Proposals for a European Super League in association football consist of recurring attempts by individual teams or consortiums ofassociation footballclubs to advocate for the creation of an additional tier of European football outside of the traditional footballing pyramids of each nationalfootball association.
Starting in 1968 with a theoretical proposal by thenUEFAgeneral secretaryHans Bangerter to replace the European Champions Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup for a unique pan-continental championship.[1] Since the late 1980s, various structural proposals — differing in format and eligibility rules — have been put forward at different times. Any proposals have traditionally been objected to by UEFA –despite its executives' involvement in favour of that– andFIFA as well as the national associations for being regarded potentiallyelitist.
Discussions about the potential for a sole European league gained force in the 1970s but drew legal traction only in the late of the following decade.[2][3] The formation of theG-14 in 1998 and the rise of the European Club Forum (ECF), an UEFAtask force composed by 102 clubs in 2002, including all G-14 members, both merged for constituting theEuropean Club Association six years later;[4] brought the collective bargaining power of Europe's biggest teams to obtain moreincome from the confederation, and combined with initial suggestions of a breakaway league concessions were earned.[4] From 2009,Real Madrid presidentFlorentino Pérez was a prominent public advocate for the idea; various discussions and proposals continued thereafter.[citation needed]
In April 2021, twelve clubs formally announced that they would be forming theEuropean Super League to start in August of the same year. FIFA and the six continental confederations opposed the breakaway league. Many national associations, fan groups, players and other organisations publicly criticised the announcement.[citation needed] Following the withdrawals, the Super League project was suspended. The organisers subsequently initiated legal proceedings against UEFA, which became a matter for theCourt of Justice of the European Union.
In a stricter sense, the term "Super League" may refer to a US-styleclosed league, without a system ofpromotion and relegation. In a broader sense, it can also mean any kind of tier system in European football, where entry is offered not on the basis of titles, as it was done until 1997–98, but on the basis of good enough results and revenue. In this regard, theChampions League was defined by UEFA vice presidentZbigniew Boniek in 2021 as an "open Super League" in terms of revenue and participating clubs.
In association football, the term "Super League" was introduced in the late 1980s by Europeanmass media[5] because the proposed format of that tournament was the same as that used in league championships, contrasted with the then-format of the seasonal European competitions, based exclusively on knockout phases since the mid-1950s.[6]
The first theoretical idea of a sole pan-European Football Championship for clubs, dubbed "European Football League Championship" was from the UEFAgeneral secretaryHans Bangerter, who proposed a competition with a format based in a group and knockout stages in 1968 that would eventually replace the European Champions Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup.[1] Despite that project was a novelty at the time, in that year UEFA approved expand the clubs' access to its competitions creating a third seasonal tournament: the UEFA Cup, which inaugural season took place three years later.[7]
From 1971 to 1991, there were three seasonal European competitions, solely based on knockout rounds (double-leggedsingle-elimination tournament), whose access was based on three distinctions (title holders not included):
Although the European Champions Cup was regarded as the most prestigious, as its title holders were paired with theirSouth American counterparts in theIntercontinental Cup for theinter-club world title and the UEFA Cup was the tournament that gained the most commercialrevenue and the highest TV share,[8] as well as described as the most difficult European competition to win due its unpredictability, its contestants' level and having different winning teams each season;[9] the general level of the three competitions was even.[10] Additionally, the European Champions Cup winners faced with the Cup Winners' Cup winners for the then-two-leggedUEFA Super Cup.[11]
Unlike the European Champions Cup and the UEFA Cup, the Cup Winners' Cup did not take into account the clubs' results in the national top league, so it eventually allowed the participation of clubs from lower division leagues should they won the national association cups; they could even qualify by just advancing to the final in the national association cups should the opponenthad won the league title and entered the European Champions Cup.[12]
