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The city was first mentioned in 1431 as a Polish military post, where it was known asPłoskirów under Polish rule. It was seized byCossacks during theKhmelnytsky Uprising and later ruled by the Ottomans until 1699. It was passed to Russia in 1793, as a result of theSecond Partition of Poland, and became part of the newly-formedPodolia Governorate, where it became known asProskuriv orProskurov. From 1917 to 1920, it was controlled by the short-livedUkrainian People's Republic before becoming part ofSoviet Ukraine. The city's Jewish population fell from 42 per cent in 1939 to 10 per cent in 1959 as a result ofthe Holocaust in Ukraine.[4] In 1954, it was renamedKhmelnytskyi in honor of the Cossack leaderBohdan Khmelnytsky.
Khmelnytskyi is the location of a rail junction and an important industrial centre, as well as a centre for higher education such as theKhmelnytskyi National University and the Khmelnytskyi Oblast Ukrainian Music and Drama Theater.
Khmelnytskyi had several names throughout history. In the oldest written evidence about this settlement, the name of the city was mentioned asPloskirowce,[b] while later documents mentioned its name asPłoskirów,[c] which probably comes from the name of the Ploska River.[5]
In 1793, the city was renamedProskurov,[d] which appeared on the decree to createPodolia Governorate. This toponym is very similar to the name "proskura", which is a bread in the liturgical service.[6]
The city foundation date is uncertain. The territory where Khmelnytskyi is situated has been inhabited for a very long time. Many archaeological discoveries have been made in the city suburbs. For example, to the East of Lezneve district, there was a settlement from theBronze Age 2000 B.C., and fromScythian times from 7–3 century B.C.[7] The first mention of the city was written with Cyrillic alphabet. The earliest known mention in historical sources was in 1431,[8] when it was known asPłoskirów (Ploskirov,Плоскиров) and was part of theKingdom of Poland. It was aroyal city.
After new archival sources presented at the 2006 conference City of Khmelnytskyi in the Context of Ukrainian History post-dated the city’s earliest mention from 1493 to 1431, it changed its official 513th anniversary commemoration to its 575th.[10]
A series of anti-Jewishpogroms have been carried out in the region, known together as theProskurov pogrom. According to Vinnytsia's city archives, the pogrom was conducted on the Friday night of February 15, 1919, by one of the otamans (generals) of the Ukrainian People's Army, OtamanSemysenko (also rendered as Semesenko). Estimates vary as to the number of victims, some putting the death toll at 1,500 Jews in Proskurov alone, with 600 more killed in nearby Filshtein.[11]
The Chief Otaman Petliura had been appointed head of state just two days prior to the tragedy, on February the 13th. Petliura issued Order 131 in which he mentioned the fact that numerous Jewish parties in Ukraine (Bund,Poale Zion,Folks-Partei, Unificationists) rose to defend the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Republic and were cooperating with the Ukrainian government. He condemned such pogroms, calling those initiating them deserters and enemies of the State that must be liquidated. The order was co-signed by the Chief of Staff, Otaman Yunakiv. The order was published in theUkraina newspaper on February 20 (March 4, new style). Later, Petliura issued a special order to execute Semysenko for being the pogrom initiator. According to sources the order was carried out[12] on March 20, 1920.[citation needed] Other sources claim that he was released.[12]
During theSchwartzbard trial, at the end of whichPetliura's assassin was pardoned on the grounds of self-trail (revenge), the main argument of the defense was that Schwartzbard had acted as an avenger of the Jews killed in pogroms perpetrated during Petliura's rule.
