In publishing,printers are bothcompanies providingprinting services and individuals who directly operateprinting presses.[1]
The history of printers in publishing in Western Europe dates back to the mid-15th century with the invention of the printing press.Johannes Gutenberg, a Germangoldsmith, is credited with developingmovable type in the 1450s. His printing press incorporated various innovative techniques, such as individual metal letter blocks and an oil-based ink, enabling faster and more efficient book production.[2]
Gutenberg's press set the foundation for subsequent developments in printing technology. It comprised a heavy wooden frame with ascrew mechanism, enabling the even application of pressure to inked type and paper. Gutenberg's printing press accelerated the production of books, leading to the spread of knowledge and the democratization of information.[3][4]
In the following centuries, printing presses underwent significant advancements. In the 18th century, thesteam-powered press was introduced, enabling higher print volumes. Subsequently, theIndustrial Revolution brought forth the development ofcylinder presses, powered by steam or mechanized systems. These presses could print thousands of pages per hour, marking a substantial leap in production capabilities.[5][6]
In the late 19th century, the introduction ofoffset lithography revolutionized the printing industry. This technique used a flat metal plate with an image to transfer ink to a rubber blanket, which, in turn, printed the image onto the paper. Offset lithography offered more efficient and cost-effective printing, enabling high-quality reproductions and color printing on a large scale.[2][7]
Printers can include:
