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Protestant Reformers weretheologians whose careers, works and actions brought about theProtestant Reformation of the 16th century.
In the context of the Reformation,Martin Luther was the first reformer, sharing his views publicly in 1517, followed byAndreas Karlstadt andPhilip Melanchthon atWittenberg, who promptly joined the new movement. In 1519,Huldrych Zwingli became the first reformer to express a form of theReformed tradition.
Listed are the most influential reformers only. They are listed by movement, although some reformers influenced multiple movements and are included in each respective section.
Throughout theMiddle Ages, according toEdmund Hamer Broadbent, there were a number ofChristianmovements that sought a return to what they perceived as the purity of theApostolic church and whose teachings foreshadowedProtestant ideas.[1]
There were a number of key reformers within theMagisterial Reformation, including:
Important reformers of theRadical Reformation included:
There were also a number of people who initially cooperated with the Radical Reformers, but separated from them to form a "Second Front", principally in objection tosacralism. Among these were:
Catholics who actively opposed the Reformation and partook in theCounter-Reformation include:
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)Berengar of Tours was an 11th-century theologian who argued that the doctrine of transubstantiation was contrary to reason and unsupported by scripture
Berengar of Tours (c. 1005-1088), Bernand of Clairvaux, the Waldensians in the twelfth century, the Albigensians in the thirteenth century and John Wycliffe (x. 1330-1385) and Jan Hus (c. 1370-1415) in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, are all prefigured in the poetic images of Solomon's Songs. They all become forerunners of Luther and Calvin
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Berengar of Tours (first half og the eleventh century), whose views occasioned the dispute known as the Second Eucharistic Controversy. Berengar aught that the body and the blood of the Lord were no "real" in the Eucharist but a specific image or likeleness ("figuram quandam similitudinem"). He was thus a forerunner of the Reformers.
John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread in turned into the real body and blood of Christ
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