erkow/yerku/yergu,Toch. wu/wi,OPruss. dwāi,Latv. divi,Lith. dù,OCS dŭva,Pol. dwa,Russ. dva,Alb. dy;di/dy;dў,Kurdish (Kurmanji) du |
| three | *trei-[25] | Hitt. teriyaš(gen. pl.),Lyc. trei,Ved. tráyas,Av. θrāiiō,Pers. çi/se,Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ,Kashmiri tre,Kamviri tre,Gk. τρεῖς treîs,Lat. trēs,Osc. trís,Umbr. trif,Roman. trei,ON þrír,Goth. þreis,Eng. þrēo/three,Gm. drī/drei,Gaul. treis,Ir. treí/trí,Welsh tri,Arm. erek῾/yerek῾/yerek῾,Toch. tre/trai,OPruss. tri,Latv. trīs,Lith. trỹs,OCS trije,Pol. trzy,Russ. tri,Alb. tre/tre.Kurdish (Kurmanji) sê |
| four | *kʷetwor-[26] | Lyc. teteri,Ved. catvāras,Av. caθuuārō,Pers. /čahār,Osset. cyppar/cuppar,Kashmiri tsor,Kamviri što,Gk. τέτταρες téttares,Lat. quattuor,Osc. petora,Roman. patru,Umbr. petor,ON fjórir,Goth. fidwor,Eng. fēower/four,Gm. feor/vier,Gaul. petor,Ir. cethir/ceathair,Welsh pedwar,Arm. čork῾/čors/čors,Toch. śtwar/śtwer,OPruss. keturjāi,Latv. četri,Lith. keturì,OCS četyre,Pol. cztery,Russ. četyre,Alb. katër;katrë/katër,Kurdish (Kurmanji) çar |
| five | *pénkʷe[27] | Luv. panta,Ved. pañca,Av. panca,Pers. panča/panj,Osset. fondz/fondz,Kashmiri pā.~tshKamviri puč,Gk. πέντε pénte,Lat. quīnque,Roman. cinci,Osc. pompe,Umbr. pumpe,ON fimm,Goth. fimf,Eng. fīf/five,Gm. fimf/fünf,Gaul. pempe,Ir. cóic/cúig,Welsh pump,Arm. hing/hing/hink,Toch. päñ/piś,OPruss. pēnkjāi,Latv. pieci,Lith. penkì,OCS pętĭ,Pol. pięć,Russ. pjat',Alb. pesë/pes(ë);pês,Kurdish (Kurmanji) pênc |
| six | *s(w)eḱs[28] | Ved. ṣáṣ,Av. xšuuaš,Pers. /šeš,Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz,Kashmiri śe,Kamviri ṣu,Gk. ἕξ héx,Lat. sex,Osc. sehs,Umbr. sehs,ON sex,Goth. saíhs,Eng. siex/six,Gm. sëhs/sechs,Gaul. suex,Ir. sé/sé,Welsh chwech,Arm. vec῾/vec῾/vec῾,Toch. ṣäk/ṣkas,OPruss. usjai,Latv. seši,Lith. šešì,OCS šestĭ,Pol. sześć,Roman. șase,Russ. šest',Alb. gjashtë/gjasht(ë);xhasht,Kurdish (Kurmanji) şeş |
| seven | *septm̥[29] | Hitt. šipta-,Ved. saptá,Av. hapta,Pers. hafta/haft,Osset. avd/avd,Kashmiri sath,Kamviri sut,Gk. ἑπτά heptá,Lat. septem,Osc. seften,Roman. șapte,ON sjau,Goth. sibun,Eng. seofon/seven,Gm. sibun/sieben,Gaul. sextan,Ir. secht/seacht,Welsh saith,Arm. ewt῾n/yot῾/yot῾ě,Toch. ṣpät/ṣukt,OPruss. septīnjai,Lith. septynì,Latv. septiņi,OCS sedmĭ,Pol. siedem,Russ. sem',Alb. shtatë/shtat(ë),Kurdish (Kurmanji) heft |
| eight | *h₃eḱtō[30] | Lyc. aitãta-,[31]Ved. aṣṭā(u),Av. ašta,Pers. ašta/hašt,Osset. ast/ast,Kashmiri ā.ṭh,Kamviri uṣṭ,Gk. ὀκτώ oktṓ,Lat. octō,Roman. opt,Osc. uhto,ON átta,Goth. ahtau,Eng. eahta/eight,Gm. ahto/acht,Gaul. oxtū,Ir. ocht/ocht,Welsh wyth,Arm. owt῾/ut῾ě,Toch. okät/okt,OPruss. astōnjai,Latv. astoņi,Lith. aštuonì,OCS osmĭ,Pol. osiem,Russ. vosem',Alb. tëte/tet(ë),Kurdish (Kurmanji) heşt |
| nine | *(h₁)newn̥[32] | Lyc. ñuñtãta-,[33]Ved. nava,Av. nauua,Pers. nava/noh,Kashmiri nav,Kamviri nu,Gk. ἐννέ(ϝ)α enné(w)a,Lat. novem,Osc. nuven,Umbr. nuvim,Roman. nouă,ON níu,Goth. niun,Eng. nigon/nine,Gm. niun/neun,Gaul. navan,Ir. nói/naoi,Welsh naw,Arm. inn/inn/inně,TochA. ñu,OPruss. newīnjai,Latv. deviņi,Lith. devynì,OCS devętĭ,Pol. dziewięć,Russ. devjat',Alb. nëntë/nëndë/nând(ë);non(t),Kurdish (Kurmanji) neh, no |
