Queen Victoria, the British monarch from 1837 to 1901, andPrince Albert (her husband from 1840 until his death in 1861) had 9 children, 42 grandchildren, and 87 great-grandchildren. Their descendants married into many European royal houses, leading to Victoria being called the "grandmother of Europe".

Victoria and Albert had 22 granddaughters and 20 grandsons, of whom two (the youngest sons ofPrince Alfred andPrincess Helena) werestillborn, and two more (Prince Alexander John of Wales andPrince Harald of Schleswig-Holstein) died shortly after birth.

Their first grandchild was the futureGerman Emperor Wilhelm II, who was born to their eldest child,Princess Victoria, on 27 January 1859; the youngest wasPrince Maurice of Battenberg, born on 3 October 1891 toPrincess Beatrice (1857–1944), who was herself the last child born to Victoria and Albert and the last child to die. The last of Victoria and Albert's grandchildren to die (almost exactly 80 years after Queen Victoria herself) wasPrincess Alice, Countess of Athlone (25 February 1883 – 3 January 1981).

Just as Victoria and Albert shared one grandfather (Duke Francis of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld) and one grandmother (Countess Augusta Reuss), two pairs of their grandchildren married each other:

• In 1888,Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, whose mother was Queen Victoria's daughterAlice, marriedPrince Henry of Prussia, son of Victoria's daughterVictoria.
• Another of Alice's children,Grand Duke Ernest Louis of Hesse, marriedPrincess Victoria Melita, daughter of Alice's brotherAlfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1894, but divorced in 1901.

Prince Albert, the Prince Consort (26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861), lived long enough to see only one of his children married (Victoria, the Princess Royal) and two of his grandchildren born (Wilhelm II, 1859–1941, and his sisterPrincess Charlotte of Prussia, 1860–1919), whileQueen Victoria (24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) lived long enough to see not only all her grandchildren, but many of her 87 great-grandchildren as well. (Three of Victoria's 56 great-grandsons were stillborn, another died shortly after birth, and one of her 31 great-granddaughters was born out of wedlock).

Victoria, the Princess Royal and first child of Victoria and Albert (21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901), known as "Vicky", was not only the mother to their first grandchild, Wilhelm II; she was also the first of Victoria and Albert's children to become a grandparent, with the birth in 1879 ofPrincess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen, who was the daughter of Princess Charlotte (Queen Victoria's first granddaughter). The Princess Royal was also the grandmother of the last of Victoria and Albert's great-granddaughters to die,Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (4 May 1913 – 2 October 2007), daughter of Vicky's fourth daughter,Queen Sophia of Greece.

After Katherine's death in 2007, the only surviving great-grandchild of Queen Victoria wasCount Carl Johan Bernadotte of Wisborg (31 October 1916 – 5 May 2012), born toCrown Princess Margaret of Sweden, daughter of Victoria and Albert's third son,Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn.

The death of Count Carl Johan Bernadotte marked the end of a generation of royalty that began in 1879 with the birth of Princess Feodora and included the British KingsEdward VIII andGeorge VI, the Norwegian KingOlav V, the Romanian KingCarol II and the Greek KingsGeorge II,Alexander andPaul—as well as six uncrowned victims of political assassination:Earl Mountbatten of Burma (last Viceroy of India),Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, and Alexei’s sisters, the Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana,Maria andAnastasia.

Queen Victoria's death in January 1901 was preceded by the deaths of three of her children (Princess Alice in December 1878,Prince Leopold in March 1884, andPrince Alfred in July 1900) and soon followed by the Princess Royal's death in August 1901. Aside from the four boys who died as infants, Queen Victoria had survived seven of her grandchildren:

1. Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1864–1866) died ofmeningitis.
2. Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine (1870–1873), ahaemophiliac, fell from his mother's bedroom window and bled to death a few hours later.
3. Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874–1878) died ofdiphtheria.
4. Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1868–1879) also died ofdiphtheria.
5. Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (1864–1892) died ofinfluenza.
6. Prince Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1874–1899) shot himself with a revolver and died soon afterward.
7. Prince Christian Victor of Schleswig-Holstein (1867–1900) died ofmalaria while on active service in South Africa during theBoer War.