In 1987, thenAC Milan ownerSilvio Berlusconi,Real Madrid presidentRamón Mendoza andGlasgow Rangers secretaryCampbell Ogilvie concluded the European Champions Cup format "obsolete"[3] and proposed to UEFA, led by its presidentJacques Georges, to create a new competition with a singleround-robin format –dubbed the "Super League"[5]– that would be more attractive for internationaltelevision broadcasters, would be able to allow the contestant teams to earn moreincome,[13] and would give them more possibilities to progress through it[14] for "economical and management guarantees".[15] It would run parallel to the then threeEuropean competitions since the 1991–92 season.[16] In 1990, Mendoza officially presented the project to the confederation and, according to an article published byScotland on Sunday, UEFA was to agree with it after reach a deal withBayern Munich, Madrid and Milan, among other clubs;[17] but the confederation rejected that project in 1991 and, after being punished in economic terms, Berlusconi and Mendoza and announced sporting sanctionssine die for both clubs, reformed the competition introducing a group stagein that season, increasing the overall number of matches,[18] andrebranding it as the UEFA Champions League in1992 forcommercial andmedia purposes.[14] Despite that reform, thedissolutions of the Soviet Union andCzechoslovakia as well as thebreakup of Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1993 drastically affected the sporting level in all these countries,[19] significantly increasing the number of clubs involved in international competitions – representing up to 22 of its formerconstituent states[20] – although all of them with a lower sporting level than that shown byEastern European clubs until the early 1990s,[18] which meant that their play-offs against teams from more powerful leagues generated lesser expectation from fans and media,[19] with audiences for the UEFA competitions, as a consequence, significantly decreasing.[18]
Under the presidency ofLennart Johansson (1990–2007), UEFA transformed the European competitions towards a two-tier system:
In 1993, Johansson proposed, unsuccessfully, to merge all three seasonal competitions in a unique championship which the better teams in the continent would be involved. Three years later, clubs such asAjax,Barcelona,Bayern Munich andManchester United secretly planned to replace the Champions League, with a "Super League" with 36 "prominent" clubs split in three groups and aplay-off stage for the title at the end of the season,[21] as well as a second competition for 96 other teams, called the "ProCup", to replace the Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Cup. Both planned tournaments, based on theNorth American sports system, would be sponsored by Italian corporation Media Partners,[22] but that project was abandoned after FIFA, UEFA and its affiliated national associations announced sanctions against all involved clubs in it.[21]
In 1995, the continuity of the Cup Winners' Cup began to be officially discussed by theassociations towards UEFA,[12] due the competition's level, prestige and general interest (including among thestrongest clubs in financial terms which benefited from theBosman ruling)[12] declining significantly compared to the other two confederation competitions,[23] mainly during the decade, a period in which the format of its qualification system was frequent[24] and was therefore not considered attractive forsponsorship, thus affecting the prestige of the domestic cups.[24] This and the Super League project led to the transformation of the Champions League between 1997 and 1999 from a knockout competition restricted to league champions to a multi-phase system open to non-champions was influenced by the threat of a super league; anadvocacy group not recognized by UEFA nor FIFA named theG-14, formed by the then-first 14 clubs in the continent in terms of official titles won and its potential international fanbase, had been set up in 1998, and threatened to form a break-away league if their demands were not met. As a reaction, UEFA created the European Club Football 2000, atask force led by then UEFAgeneral secretaryGerhard Aigner and renamed in 2002 as the European Club Forum (ECF), that included 102 clubs from the continent including 11 elected clubs according theirUEFA coefficient score.[4] All those clubs to have wonfive of more official international titles were ECF's permanent members and gained representation in the confederation's Competitions Organising Committee.[25] That same year, Media Partners seriously investigated the idea of a closed European Super League. The plan died after UEFA moved to expand the Champions League and decided the Cup Winners' Cup would be absorbed by the UEFA Cup in order to better accommodate clubs that were considering defecting in order to join the proposed Super League[26] in an attempt to redesign of confederation competitions, in 1999.[27]
"The UEFA Cup is a consolation prize and the Cup Winners' Cup has been destroyed. Who plays in that now? Nobody. The fact is, the Champions League is all-important. It is turning into a European League and over the next three or four years I think that will become more and more clear."
