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Aprocess theory is a system of ideas that explains how anentity changes and develops.[1]Process theories are often contrasted withvariance theories, that is, systems of ideas that explain thevariance in adependent variable based on one or moreindependent variables. While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories focus on why something happens. Examples of process theories include evolution bynatural selection,continental drift and thenitrogen cycle.
Process theories come in four commonarchetypes.[2] Evolutionary process theories explain change in a population through variation, selection and retention—much like biological evolution. In a dialectic process theory, “stability and change are explained by reference to the balance of power between opposing entities” (p. 517). In a teleological process theory, an agent “constructs an envisioned end state, takes action to reach it and monitors the progress” (p. 518). In a lifecycle process theory, “the trajectory to the final end state is prefigured and requires a particular historical sequence of events” (p. 515); that is, change always conforms to the same series of activities, stages, phases, like a caterpillar transforming into a butterfly.
Process theories are important in management and software engineering.[3] Process theories are used to explain how decisions are made[4] how software is designed[5][6] and how software processes are improved.[7]
Motivation theories can be classified broadly into two different perspectives: Content and Process theories.
Process theories are also used in education, psychology, geology and many other fields; however, they are not always called "process theories".
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