Victoria and Albert had one pair of grandparents in common,Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, andCountess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf, who were parents both of Albert's fatherErnest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and of Victoria's mother (and Ernest I's sister),Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Duke Francis & Countess Augusta → Duke Ernest I → Prince Albert
Duke Francis & Countess Augusta → Princess Victoria → Queen Victoria

Another of Victoria's (but not Albert's) grandfathers was KingGeorge III, father of Victoria's father, the Duke of Kent, and his brothers, KingGeorge IV and KingWilliam IV.

Queen Victoria (who had ascended to the throne on 20 June 1837 and been crowned on 28 June 1838) was married to Prince Albert on 10 February 1840 byWilliam Howley, theArchbishop of Canterbury, in the Chapel Royal ofSt James's Palace inWestminster (London).^[1] (Albert died nearly fifteen years before Victoria was proclaimedEmpress of India on 1 May 1876.)

The Marriage of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
	Name	Birth	Death	Marriage and children[2][3]
	Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, laterEmpress of India	24 May 1819 Kensington Palace, London	22 January 1901 Osborne House, Isle of Wight	Married 10 February 1840 atSt James's Palace,Westminster (London) 4 sons, 5 daughters including BritishKing Edward VII GermanEmpress Victoria 20 grandsons(of whom 2 werestillborn), 22 granddaughters including BritishKing George V GermanEmperor Wilhelm II EmpressAlexandra Feodorovna of Russia QueenMaud of Norway QueenSophia of Greece QueenMarie of Romania QueenVictoria Eugenie of Spain and Crown PrincessMargaret of Sweden
	Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha later Prince Consort	26 August 1819 Rosenau Castle, Coburg (Germany)	14 December 1861 Windsor Castle, Berkshire

Queen Victoria, at times, had contentious relations with her children. She had trouble relating to her children when they were young, some of this possibly owing to her isolated childhood.^[4] She also, occasionally, resented that they interfered with time that she would prefer to spend with Albert.^[5] According to one modern author, both Victoria and Albert weren't above playing favourites with their children, and unfortunately did little to hide their favouritism.^[5] BothVicky andAlfred were the favorites of Albert, andArthur enjoyed the favouritism of both his parents.^[5]

According to one modern author, Victoria was initially jealous of the time that Albert had spent with Vicky, but in her widowhood, Victoria made Vicky something of her confidante,^[6] and for her part, Vicky had accrued hundreds of letters from her mother, to the point that shortly before her death, she had them smuggled out of Germany by her brother's secretary,Sir Frederick Ponsonby.^[7]

Of her sons, Victoria had the most trouble with her eldest,Albert Edward, and her youngest,Leopold.^[6] Among her daughters, Victoria clashed often withLouise.^[6] She also had an awkward relationship with her second-eldest daughter,Alice, whom the queen, despite praising her thoughtfulness, also criticised as being too melancholy and self-absorbed.^[6] In her widowhood, Victoria expectedBeatrice, who was only 4 when her father died, to remain at home with her, and only permitted her to marry on the condition that she and her husband would remain in England.^[8]

Portrait of Queen Victoria's family in 1846 byFranz Xaver Winterhalter
(from left to right:) PrincesAlfred andAlbert Edward; The Queen andthe Prince Consort; PrincessesAlice,Helena andVictoria

