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Progressivism (Korean: 진보주의;Hanja: 進步主義;RR: Jinbojuui) inSouth Korea is aleft-leaning political ideology, broadly associated withsocial democracy,cultural progressivism, andleft-wing nationalism.[1] It advocates for the promotion of social equality and welfare, economic justice, the protection of human rights and minority groups, peace and the reunification of the Korean Peninsula, as well as environmental sustainability.
Modern South Korean progressivism emerged and took shape during the resistance to military dictatorship and became a distinct political movement in the 1990s.[2] As the pro-democracy student activists from the 1970s and 1980s matured into progressive political leadership, their views on society, history, economy, and foreign policy feature prominently in progressive narratives. Domestically, progressives promote economic justice and labor rights in response to the dominance ofchaebols in Korean economy, stemming fromdirigisme during military dictatorships. Internationally, they take a conciliatory stance toward North Korea and have developedanti-American sentiments through college, viewing the United States as a supporter of the authoritarian regimes during pro-democracy struggles.[3] The more progressive faction of the movement calls for the withdrawal of theUS troops stationed in South Korea.
Historically, there have beencommunist elements within the progressive movement, but they have been largely powerless in contemporary South Korean politics, although they did wageculture war with conservatives over leftist Korean independence figures.[4][5]
South Korean labor movements have been consistently driven by left-leaning labor organizations since liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945. Many of the political prisoners under imperial Japan were leftists and labor activists. Trade unions grew dramatically in liberated Korea, withChŏnp'yŏng (조선노동조합전국평의회;朝鮮勞動組合全國評議會;lit. General Council of Korea Trade Unions) – a communist-led union – having a membership of 574,475 by late 1945 and nearly a quarter-million by summer of 1946.[6][7] However, theUnited States Army Military Government in Korea suppressed worker protests organized byChŏnp'yŏng, arresting union leaders and forcing railroad workers back to work.[7]
In the 1960s,Park Chung Hee implemented a centrally controlled economy that prioritized the growth of large Korean conglomerates, orchaebols, while maintaining strict control over the working class.[6] In the Peace Market alongCheonggyecheon in downtown Seoul, over 20,000 women labored under inhumane working conditions in garment sweatshops.[8] They worked an average of 15 hours a day, often cramped in spaces just 3 feet high, forcing them to remain seated or bent over for long periods of time. Upon witnessing the cruel workspaces of the workers,Jeon Tae-il engaged in labor activism to no avail and later in 1970 self-immolated in protest, shouting "Workers are human beings, too". Jeon's suicide sparked national interest and galvanized labor-rights movements into the 1970s.
When the citizens ofGwangjurose up againstChun Doo-hwan's dictatorial regime in 1980, the Chun regime responded with brutal military force, killing a still disputed number, estimated to be in the hundreds and sometimes thousands.[9][10] After the Gwangju Uprising, Chun's regime continued cracking down on labor organizing, removing and blacklisting thousands of activists from union positions.[11] Through all of this, the United States not only did not intervene but also allowed Chun to move key military units – the US-Korean Combined Forces Command – that had been under US jurisdiction.[10][12]
