In a related sense, now not commonly used, all more or less sovereign rulers over a state, including kings, were "princes" in the language of international politics. They normally had another title, for example king or duke. Many of these werePrinces of the Holy Roman Empire.
Emperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the basis ofprincipate, notdominion. He also tasked his grandsons as summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task, granted them the title of princeps.
The title has generic and substantive meanings:
Generically,prince refers to a member of a family thatruled by hereditary right (such as theHouse of Sverre inNorway) or to non-reigning descendants, the title referring to sovereigns, former sovereigns'descendants (Such as descendants of KingHaakon V) or tocadets of a sovereign's family. The term may be broadly used of persons in various cultures, continents or eras. In Europe, it is the title legally borne bydynasticcadets in monarchies, and borne by courtesy by members of formerly reigning dynasties.
Also substantively, the title was granted bypopes and secular monarchs to specific individuals and to theheads of some high-ranking European families who, however, never exercised dynastic sovereignty and whose cadets are not entitled to share the princely title,viz the Princes de Beauvau-Craon, vonBismarck,Colonna, vonDohna-Schlobitten, von Eulenburg, de Faucigny-Lucinge, vonLichnowsky, vonPless, Ruffo di Calabria, (deTalleyrand) vonSagan, vanUrsel, etc.
Generically, cadets of some non-sovereign families whose head bears the non-dynastic title of prince (or, less commonly,duke) were sometimes also authorized to use the princely title, e.g. von Carolath-Beuthen, deBroglie, Demidoff di San Donato,Lieven, deMerode,Pignatelli,Radziwill, vonWrede,Yussopov, etc.
Substantively, theheirs apparent in some monarchies use a specific princely title associated with a territory within the monarch'srealm, e.g. the Princes of Asturias (Spain), Grão Pará (Brazil, formerly), Orange (Netherlands), Viana (Navarre, formerly), Wales (U.K.), etc.
Substantively, it became the fashion from the 17th century for theheirs apparent of the leadingducal families to assume a princely title, associated with aseigneurie in the family's possession. These titles were borne by courtesy and preserved by tradition, not law, e.g. theprinces de, respectively, Bidache (Gramont), Marcillac (La Rochefoucauld), Tonnay-Charente (Mortemart), Poix (Noailles), Léon (Rohan-Chabot), etc.
The original but now less common use of the word was the application of the Latin wordprīnceps, fromlate Romanlaw and the classical system of government that eventually gave way to the Europeanfeudal society. In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a territory that issovereign or quasi-sovereign, i.e., exercising substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of independent nations, such as theimmediate states within the historical boundaries of theHoly Roman Empire. Inmedieval andearly modern Europe, there were as many as two hundred such territories, especially in Italy, Germany, andGaelic Ireland. In this sense, "prince" is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or precise rank. This is theRenaissance use of the term found inNiccolò Machiavelli's famous work,Il Principe.[2] It is also used in this sense in theUnited States Declaration of Independence.
As a title, by the end of the medieval era,prince was borne by rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than those of or exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and kings. Alord of even a quite small territory might come to be referred to as aprince before the 13th century, either from translations of a native title into the Latinprīnceps (as for the hereditary ruler ofWales) or when the lord's territory wasallodial. The lord of anallodium owned his lands and exercised prerogatives over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage or duty as a vassal to aliege lord, nor being subject to any higher jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities during feudal eras were allodial, e.g. thePrincedom of Dombes.
Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded asprinces in the general sense, especially if they held the rank ofcount or higher. This is attested in some survivingstyles for e.g., British earls,marquesses, anddukes are still addressed by theCrown onceremonial occasions ashigh and noble princes (cf.Royal and noble styles).
In parts of the Holy Roman Empire in whichprimogeniture did not prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimateagnates had an equal right to the family's hereditary titles. While titles such asemperor,king, andelector could only be legally occupied by one dynast at a time, holders of such other titles asduke,margrave,landgrave,count palatine, and prince could only differentiate themselves by adding the name of theirappanage to the family's original title. This tended to proliferate unwieldy titles (e.g.Princess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst;Karl, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg; orPrince Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg) and, asagnatic primogeniture gradually became the norm in the Holy Roman Empire by the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing the monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual substitution of the title ofPrinz for the monarch's title ofFürst occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties except in the grand duchies ofMecklenburg andOldenburg.[3] BothPrinz andFürst are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect not only different but mutually exclusive concepts.