By the year 2000, the Champions League gathered the best-placed teams of the best competing leagues – to a maximum of four according eachcountry's coefficient score –, in which the most powerful leagues of the continent (English,French,German,Italian andSpanish) would gradually benefit the most,[29] while the remaining competition, the UEFA Cup, was fought by the next-best-placed league teams and the national cup winners.[24] Since then, the successive restructuring of the Champions League format, which resulted in eliminated clubs from its group stage being reallocated into the UEFA Cup (that reassignment was limited to the competition's qualifying rounds since 1994–95 season "as compensation",[24] "for add extra interest [to the UEFA Cup] and [because] the eliminated clubs often offer good value",[30] was strongly criticized by mass media and fans),[29] and established a considerable difference between both competitions at sporting level, financial income and media visibility in favour of the Champions League, in addition to constituting,de facto, a first and second division within UEFA clubs.[31] Also, a summer competition, theUEFA Intertoto Cup (1995–2008), provided access to the UEFA Cup to the next willing teams of each country (by league position) not qualified.
In 2007,Michel Platini was electedpresident of UEFA with the support of many of the nations with the lowest UEFA coefficient, to whom he promised a fairer access list and various reforms to tackle the influence of big money. Platini tried to curtail the influence of the G-14 lobbying group, which had to open up and merge with ECF to become theEuropean Club Association in 2008.[32] Nonetheless, the two-tier structure was not fundamentally altered by the reforms:
In 2016,Aleksander Čeferin became President of UEFA. Also, in that year, the confederation again discussed the possibility of creating a closed league containing the 16 best clubs in European football from the highest ranked national leagues. These 16 clubs would have been divided into two groups of eight teams each. After 56 games in each group under theround-robin tournament system, the teams finishing in places 1–4 would qualify for the quarter-finals. That plan was finally rejected and UEFA, in order to avoid the creation of a Super League, made changes to the structure of the Champions League for the 2018–21 trade cycle:[34]
Since 2018, discussions to completely reshape the UEFA club competitions were held, culminating in the European Super League break-away attempt (Officially known as "The Super League") a few days before the final vote. Although the break-away was averted, the reform finally voted on includes many of the proposals made by the wealthiest. Beginning in the 2024–25 season, the group stages for each of the three competitions would be replaced by unique leagues of 36 clubs each facing 10 others in aSwiss system. The top 8 would qualify for the Round of 16, while the next 16 (9th to 24th) would qualify for the playoff round.[38]
As of the 2021–22 season, there were three European competitions composed each of a 32-team group stage and aknockout system that included the relegation of some eliminated clubs to the immediate lower tournament and thequalification of the winning team to the immediate higher tier the successive season,[39] creating for the first time since the disbanding of the Cup Winners Cup a three-tierpyramidal structure in the European competitions.[40] However, as of the 2024–25 season, there are three European competitions composed each of a 36-team league phase and a knockout system that does not include the relegation of eliminated clubs to the immediate lower tournament.[38]
Legal proposals of a Super League were voiced since at least the late 1960s, by various club presidents and key actors.