The South Korean pro-democracy and labor activists, who had largely been pro-American and viewed the United States as a beacon of human rights and liberal democracy, were dismayed by the Carter administration's response and later the Reagan administration's embrace of the Chun regime in 1981.[12] This disillusionment led the South Korean intellectuals to reject pro-USdevelopmentalistneoliberalism, making room for various strands of Marxism to gain popularity.[13] The resulting anti-Americanism fostered the view of South Korea as a US colony and prompted a reevaluation of labor organizing. This gave rise to theSocial Formation Debate, centered on identifying the primary revolutionary agent: the working class or the Korean people.[14]
The progressive movement in South Korea emerged from the debate splintered into the PD (민중민주;Minjungminju;lit. People's Democracy) faction and NL (민족해방;Minjokhaebang;lit. National Liberation) faction. The PD faction prioritized equality, identifying the working class as the principal revolutionary agent and focusing onlabor movements to challenge the dominance and monopoly oflarge corporations in Korea and fight for labor rights in Korea. In contrast, the NL faction adopted a left-wing nationalistic approach and viewed the ethnic Korean people – both in the North and the South – to be the principal revolutionary agent, arguing that Korean people should unite to resist American imperialism.[15]
The PD faction grew into a Western-style leftist party, influenced byAmerican liberalism andsocial democracy, while NL was aleft-wing nationalist party that mixesethnic nationalism,reunificationism and social progressivism. PD and NL are political terms that refer to the two pillars of South Korea's progressive camp and are still frequently used today. As of now, the representative PD-affiliated progressive party is theJustice Party, and the representative NL-affiliated progressive party is theProgressive Party.[16][17][18][15]
After the collapse of theSoviet Union in the 1990s, theNew Left movement in Europe and the United States and postmodernist discourse became known, creating aSinjwapa (신좌파;新左派;lit. New Left faction) in South Korea. They advocateyouth rights,LGBT rights andfeminism. Currently, South Korea's representativeSinjwapa parties include theGreen Party andBasic Income Party.[19][20]
| Election | Candidate | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome | Party name | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | Cho Pong-am | 797,504 | 11.4% | Defeated N | Independent | |
| 1956 | Cho Pong-am | 2,163,808 | 30.0% | DefeatedN | Independent | |
| 1987 | Baik Ki-wan | Quit midway through | Independent | |||
| 1992 | Baik Ki-wan | 238,648 | 1.0% | DefeatedN | Independent | |
| 1997 | Kwon Young-ghil | 306,026 | 1.2% | DefeatedN | People's Victory 21 | |
| 2002 | Kwon Young-ghil | 957,148 | 3.9% | DefeatedN | Democratic Labor Party | |
| 2007 | Kwon Young-ghil | 712,121 | 3.0% | DefeatedN | Democratic Labor Party | |
| Geum Min | 18,223 | 0.07% | DefeatedN | Korea Socialist Party | ||
| 2012 | Lee Jung-hee | Quit midway through | Unified Progressive Party | |||
| Kim So-yeon | 16,687 | 0.05% | DefeatedN | Independent | ||
| Kim Soon-ja | 46,017 | 0.15% | DefeatedN | Independent | ||
| 2017 | Sim Sang-jung | 2,017,458 | 6.17% | DefeatedN | Justice Party | |
| Kim Sun-dong | 27,229 | 0.08% | DefeatedN | People's United Party | ||
| 2022 | Sim Sang-jung | 803,358 | 2.38% | DefeatedN | Justice Party | |
| Kim Jae-yeon | 37,366 | 0.11% | DefeatedN | Progressive Party | ||
| Oh Jun-ho | 18,105 | 0.05% | DefeatedN | Basic Income Party | ||
| Lee Baek-yun | 9,176 | 0.03% | DefeatedN | Labor Party | ||
| 2025 | Kwon Yeong-guk | 344,150 | 0.98% | DefeatedN | Democratic Labor Party | |
 | This graph was using thelegacy Graph extension, which is no longer supported. It needs to be converted to thenew Chart extension. |