The town was occupied by theGerman Army from July 8, 1941 to March 25, 1944. On November 4, 1941, 5300 Jewish inhabitants of the town and surrounding villages wereshot by anEinsatzgruppe.[13] Aghetto was formed on December 14, 1941, where all surviving Jewish inhabitants had to resettle and were subjected to forced labor. They were subsequently killed in the fall of 1942. More than 9500 Jews were killed in the town in total.[14]
Until 18 July 2020, Khmelnytskyi was incorporated as acity of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Khmelnytskyi Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Khmelnytskyi Oblast to three, the city of Khmelnytskyi was merged into Khmelnytskyi Raion.[16][17]
On 10 October 2022, during theRussian invasion of Ukraine, the city was targeted by Russian cruise missiles as part of a major retaliation strike for theCrimean Bridge explosion, causing a blackout in the city and limiting water supply.[18]
During a missile attack on 31 December, a gas station and a military facility inside the city was hit by two Russian cruise missiles, killing at least one civilian and wounding nine. The attack also caused a partial blackout and damaged more than a dozen cars and several residential buildings, including akindergarten.[19][20]
On 23 February 2023, Russian forces hit Khmelnytskyi with 3 Iranian-madeUAVs of the "Shahed type", killing one person and wounding four. Additionally, the attack caused a fire and damaged multiple buildings.[21]
Khmelnytskyi's riverside skyline on theSouthern Bug, early 2010s.
Khmelnytskyi is the regional center of the Khmelnytskyi region which is located in the western part of Ukraine in the middle of Podillia, its total area makes up 8,624 ha (21,310 acres). Khmelnytskyi has a favorable geographical position.Khmelnytskyi is crossed by one of the longest rivers of Ukraine – theSouthern Bug. Coincidentally, through the western portion of the city flows the small river Ploska.
The most abundant make up for the ground in Khmelnytskyi are layers of the following overburden:loess and loess-type rocks. The ground-climatic conditions of Khmelnytskyi are favorable for the cultivation of winter wheat and rye, sugar beet, potato and other crops. Khmelnytskyi is also ideal for the development of gardening and vegetable growing. In the territory of Khmelnytskyi there are the vegetations of two geobotanical zones of Ukraine: Polissya and forest-steppe. Khmelnytskyi and its greater region supplies many rock products, particularly building materials such as limestone, plaster, chalk, tripoli powder, crystal layers (granites, gneisses), sand, sandstones, and also graphite, saponite, kaolin, phosphorite, lithographic stone, and roofing slate. There are also deposits of peat, bitumen, shale, and oil.
The climate of Khmelnytskyi is moderately continental. The average temperature of Khmelnytskyi in its warmest month (July) is 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F), and the average temperature in the coldest month (January) is −5 to −6 °C (23 to 21 °F). The maximum temperatures in the summer on average reaches 36 to 38 °C (97 to 100 °F), and the minimum temperatures in the winter on average is −24 to −30 °C (−11 to −22 °F). Khmelnytskyi's average annual temperature is 7 to 8 °C (45 to 46 °F). Khmelnytskyi's average annual precipitation is 510 to 580 mm (20.08 to 22.83 in).
Climate data for Khmelnytskyi (1991–2020, extremes 1955–2011)
According to a survey conducted by theInternational Republican Institute in April-May 2023, 88% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, and 9% spoke Russian.[28]
Khmelnytskyi has infrastructure for transportation connections with Moscow, Prague, Bratislava, Warsaw, Budapest, Belgrade and all major Ukrainian cities. The distance from Khmelnytskyi to Kyiv by railway is estimated to be 366 km (227 mi), by highway it is estimated to be 384 km (239 mi). The highways Kyiv-Lviv, Odesa-Lviv and Chernivtsi-Kyiv pass through Khmelnytskyi. The city is served by theKhmelnytskyi Ruzhychna Airport. Khmelnytskyi's airport has a 2,200 m (7,217.85 ft) concrete runway; at the airport there is a check point for crossing the state border of Ukraine.
Proskurivska street, a modern central pedestrian street of the city, preserved buildings of the end of the 19th - the beginnings of 20th century in the styles of modernist, eclecticisms, Baroque, stone (characteristic only for Proskuriv).
The house of the formerOleksiyivske real school (now it is the building of the City Executive Committee)
The house of O. Brusilov (now is the House of Ceremonial events)
The church of Nativity of the Virgin (the first stone construction in the city)
Khmelnytskyi confidently sets a course for European integration. The city of Khmelnytskyi became the winner of The Europe Prize in 2021 – it is the highest honor Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, which is awarded to cities for spreading European ideals.
^Feskov, V.I.; Kalashnikov, K.A.; Golikov, V.I. (2004).The Soviet Army in the Years of the Cold War 1945–91. Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House. p. 133.ISBN5-7511-1819-7.
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