This distinction had evolved before the 18th century (although Liechtenstein long remained an exception, with cadets and females usingFürst/Fürstin into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by aFürst in Germany. The custom spread through theContinent to such an extent that a renowned imperial general who belonged to acadet branch of a reigning ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic title, "Prince Eugene of Savoy". Note that the princely title was used as a prefix to his Christian name, which also became customary.
Cadets of France's otherprinces étrangers affected similar usage under theBourbon kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial, designation encountered some resistance. In writingHistoire Genealogique et Chonologique,Père Anselme accepts that, by the end of the 17th century, the heir apparent to theHouse of La Tour d'Auvergne's sovereign duchy bears the titlePrince de Bouillon, but he would record in 1728 that the heir'sLa Tour cousin, the Count of Oliergues, is "known as the Prince Frederick" ("dit le prince Frédéric").[4]
The post-medieval rank ofgefürsteter Graf (princely count) embraced but elevated the German equivalent of the intermediate French, English and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown (de jure after thePeace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign prerogatives as theminting of money; themuster of military troops and the right to wage war and contracttreaties; local judicial authority andconstabulary enforcement; and the habit of inter-marrying with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of aFürst would become known asPrinzen.
The husband of aqueen regnant is usually titled "prince consort" or simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil, Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch is accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king), at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of queens regnant were often deemed entitled to thecrown matrimonial, sharing their consorts' regnal title and rankjure uxoris.
However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives (e.g., four inIslam) or officialconcubines (e.g.,Imperial China,Ottoman Empire,Thailand, theZulu monarchy), these women, sometimes collectively referred to as aharem, often have specific rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles, which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to the throne.
Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are possible.
Foreign-language titles such asItalian:principe,French:prince,German:Fürst, German:Prinz (non-reigning descendant of a reigning monarch),[5][6]Ukrainian andRussian:князь,romanized: knyaz, etc., are usually translated as "prince" in English.
Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such astsarevich fromtsar. Other examples are(e)mirza(da), khanzada,nawabzada,sahibzada,shahzada,sultanzada (all using thePersian patronymic suffix-zada, meaning "son, descendant"). However, some princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of a style for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather continues an old tradition (e.g., "grand duke" inRomanov Russia or "archduke" in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost monarchy (e.g.Prince de Tarente for theLa Trémoïlle heirs to theNeapolitan throne), or descends from a ruler whose princely title or sovereign status was not de jure hereditary, but attributed to descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g.,Bibesco-Bassaraba de Brancovan,Poniatowski,Ypsilanti).
In some dynasties, a specific style other than prince has become customary for dynasts, such asfils de France in theHouse of Capet, andInfante.Infante was borne by children of the monarch other than theheir apparent in all of theIberian monarchies. Some monarchies used a specific princely title for their heirs, such asPrince of Asturias in Spain,Prince of Brazil in Portugal, and (customarily but not automatically)Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom.
Sometimes a specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a region, e.g.Mian in various of the Punjabi princelyHill States (lower Himalayan region in British India).
European dynasties usually awardedappanages to princes of the blood, typically attached to a feudal noble title, such asPrince of Orange in the Netherlands, Britain'sroyal dukes, theDauphin in France, the Count of Flanders in Belgium, and the Count of Syracuse inSicily. Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g.Prince of Achaia (Courtenay),Prince de Condé (Bourbon),Prince of Carignan (Savoy), but it was that their owners were of princelyrank rather than that they held a princelytitle which was the source of their pre-eminence.
For the often specific terminology concerning an heir apparent, seeCrown prince.
Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as such, but from inheritance of a title named for a specific and historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the "princedoms" of France'sancien régime, so resented for their pretentiousness in the memoirs ofSaint-Simon. These included the princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais, Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond, Tingrey, and the "kingship" of Yvetot,[7] among others.
Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of the dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and/or office of the monarch, e.g. asregent orviceroy.
Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g. "prince-president" forNapoleon III as Frenchhead of state but not yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" inLuxembourg, repeatedly filled by thecrown prince before the grand duke's abdication, or in form ofconsortium imperii.
Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can formally abdicate in favour of his heir and yet retain a kingly title with executive power, e.g.Maha Upayuvaraja (Sanskrit forGreat Joint King inCambodia), though sometimes also conferred on powerful regents who exercised executive powers.
In several countries of the European continent, such as France, prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank ofnobility or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual territory and without any necessary link to theroyal family, such as Andora, which makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal princes.[citation needed]
The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as a title among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were created by elevating aseigneurie to the nominal status of a principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by theprinces du sang and by theprinces étrangers were generally tolerated by the king and used at the royal court, outside theParlement of Paris. These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the nobility, but were often treated as ranking just belowducal peerages, since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs:
French titles of prince recognized by the king
Holy Roman Empire states annexed by France
Arches-Charleville: in theArdennes region, near the border with the Empire
The princes ofCondé andConti, heads ofcadet branches of the French royalHouse of Bourbon: used recognized princely titles, but the lordships of Condé and Conti were never formally created principalities by the King
Unrecognized titles of Prince
Aigremont
Anet: used by the Dukes of Vendôme, then the Dukes of Penthièvre
Bidache: in Béarn used by theDukes of Gramont, but the heir was usually styled Count of Guiche rather than Prince of Bidache
Carency: inArtois (originally a lordship of the House of Bourbon, it was inherited by the Counts of La Vauguyon, who used the style of Prince of Carency for the heir)
Courtenay: theHouse of Courtenay legitimately descended fromLouis VI of France but was not recognized asprinces du sang by France's kings. The last branch of the house used the style of Prince of Courtenay from the 17th century. The style passed to the Dukes of Bauffremont.
This can even occur in a monarchy within which an identical but real and substantive feudal title exists, such asFürst in German. An example of this is:
In other cases, such titular princedoms are created in chief of an event, such as a treaty or a victory. Examples include:
The Spanish ministerManuel Godoy was createdPrincipe de la Paz ("Prince of Peace") by his king for negotiating the 1795 double peace treaty of Basilea, by which the revolutionary French republic made peace with Prussia and with Spain.
The triumphant generals who led their troops to victory often received avictory title from Napoleon, both princely and ducal.
In Ukraine, landlords and rulers ofKievan Rus' were called князь (knjazʹ), translated as "prince". Similarly, foreign titles of "prince" were translated asknyaz in Ukrainian (e. g.Ivan Mazepa, "knyaz of Holy Roman Empire"). Princes ofRurik Dynasty obeyed their oldest brother, who was taking the title ofGrand Prince of Kiev.[9] In 14th their ruling role was taken by Lithuanian princes, which used the title of Grand Prince of Lithuania and Ruthenia.[10] With the rise of cossacks, many former Ukrainian princes were incorporated into the newCossack nobility.[citation needed]
In the Russian system,knyaz was the highest degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms were eventually annexed to theRussian Empire, were also accorded the title ofknyazʹ—sometimes after first being allowed to use the higher title oftsarevich (e.g. the PrincesGruzinsky andSibirsky).[citation needed]
Title in various European traditions and languages
In the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, Ukraine, Japan, Lithuania, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Belarus and Hungary the title ofprince has also been used as the highest title ofnobility (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title ofduke, while the same usage (then asFürst) has occurred in Germany and Austria but then one rank below the title ofduke and abovecount.[11]
In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the territory associated with it, each separated by a slash. If a second title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a Prince of the blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages, regardless whether there is a historical link with any (which often means that linguistic tradition is adopted)
Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same logic for certain other aristocratic titles):
The below is essentially the story of European, Christian dynasties and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti).
Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to other cultures even when they don't do so, is common but in many respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...) backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest' western analogy.