| ten | *deḱm̥(t)[34] | Ved. dáśa,Av. dasa,Pers. daθa/dah,Osset. dæs/dæs,Kashmiri da.h,Kamviri duc,Gk. δέκα déka,Lat. decem,Osc. deken,Umbr. desem,Roman. zece,ON tíu,Goth. taíhun,Eng. tīen/ten,Gm. zëhen/zehn,Gaul. decam,Ir. deich/deich,Welsh deg,Arm. tasn/tas/dasě,Toch. śäk/śak,OPruss. desīmtan,Latv. desmit,Lith. dẽšimt,OCS desętĭ,Pol. dziesięć,Russ. desjat',Alb. dhjetë/dhet(ë),Kurdish (Kurmanji) deh, de |
| twenty | *wīḱm̥t- | Ved. viṁśatí-,Av. vīsaiti,Pers. /bēst,Kashmiri vuh,Kamviri vici,Doric ϝίκατι wíkati,Lat. vīgintī,Gaul. vocontio,Ir. fiche/fiche,M. Welsh ugein(t),Arm. k῾san/k῾san/k῾san,Toch. wiki/ikäṃ,Lith. dvi-de-šimt,Alb. njëzet/njizet,Kurdish (Kurmanji) bîst |
| thirty | *trīḱomt- | Skr. triṅśat,Gk. τριάκοντα triákonta,Lat. trīgintā,Ir. trícho/tríocha,Lith. tris-de-šimt[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) sih, sî |
| forty | *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. catvāriṅśat,Gk. τεσσαράκοντα tessarákonta,Lat. quadrāgintā,Ir. cethorcho/ceathracha,Lith. keturias-de-šimt[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) çil |
| fifty | *penkʷēḱomt- | Skr. pañcāśat,Gk. πεντήκοντα pentḗkonta,Lat. quinquāgintā,Ir. coíca/caoga,Lith. penkias-de-šimt[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) pênceh, pêncî |
| sixty | *s(w)eḱsḱomt- | Skr. ṣaṣṭih,Gk. ἑξήκοντα hexḗkonta,Lat. sexāgintā,Ir. sesca/seasca,Lith. šešias-de-šimt,Russ. šest'desjat[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) şêst |
| seventy | *septm̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. saptatih,Gk. ἑβδομήκοντα hebdomḗkonta,Lat. septuāgintā,Ir. sechtmoga/seachtó,Lith. septynias-de-šimt,Russ. sem'desjat[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) heftê |
| eighty | *h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt- | Skr. aśītih,Gk. ὀγδοήκοντα ogdoḗkonta,Lat. octōgintā,Ir. ochtmoga/ochtó,Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt,Russ. vosem'desjat[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) heştê |
| ninety | *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt- | Skr. navatih,Gk. ἐνενήκοντα enenḗkonta,Lat. nōnāgintā,Ir. nócha/nócha,Lith. devynias-de-šimt,Russ. devjanosto[citation needed],Kurdish (Kurmanji) not, newet |
| hundred | *ḱm̥tom[35] | Ved. śatám,Av. satəm,Roman. sută,Pers. /sad,Osset. sædæ,Kashmiri śath,Gk. ἑκατόν hekatón,Lat. centum,ON hundrað,Goth. hund,Eng. hundred/hundred,Gm. hunt/hundert,Gaul. cantam,Ir. cét/céad,Welsh cant,Toch. känt/kante,Latv. simts,Lith. šim̃tas,OCS sŭto,Pol. sto,Russ. sto/sotnja,Kurdish (Kurmanji) sed |
| thousand | *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- | Skr. sahasram,Av. hazarəm,Pers. /hazār,Gk. χίλιοι khílioi,Lat. mīlle,Kurdish (Kurmanji) hezar |
| *tusdḱomti | ON þúsund,Goth. þūsundi,Eng. þūsend/thousand,Gm. þūsunt/tausend,TochA. tmāṃ,TochB. tmāne/tumane,Lith. tūkstantis,Latv. tūkstots,OCS tysǫšti,Pol. tysiąc,Russ. tys'ača | |
| *wel-tyo-[36] | Toch. wälts/yaltse;OCS velьjь/velikъ |
In the following languages, reflexes separated by slashes mean:
| Number | Reconstruction | Reflexes[5] |
|---|---|---|
| three | *t(r)i-sr- | Ved. tisrás,Av. tišrō,Gaul. tidres,Ir. teoir/? |
| four | *kʷetwr̥-sr- | Ved. cátasras,Av. cataŋrō,Lith. keturios,Ir. cetheoir/? |
| Number | Reconstruction | Reflexes (with examples)[19][37] |
|---|---|---|
| one- (together, same) | *sm̥- | Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once",Gk. ᾰ̔πλόος haplóos "one-fold, simple",Lat. sim-plex "one-fold" |
| two- | *dwi- | Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed",Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed",Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrificial animal with two teeth",Lith. dvi-kojis "two-footed" |
| three- | *tri- | Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed",Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)",Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed",Lith. tri-kojis "three-footed",Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes",Alb. tri-dhjetë "thirty" (three ten) |
| four- | *kʷ(e)tru- | Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed",Av. caθru-gaoša- "four-eared",Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed",Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed",Lith. ketur-kojis "four-footed" |
| Number | Reconstruction | Reflexes |
|---|---|---|
| first | *pr̥h₃-wó- | Ved. pūrviyá-,Lat. prīvus,OCS prĭvŭ,[20]Pol. pierwszy,Russ. pervyj,Toch. parwät/parwe |
| *pr̥h₃-mó- | Goth. fruma,Lith. pìrmas,[20]Latv. pirmais,Lat. prīmus,Osc. perum | |
| other forms | Eng. fyrst/first,[20]Hitt. para,Lyc. pri,Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast,Kamviri pürük,Gk. πρῶτος prôtos,Umbr. pert,ON fyrstr,Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", | |
| second | *(d)wi-teró- | Skr. dvitīya,Gk. δεύτερος deúteros,Russ. vtoroj[citation needed] |
| third | *tri-t(y)ó- | Ved. tr̥tīya-,Gk. τρίτος trítos,Lat. tertius,[20] Alb. (i) tretë,Lith. trečias < *tretias,Russ. tretij[citation needed] |
| fourth | *kʷetwr̥-tó- | Gk. τέταρτος tétartos,Eng. feorþa/fourth,OCS četvrĭtŭ,[20] Alb. (i) katërt,Lat. quārtus,Lith. ketvirtas,Russ. chetv'ortyj[citation needed] |
| fifth | *penkʷ-tó- | Av. puxδa-,Gk. πέμπτος pémptos,[20] Lat. quīntus,Alb. (i) pestë,Lith. penktas,Russ. p'atyj[citation needed] |
| sixth | *sweḱs-tó- | Gk. ἕκτος héktos,Lat. sextus,[20] Alb.(i) gjashtë,Lith. šeštas,Russ. šestoj[citation needed] |
| seventh | *septm̥-(m/t)ó- | Gk. ἕβδομος hébdomos,Lat. septimus,OCS sedmŭ,[20] Lith. sẽkmas(then displaced by the neologism "septintas")Russ. sed'moj[citation needed] |
| eighth | *h₃eḱtōw-ó-s | Gk. ὄγδο(ϝ)ος ógdo(w)os,Lat. octāvus,[20] Russ. vos'moj |
| *oḱtm-o-s? | Lith. ašmas(then displaced by the neologism "aštuntas") | |
| ninth | *(h₁)newn̥-(n/t)ó- | Lat. nōnus,[20] |
| tenth | *deḱm̥-(m/t)ó- | Ved. daśamá-,Av. dasəma-,Lat. decimus,[20] Gk. δέκατος dékatos,Lith. dešimtas,Russ. desjatyj[citation needed] |