In July 2009,Real Madrid'sFlorentino Pérez championed the idea. He criticised the current Champions League, saying: "We have to agree a new European Super League which guarantees that the best always play the best – something that does not happen in the Champions League."[41] Perez stated that he would push for a break-away competition featuring Europe's traditional powerhouses if UEFA didn't do more to ensure these teams played each other annually.[42]
Under Perez's plan, the continent's best teams would remain part of their respective national systems, but would be guaranteed the opportunity to play each other at the conclusion of the regular league season.[42]
In August 2009,Arsenal managerArsène Wenger predicted a super league would become reality within ten years time due to revenue pressure on the continent's elite teams.[43]
In February 2012,Clarence Seedorf also predicted the inception of the competition, and gave it his backing.[44]
In April 2013,Scotland managerGordon Strachan said that he believes theOld Firm clubs ofCeltic andRangers would join a future new 38-club two-division European super league.[45]
In 2016, representatives fromPremier League clubs Arsenal,Chelsea,Liverpool,Manchester City, andManchester United were seen leaving a meeting withStephen M. Ross' representatives that discussed the proposition of a European super league.[46]
In November 2018,Football Leaks claimed that there had been undercover talks about the creation of a new continental club competition, the European Super League, which would begin play in 2021.[47] In October 2020, it was revealed that Liverpool and Manchester United were spearheading the Project Big Picture, a plan to revolutionise the finances and structure of English football from the top down;[48][49][50] the plan was voted down by at least 14 Premier League clubs during an emergency meeting.[51]
In October 2020,Sky Sports claimed thatFIFA was proposing a replacement for theUEFA Champions League called the European Premier League involving up to 18 teams in around-robin tournament system and post-leagueplayoff-styleknockout tournament with norelegation similar to major league sports competitions in the United States.[52] EnglishPremier League clubs as well as clubs from Spain, Italy, France, and Germany were invited. Barcelona accepted the proposal for it to join the Super League the day before its presidentJosep Maria Bartomeu resigned.[53]
On 21 January 2021, FIFA and all six of football's continental confederations (AFC,CAF,CONCACAF,CONMEBOL,OFC, andUEFA) issued a statement rejecting the formation of any breakaway European Super League; any club or player involved in such a league would be banned from any competitions organised by FIFA or any of the six confederations.[54] The proposal nevertheless remained under discussion by clubs such as Manchester United and Liverpool; the proposal document indicated that such a league would start in the 2022–23 season, with 15 members who compete directly in the first seasons, including six Premier League clubs, and each club would be paid up to £310 million to join followed by up to £213 million per season, and other five clubs would gain access based on their results in the own league competitions.[55]
On 18 April 2021, an official press release[56] announced the formation of the league. Twelve clubs, includingEnglish clubs (Arsenal,Chelsea,Liverpool,Manchester City,Manchester United, andTottenham Hotspur),Italian clubs (Inter Milan,Juventus, andMilan), andSpanish clubs (Atlético Madrid,Barcelona, andReal Madrid), were named as founding members, with a 20-team league being envisioned.The New York Times reported that each team would earn over $400 million (£290M) for entering the competition.[57] The reports generated negative reaction from UEFA and thefootball associations and the first-tier football leagues of England, Italy, and Spain, who issued a joint statement stating that they would not allow the Super League to proceed. UEFA also reiterated that any clubs involved in a Super League would be banned from all other domestic, European, and world competitions, and their players could be denied the opportunity to represent their national teams.[58][59][60] French PresidentEmmanuel Macron and British Prime MinisterBoris Johnson also expressed opposition to the plan.[61][62][63] Fans also expressed opposition.[64][65] Amidst widespread opposition, participating teams began to withdraw from the Super League and it suspended its operations three days after being officially announced.[66]
The idea of the first-officially announced Super League has been criticised by fans and critics for its perceivedelitism and potentially devastating effect on domestic leagues, theUEFA Champions League, and smaller clubs; it is viewed in some quarters as simply a "power grab" by bigger clubs for more money and control over football.[67][68]
Germany and Real Madrid midfielderToni Kroos criticised the plans in 2020, saying "the gap between the big clubs and small will expand even more. Everything does not always have to be faster, with more and more money."[69] Kroos' long-time Germany teammate and former Bayern Munich footballerPhilipp Lahm wishes to see a "cosmopolitan" line-up to a potential Super League, opining: "But just as players from Istanbul, Warsaw and Bratislava get their shot in theEuros, would it not be better to include teams from Bruges, Saint Petersburg, Athens, Copenhagen and Prague in a European league?"[70]
At theFinancial Times' Business of Football summit in February 2021, Simon Green, the head ofBT Sport, the UEFA Champions League rights holder in the UK, cautioned that a Super League "wouldn't be worth as much as the existing leagues and Champions League are at the moment."[71] Paul Widdop, a senior lecturer in sports business atManchester Metropolitan University, criticised the intervention of the British government, stating that while the incumbent government pursues a neo-liberalist agenda with every other industry, it seeks socialist reform only in football.[72] Michael Cox argued inThe Athletic that the European Super League would help restore completive balance in European football due to the widening gap between big, rich clubs and smaller, poorer clubs in domestic leagues, and this inequality would only increase as time goes on without a Super League.[73]
The announcement of the Super League in 2021 drew widespread opposition from fans, players, other clubs, FIFA, UEFA and national governments.[74] The Super League announced it was suspending its operations three days after being officially announced.[75] Some analysts stated that the British government intervention, which some such as Alex Webb arguing that a diminishedPremier League due to the Super League could hurt Britain'ssoft power as well,[76] led to a domino effect by causing the EnglishBig Six to withdraw afterthe Football Association threatened to ban participating clubs from domestic football,[77] and causing all but three clubs (Barcelona, Juventus, and Real Madrid) to withdraw with the project not able proceed and therefore had to be put on standby.[78] Nonetheless, Pérez stated that none of the founding clubs had officially left the association,[79] even as they were sanctioned by UEFA and signed Commitment Declaration to pay €100 million if they were ever to join an unauthorised competition,[80] as they were tied to binding contracts,[81] and vowed to work with the governing bodies to make some form of the Super League work, whilst blaming the English clubs of losing their nerve in face of opposition and the footballing authorities for acting unjustifiably aggressively.[82]
On 31 May, the Super League filed a complaint to theCourt of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) against UEFA andFIFA for their proposals to stop the organisation of the competition.[83] On June 7, the SwissFederal Department of Justice and Police notified the Spanish precautionary measure, which had earlier issued aninjunction against UEFA and FIFA, and referred acuestión preliminar (English: preliminary question) to the CJEU on whether UEFA and FIFA have violatedarticles 101 and102 of the TFEU,[84] to both governing bodies, ruling them to not execute sanctions against clubs still active in the project;[85] UEFA had opened disciplinary proceedings against Barcelona, Juventus, and Real Madrid, which were threatened to be excluded from allUEFA competitions, in order to sanction them[86] but these measures were stayeduntil further notice by UEFA's Appeals Body as a result ofthe rulings from the Spanish commercial court and Swiss authorities.[87] In December 2023, a final decision by theEuropean Court of Justice stated that FIFA and UEFA's rules that banned clubs from joining rival competitions, such as the Super League, were unlawful.[88]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Whereas Barcelona, Ajax and Bayern Munich once competed for the trophy, now the likes ofReal Betis,Roda andDuisburg were representing those leagues instead – not as domestic cup winners, but runners-up. On one occasion, a semi-finalist –Heerenveen – was invited to compete, as the two KNVB Cup finalists had already qualified for the Champions League. [...] In all, the Cup Winners' Cup was contested on 39 occasions. Eight reigning champions fell at the final hurdle in their title defence, although a further eight did not even compete in the tournament the following season. The first number illustrates why so many fans fell in love with this enigmatic competition, although the second explains why the curtain was finally brought down on it.
es: El año pasado [2007], los 40 equipos que comenzaron la competición se repartieron 40,3 millones de euros, una cifra irrisoria si se compara con los al menos 588,6 millones para los 32 clubes participantes en la Champions, según datos de la UEFA. Los menores premios hacen que frecuentemente, los equipos grandes no convoquen a sus mejores jugadores para los partidos iniciales, lo que disminuye el interés de la competición.[Last year [2007], all 40 teams that started the competition shared out 40.3 million euros, a derisory amount compared to the at least 588.6 million euros for the 32 clubs participating in the Champions League, according to UEFA data. The lower prize money often means that the big teams do not call up their best players for the opening matches, which reduces the interest in the competition.]
Ten teams eliminated from the UEFA Europa League play-offs will qualify for the new UEFA Europa Conference League group stage from 2021/22.
It is the new third-tier of European competition, below the Champions League and the Europa League. [...] And the UEFA Europa Conference League is the minor competition primarily for those who qualify by league place though it will also include the cup winners from lower-ranked leagues.