| Election | Total seats | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome | Election leader | Party name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 2 / 210 | 89,413 | 1.3% | new 2 seats; minority | Jo So-ang | Socialist Party |
| 1960 | 4 / 233 | 541,021 | 6.0% | new 4 seats; minority | Seo Sang-il | Social Mass Party |
1 / 233 | 57,965 | 0.6% | new 1 seats; minority | Jeon Jin-han | Korea Socialist Party | |
| 1967 | 1 / 175 | 249,561 | 2.3% | new 1 seats; minority | Seo Min-ho | Mass Party |
0 / 175 | 104,975 | 1.0% | new 0 seats; minority | Kim Cheol | Unified Socialist Party | |
| 1971 | 0 / 204 | 59,359 | 0.5% |  1 seats; minority | Ri Mong | Mass Party |
0 / 204 | 97,398 | 0.9% |  0 seats; minority | Kim Cheol | Unified Socialist Party | |
| 1981 | 0 / 276 | 676,921 | 4.2% | new 2 seats; minority | New Politics Party | |
2 / 276 | 524,361 | 3.2% | new 2 seats; minority | Ko Chong-hun | Democratic Socialist Party | |
0 / 276 | 122,778 | 0.7% | new 0 seats; minority | Kim Cheol | Socialist Party | |
| 1985 | 1 / 276 | 288,863 | 1.4% | new 1 seats; minority | Ko Chong-hun | New Politics Socialist Party |
| 1988 | 0 / 299 | 65,650 | 0.3% | new 0 seats; minority | Jeong Tae-yun | Party of the people |
1 / 299 | 251,236 | 1.3% | new 0 seats; minority | Ye Chun-ho | Hankyoreh Democratic Party | |
1 / 299 | 3,267 | 0.0% | new 0 seats; minority | Unificational Socialist Party | ||
| 1992 | 0 / 229 | 319,041 | 1.5% | new 0 seats; minority | Lee U-jae | People's Party |
| 2000 | 0 / 273 | 223,261 | 1.2% | new 0 seats; minority | Kwon Young-ghil | Democratic Labor Party |
0 / 273 | 125,082 | 0.7% | new 0 seats; minority | Choi Hyeok | Youth Progressive Party | |
| 2004 | 10 / 299 | 2,774,061 | 13.0% |  10 seats; minority | Kwon Young-ghil | Democratic Labor Party |
0 / 299 | 47,311 | 0.22% | 0 seats; minority | Won Yong-su | Socialist Party | |
| 2008 | 5 / 299 | 973,445 | 5.68% | 5 seats; minority | Cheon Yeong-se | Democratic Labor Party |
0 / 299 | 504,466 | 2.94% | new 0 seats; minority | Roh Hoe-chan Sim Sang-jung | New Progressive Party | |
0 / 299 | 35,496 | 0.20% | 0 seats; minority | Choi Gwang-Eun | Korea Socialist Party | |
| 2012 | 13 / 300 | 2,198,405 | 10.3% | new 13 seats; minority | Lee Jung-hee | Unified Progressive Party |
0 / 300 | 243,065 | 1.13% | 0 seats; minority | Hong Sehwa An Hyo-sang | New Progressive Party | |
| 2016 | 0 / 300 | 91,705 | 0.38% | 0 seats; minority | Koo Kyo-hyun | Labor Party |
6 / 300 | 1,719,891 | 7.23% | new 6 seats; minority | Sim Sang-jung | Justice Party | |
0 / 300 | 145,624 | 0.61% | 0 seats; minority | Lee Gwang-seok | People's United Party | |
| 2020 | 6 / 300 | 2,697,956 | 9.7% | 6 seats; minority | Sim Sang-jung | Justice Party |
0 / 300 | 295,612 | 1.06% | new 0 seats; minority | Kim Jong-hoon | Minjung Party | |
0 / 300 | 34,272 | 0.12% | 0 seats; minority | Koo Kyo-hyun | Labor Party | |
| 2024 | 0 / 300 | 609,313 | 2.1% | 6 seats; minority | Sim Sang-jung | Green–Justice Party |
0 / 300 | 25,937 | 0.09% | 0 seats; minority | Na Do-won | Labor Party | |
| Election | Metropolitan mayor/Governor | Provincial legislature | Municipal mayor | Municipal legislature | Party name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd (2002) | 0 / 16 | 11 / 682 | 2 / 232 | N/A | Democratic Labor Party |
| 4th (2006) | 0 / 16 | 15 / 733 | 0 / 230 | 66 / 2,888 | Democratic Labor Party |
| 5th (2010) | 0 / 16 | 24 / 761 | 3 / 228 | 115 / 2,888 | Democratic Labor Party |
0 / 16 | 3 / 761 | 0 / 228 | 22 / 2,888 | New Progressive Party | |
| 6th (2014) | 0 / 17 | 3 / 789 | 0 / 226 | 34 / 2,898 | Unified Progressive Party |
0 / 17 | 1 / 789 | 0 / 226 | 6 / 2,898 | Labor Party | |
0 / 17 | 0 / 789 | 0 / 226 | 11 / 2,898 | Justice Party | |
| 7th (2018) | 0 / 17 | 0 / 824 | 0 / 226 | 0 / 2,927 | Labor Party |
0 / 17 | 11 / 824 | 0 / 226 | 26 / 2,927 | Justice Party |