It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization.
It's crucial to use the proper title while speaking to members of theroyal family becauseBrunei is anabsolute monarchy, and inappropriate use might be uncomfortable.[12] Theheir apparent andcrown prince, styled asDuli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness), is officially known asPengiran Muda Mahkota (Crown Prince); A blood prince is officially known asPengiran Muda (Prince); their names are styled differently: If they do not have additional titles, the Sultan's sons are addressed asDuli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness); The Pengiran Muda Mahkota's sons are addressed asYang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
BeforeQin dynasty, prince (in the sense of royal family member) had no special title. Princes of theZhou dynasty were specifically referred to asWangzi (王子) andWangsun (王孫), which mean "son of the king" and "grandson of the king," while princes of thevassal states were referred to asGongzi (公子) andGongsun (公孫), which mean "son of the lord" and "grandson of the lord," respectively. Sons of the vassals may receive nobility titles like Jun (君), Qing (卿), Daifu (大夫) and Shi (仕).
SinceHan dynasty, royal family members were entitledWang (王, lit. King), the former highest title which was then replaced byHuang Di (皇帝, lit. Emperor). SinceWestern Jin, theWang rank was divided into two ranks,Qin Wang (親王, lit. King of the Blood) andJun Wang (郡王, lit. King of the Commandery). Only family of the Emperor can be entitledQin Wang, so prince is usually translated asQin Wang, e.g. 菲利普親王 (Prince Philip). For the son of the ruler, prince is usually translated asHuang Zi (皇子, lit. Son of the Emperor) orWang Zi (王子 lit., Son of the King), e.g. 查爾斯王子 (Prince Charles).
As a title of nobility, prince can be translated asQin Wang according to tradition,Da Gong (大公, lit., Grand Duke) if one want to emphasize that it is a very high rank but below the King (Wang), or justZhu Hou (诸侯, lit. princes) which refers to princes of all ranks in general. For example, 摩納哥親王 (Prince of Monaco).
In Japan, the titleKōshaku (公爵) was used as the highest title ofKazoku (華族 Japanese modern nobility) before the present constitution.Kōshaku, however, is more commonly translated as "Duke" to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial Household:Shinnō (親王 literally, Prince of the Blood);Naishinnō (内親王 lit., Princess of the Blood in her own right); andShinnōhi親王妃 lit., Princess Consort); orŌ (王 lit., Prince);Jyo-Ō (女王 lit., Princess (in her own right)); andŌhi (王妃 lit., Princess Consort). The former is the higher title of a male member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower.
In theJoseon Dynasty, the title "Prince" was used for the king's male-line descendants. The title was divided into two: the king's legitimate son used the titledaegun (대군, 大君, literally "grand prince"), but any other male royals used the titlegun (군, 君, lit. "prince"). These included the descendants of the king up to the grandsons of illegitimate sons of the king and the crown prince, and up to the great grandsons ofdaeguns,[13] with other royals being able to be namedgun if they reached the second rank. But the title ofgun wasn't limited to the royal family. It was also granted as an honorary title to the king's father-in-law and togongsin (공신, 功臣, lit. "servant of merit") and was only conditionally hereditary forgongsins.[14]
As noble titles no longer exist in modern Korea, the English word "Prince" is now usually translated aswangja (왕자, 王子, lit. "king's son"), referring to princes from non-Korean royal families. Princes and principalities in continental Europe are almost always confused with dukes and duchies in Korean speech, both being translated asgong (공, 公, lit. "duke") andgongguk (공국, 公國, lit. "duchy").
InThailand (formerly Siam), the title of Prince was divided into three classes depending on the rank of their mothers. Those who were born of a king and had a royal mother (a queen or princess consort) are titledChaofa Chai (Thai:เจ้าฟ้าชาย: literally, "Male Celestial Lord"). Those born of a king and a commoner, or children of Chaofas and royal consorts, are tiltedPhra Ong Chao (พระองค์เจ้า). The children of Chaofas and commoners, or children of Phra Ong Chaos, are titledMom Chao (หม่อมเจ้า), abbreviated as M.C. (or ม.จ.).
A Western model was sometimes copied by emancipated colonial regimes (e.g. Bokassa I's short-livedCentral-African Empire in Napoleonic fashion). Otherwise, most of the styles for members of ruling families do not lend themselves well to English translation. Nonetheless, in general the princely style has gradually replaced thecolonialist title of "chief", which does not particularly connote dynastic rank to Westerners, e.g.Swazi Royal Family andZulu Royal Family. Nominallyministerial chiefly titles, such as theYorubaOloye and theZuluInDuna, still exist as distinct titles in kingdoms all over Africa.
In states with an element oftheocracy, this can affect princehood in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. with a secondary title meaning son or servant of a named divinity), but also the mode of succession (even reincarnation and recognition).
Also, inChristianity,Jesus Christ is sometimes referred to as thePrince of Peace.[15] Other titles for Jesus Christ arePrince of Princes,[16]Prince of the Covenant,[17]Prince of Life,[18] andPrince of the Kings of the Earth.[19] Further,Satan is popularly titled thePrince of Darkness;[20] and in the Christian faith he is also referred to as thePrince of this World[21][22][23] and thePrince of the Power of the Air.[24] Another title for Satan, not as common today but apparently so in approximately 30 A.D. by thePharisees of the day, was the titlePrince of the Devils.[25][26][27]Prince of Israel,Prince of the Angels, andPrince of Light are titles given to the ArchangelMichael.[citation needed] Some Christian churches also believe that since all Christians, like Jesus Christ, are children of God,[28] then they too are princes and princesses of Heaven.Saint Peter, a disciple of Jesus, is also known as thePrince of the Apostles.
Arabian tradition since thecaliphate: In several monarchies it remains customary to use the titlesheikh (in itself below princely rank) for all members of the royal family. In families (often reigning dynasties) which claim descent fromMuhammad, this is expressed in either of a number of titles (supposing different exact relations): sayid, sharif; these are retained even when too remote from any line of succession to be a member of any dynasty.
In Saudi Arabia the title ofEmir is used in role of prince for all members of theHouse of Saud.
In Iraq, the direct descendants of previous Emirs from the largest tribes, who ruled the kingdoms before modern statehood, use the title of Sheikh or Prince as the progeny of royalty.[29]
In the Ottoman Empire, the sovereign of imperial rank (incorrectly known in the west as(Great) sultan) was styledpadishah with a host of additional titles, reflecting his claim as political successor to the various conquered states. Princes of the blood, male, were given the styleŞehzade.
Persia (Iran)—Princes as members of a royal family, are referred to by the titleShahzadeh, meaning "descendant of the king". Since the wordzadeh could refer to either a male or female descendant,Shahzadeh had the parallel meaning of "princess" as well. Princes can also be sons of provincial kings (Khan) and the title referring to them would be the title of Khanzadeh. Princes as people who got a title from the King are called "Mirza", diminutive of "Amir Zadeh" (King's Son).
In Indian Muslim dynasties, the most common titles wereMirza (fromAmirzada) andShahzada; whileNawabzada andSahibzada were also given to younger blood princes.
InKazakh Khanate the title Sultan was used for lords from a ruling dynasty (direct descendants ofGenghis Khan), that gives them a right to be elected askhan, as an experienced ruler; and an honorifictore, another name for the clan, (ru:Торе (род)) for ordinary members of a ruling dynasty.[30]
^Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages 14–131.
^Père Anselme (1728). "Ducs de Bouillon".Histoire Genealogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France (in French). Paris: Compagnie des Libraires. pp. 543, 545.
^One of several passages explaining that regenerate men are both children of God and co-heirs with His sonJesus Christ is given in Roman 8:17.
^Howell, Georgina (15 January 2015).Queen of The Desert: The Extraordinary Life of Gertrude Bell. Pan Books.ISBN9781447286264.
^Noda, Jin (2016).The Kazakh Khanates Between the Russian and Qing Empires: Central Eurasian International Relations During the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.ISBN978-90-04-31447-4.OCLC944246657.
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