	Name	Birth	Death	Spouse(dates of birth & death) and children[2][9]
	The PrincessVictoria, Princess Royal	184021 November 1840	19015 August 1901	Married 1858 (January 25th), Prince Frederick William of Prussia (1831–1888), laterFrederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia 4 sons, 4 daughters (includingGerman Emperor William II andSophia, Queen of the Hellenes)
	The PrinceAlbert Edward, Prince of Wales, laterEdward VII	18419 November 1841	19106 May 1910	Married 1863 (March 10th), Princess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925); 3 sons, 3 daughters (includingGeorge V andMaud, Queen of Norway)
	The PrincessAlice	184325 April 1843	187814 December 1878	Married 1862 (July 1st), Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892); 2 sons, 5 daughters (includingAlexandra, the last Empress of All the Russias)
	The PrinceAlfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha andDuke of Edinburgh; Admiral of the Fleet	18446 August 1844	190030 July 1900	Married 1874 (January 23rd), Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920); 2 sons (1stillborn), 4 daughters (includingMarie, Queen of Romania)
	The PrincessHelena	184625 May 1846	19239 June 1923	Married 1866 (July 5th), Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1831–1917); 4 sons (1stillborn), 2 daughters
	The PrincessLouise	184818 March 1848	19393 December 1939	Married 1871 (March 21st), John Campbell (1845–1914), Marquess of Lorne,later 9thDuke of Argyll andGovernor General of Canada (1878–1883); no issue
	The PrinceArthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn; Field Marshal, Governor General of Canada (1911–1916)	18501 May 1850	194216 January 1942	Married 1879 (March 13th), Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia (1860–1917); 1 son, 2 daughters (includingMargaret, Crown Princess of Sweden)
	The PrinceLeopold, Duke of Albany	18537 April 1853	188428 March 1884	Married 1882 (April 27th), Princess Helen of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922); 1 son, 1 daughter
	The PrincessBeatrice	185714 April 1857	1944 26 October 1944	Married 1885 (July 23rd), Prince Henry of Battenberg (1858–1896); 3 sons, 1 daughter (includingVictoria Eugenie, Queen of Spain)

The eldest child of Victoria and Albert wasPrincess Victoria, thePrincess Royal, called "Vicky" (1840–1901). On 25 January 1858, she marriedPrince Frederick Wilhelm of Prussia (1831–1888; Crown Prince from 1861, German Emperor March–June 1888). They had 8 children and 23 grandchildren.

Not only was the Princess Royal the first child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, she also gave them their first grandchild (the future EmperorWilhelm II, 27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) and was the grandmother to both the first of their 87 great-grandchildren to be born,Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen (12 May 1879 – 26 August 1945), daughter ofPrincess Charlotte, and to the last of their 29 great-granddaughters to die,Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (4 May 1913 – 2 October 2007), daughter ofPrincess Sophie.

Queen Victoria → Princess Victoria → German Emperor Wilhelm II →Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia →Princess Frederica of Hanover (Queen of the Hellenes) → King Constantine II

Queen Victoria → Princess Victoria →Princess Sophie of Prussia → King Paul → King Constantine II

Queen Victoria → Princess Victoria →Princess Sophie of Prussia → Helen, Queen of Romania → King Michael I

The Marriage of Princess Victoria and Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia
	Name	Birth	Death	Notes[2]
	Princess Victoria, Princess Royal	21 November 1840 Buckingham Palace, Westminster (London)	5 August 1901 Schloss Friedrichshof,Kronberg im Taunus,Grand Duchy of Hesse, (Germany)	Married 25 January 1858 inSt James's Palace,Westminster (London). 4 sons, 4 daughters (includingGerman Emperor Wilhelm II andSophia, Queen of the Hellenes); 18 grandsons, 5 granddaughters (including KingsGeorge II,Alexander andPaul of Greece and QueenHelen of Romania) ¶ Crown Prince Frederick William succeeded his father EmperorWilhelm I on 9 March 1888, but died in June.
	Crown Prince Frederick William of Prussia, laterFrederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia	18 October 1831 New Palace,Potsdam,Prussia, (Germany)	15 June 1888 New Palace, Potsdam, Prussia, (Germany)

The portrait below shows the Princess Royal with her husband Frederick William and with Victoria and Albert's first two grandchildren, the future KaiserWilhelm II (1859–1941) andPrincess Charlotte (1860–1919), who were the only grandchildren born during Albert's lifetime.

Portrait of Crown Princess Victoria's family in 1862 byFranz Xaver Winterhalter
From left to right: Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, Crown Prince Frederick William and the Princess Royal with Princess Charlotte of Prussia

Picture	Name	Birth	Death	Notes[3]
	Crown Prince Wilhelm,laterWilhelm II, German Emperor andKing of Prussia	27 January 1859 Berlin, Prussia	3 June 1941 Doorn, Netherlands	Reigned from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918 (abdicated)
				Married (1) 1881 (February 27),Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (1858–1921) with issue (6 sons, 1 daughter): Crown Prince Wilhelm (1882–1951), Prince Eitel Friedrich (1883–1942), Prince Adalbert (1884–1948), Prince August Wilhelm (1887–1949), Prince Oskar (1888–1958), Prince Joachim (1890–1920) and Princess Victoria Louise (1892–1980)
				Married (2) 1922 (November 5)Princess Hermine Reuss of Greiz (1887–1947),no issue.
	Princess Charlotte of Prussia	24 July 1860 Potsdam,Prussia	1 October 1919 Baden-Baden,German Republic	Married 1878 (February 18)Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen, (1851–1928), laterDuke Bernhard III (1914–1918), with issue (1 daughter): Princess Feodora (1879–1945), — Queen Victoria's first great-grandchild. Modern medical tests revealed that both Charlotte and her daughter suffered fromporphyria, which had afflicted Charlotte's great-great-grandfatherKing George III.[10]
	Prince Henry of Prussia	14 August 1862 Potsdam,Prussia	20 April 1929 Hemmelmark,German Republic	Married 1888 (May 24)Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine (1866–1953), daughter of his auntPrincess Alice(see below) and had issue (3 sons): Prince Waldemar (1889–1945), Prince Sigismund (1896–1978) and Prince Heinrich (1900–1904).
	Prince Sigismund of Prussia	15 September 1864 Potsdam,Prussia	18 June 1866 Potsdam,Prussia	Died frommeningitis at 21 months old and was the first of their grandchildren to die.
	Princess Viktoria of Prussia	12 April 1866 Potsdam,Prussia	13 November 1929 Bonn, German Republic	Married (1) 1890 (November 19)Prince Adolf of Schaumburg-Lippe (1859–1916), no issue
				Married (2) 1927 (November 19) Alexander Zoubkoff,no issue.
	Prince Waldemar of Prussia	10 February 1868 Berlin, Prussia	27 March 1879 Potsdam,Prussia	Died fromdiphtheria at 11 years old.
	Princess Sophie of Prussia, later Queen of the Hellenes[Greeks]	14 June 1870 Berlin, Prussia	13 January 1932 Frankfurt- am-Main,German Republic	Married 1889 (October 27)King Constantine I of Greece (1868–1923) and had issue (3 sons, 3 daughters): Crown Prince George (1890–1947), (see below)later King George II, Prince Alexander (1893–1920),later King Alexander I and    father ofPrincess Alexandra of Greece and Denmark,   later Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia Princess Helen (1896–1982), (see below)later Queen of Romania and    mother ofKing Michael I of Romania, Prince Paul (1901–1964),later King Paul I and father of   Queen Sofía of Spain andKing Constantine II of Greece Princess Irene (1904–1974), and Princess Katherine (Lady Katherine Brandram) (1913–2007).
	Princess Margaret of Prussia	22 April 1872 Potsdam,Prussia	22 January 1954 Kronberg,West Germany	Married 1893 (January 25)Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse (1868–1940), later electedKing of Finland (October–December 1918), and had issue (6 sons): Prince Friedrich Wilhelm (1893–1916), Prince Maximilian (1894–1914), Prince Philipp (1896–1980) andPrince Wolfgang (1896–1989) (twins), Prince Christoph (1901–1943) andPrince Richard (1901–1969) (twins).

Prince Albert Edward (1841–1910), then thePrince of Wales, marriedPrincess Alexandra of Denmark (1844–1925), later Queen Alexandra of the United Kingdom, on 10 March 1863. They had 3 sons (one of whom died within a day), 3 daughters, 7 grandsons (onestillborn) and 3 granddaughters. The Prince of Wales became KingEdward VII andEmperor of India at the death of his motherQueen Victoria on 22 January 1901.

Edward and Alexandra's son, KingGeorge V, (reigned 1910–1936) was the father of KingsEdward VIII (reigned 1936) andGeorge VI (1936–1952), and thereby the paternal grandfather ofQueen Elizabeth II (reigned 1952–2022) and her sisterPrincess Margaret (1930–2002). Elizabeth and Margaret were therefore great-granddaughters of Edward VII and great-great-granddaughters of Queen Victoria.

Queen Victoria → King Edward VII → King George V → King George VI → Queen Elizabeth II → King Charles III

Edward and Alexandra's daughterPrincess Maud of Wales became Queen of Norway when her husband, Prince Carl of Denmark, became KingHaakon VII (1905–1957) upon thedissolution of Norway's union with Sweden in 1905. Their son, and Edward's grandson, becameKing Olav V (1957–1991); and Olav's children,King Harald V (since 1991),Princess Ragnhild andPrincess Astrid, are thus great-grandchildren of Edward VII and great-great-grandchildren of Victoria and Albert.

Queen Victoria → King Edward VII → Princess Maud of Wales (Queen of Norway) → King Olav V → King Harald V

The Marriage of Edward, Prince of Wales, and Princess Alexandra of Denmark
	Name	Birth	Death	Marriage and children
	Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, laterEdward VII, King of the United KingdomandEmperor of India	9 November 1841 Buckingham Palace,Westminster (London)	6 May 1910 Buckingham Palace,Westminster (London)	Married 10 March 1863 inSt. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle. 3 sons, 3 daughters (includingKing George V andMaud, Queen of Norway); 7 grandsons, 3 granddaughters (including British KingsEdward VIII andGeorge VI, and Norwegian KingOlav V) ¶ Edward acceded to the throne when his mother Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901. He and Princess Alexandra were crowned King and Queen on 2 August 1902 inWestminster Abbey (London) byFrederick Temple, theArchbishop of Canterbury.
	Princess Alexandra of Denmark	1 December 1844 Yellow Palace,near Amalienborg Palace, Copenhagen, Denmark	20 November 1925 Sandringham House, Norfolk, England

Portrait of the Prince of Wales's family in 1876 byHeinrich von Angeli
From left to right: Prince Albert Victor, the Prince of Wales, Princess Maud and the Princess of Wales

	Name	Birth	Death	Notes[3]
	Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale	8 January 1864 Frogmore House, Windsor, Berkshire	14 January 1892 Sandringham House, Norfolk	CreatedDuke of Clarence and Avondale in 1890; died ofinfluenza six days after his 28th birthday. Engaged in 1891 to his cousinPrincess Mary of Teck,later Queen Mary.
	Prince George, Prince of Wales, later George V, King of the United Kingdom	3 June 1865 Marlborough House, London	20 January 1936 Sandringham House, Norfolk	Reigned from 6 May 1910 to 20 January 1936; married 1893 (July 6)PrincessMary of Teck,    (26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953),later Queen Mary, and had issue (5 sons, 1 daughter): Edward, Prince of Wales (1894–1972) —laterKing Edward VIII (20 January – 11 December 1936) —later Prince Edward,Duke of Windsor (8 March 1937 – 28 May 1972), Prince Albert, Duke of York (1895–1952) —laterKing George VI (11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952) and     father ofElizabeth II (1926–2022; reigned 1952–2022), Mary, Princess Royal (1897–1965), —laterCountess of Harewood, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1900–1974),    Field Marshal,Marshal of the RAF,Governor-General of Australia, Prince George, Duke of Kent    (1902–1942,killed on active duty). and Prince John (1905–1919).
	Princess Louise, Princess Royal	20 February 1867 Marlborough House, London	4 January 1931 Portman Square, London	Married 1889 (July 27)Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife (1849–1912) and had issue (1 son, 2 daughters): Alastair Duff, Earl of Macduff (stillborn, 1890), Princess Alexandra, 2nd Duchess of Fife (1891–1959) (see below) and Maud Carnegie, Countess of Southesk (1893–1945).
	Princess Victoria	6 July 1868 Marlborough House, London	3 December 1935 Coppins,Buckinghamshire	Died unmarried.
	Princess Maud of Wales later Queen of Norway	26 November 1869 Marlborough House, London	20 November 1938 London	Married 1896 (July 22)Prince Carl of Denmark (1872–1957), —laterKing Haakon VII of Norway (1905–1957) and had issue (1 son): Prince Alexander (1903–1991), —later Crown Prince andKing Olav V of Norway (1957–1991) father ofKing Harald V of Norway.
	Prince Alexander John of Wales	6 April 1871 Sandringham House, Norfolk	7 April 1871 Sandringham House, Norfolk	Born prematurely at 2:45 p.m., and died 24 hours later. He waschristened privately by Reverend W. Lake Onslow in the evening after his birth. His christening was attended by the Prince and Princess of Wales, a lady-in-waiting and a doctor who had been at the birth.[citation needed]

Princess Alice (1843–1878) marriedPrince Louis of Hesse (1837–1892), later Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse, on 1 July 1862. They had two sons (one of whom, "Frittie", Prince Friedrich of Hesse, was a haemophiliac and died from bleeding out after a fall out of his mother's bedroom window), five daughters (one of whom died of diphtheria), and fifteen grandchildren (two of whom died at a young age). Prince Ludwig succeeded to the Grand Duchy of Hesse as Grand Duke Louis IV of Hesse, and Princess Alice as the Grand Duchess of Hesse, on 13 July 1877.

Alice and Louis's daughter,Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, marriedPrince Louis of Battenberg, and was the mother ofPrincess Alice of Battenberg (1885–1969), who became Alice, Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, when she marriedPrince Andrew of Greece and Denmark on 6 October 1903. Princess Alice was the mother ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, the husband of QueenElizabeth II. Princess Victoria was also the mother ofQueen Louise of Sweden.

Queen Victoria → Princess Alice → Princess Victoria of Hesse → Princess Alice of Battenberg → Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Alice and Louis's second daughter,Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine, married, in 1884, the RussianGrand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, the fifth son ofTsar Alexander II andEmpress Maria Alexandrovna, and younger brother of the then reigningTsar Alexander III. They had no children, but were the foster parents toGrand Duchess Maria Pavlovna andGrand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, children of Sergei's youngest brother,Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia. Following Sergei's assassination in February 1905, she eventually became a nun and was killed by the Bolsheviks on 18 July 1918. She was canonized by theRussian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia in 1981 and in 1992 by theMoscow Patriarchate.

Prince Ernest Louis becameErnest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse, upon his father's death in March 1892. He married his first cousin,Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1876-1936), in April 1894, and had one daughter,Princess Elisabeth of Hesse who died of typhoid fever, aged 8. The couple were divorced on 21 December 1901. The Grand Duke married for a second time toPrincess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (1871–1937), and had two sons:Georg Donatus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Hesse who marriedPrincess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark, sister ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and had issue, andPrince Louis of Hesse and by Rhine.

Princess Alix of Hesse, the youngest surviving child of the Grand Ducal pair, became the last Empress of All the Russias through her marriage toNicholas II of Russia in 1894. They had five children: four daughters, the Grand DuchessesOlga,Tatiana,Maria, andAnastasia, and one son, theTsarevich Alexei, who was a haemophiliac. The Russian Imperial Family was murdered on 17 July 1918 byBolsheviks. The entire family was canonized by the Russian Orthodox church in 2000.

Queen Victoria → Princess Alice → Princess Alix of Hesse (Tsarina Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia)

The Marriage of Princess Alice and Louis IV of Hesse
	Name	Birth	Death	Marriage and children
	Princess Alice	25 April 1843 Buckingham Palace, London, England	14 December 1878 New Palace, Darmstadt, Hesse (Germany)	Married privately on 1 July 1862 (six months after the death of Alice's father,Prince Albert), in the dining room ofOsborne House, East Cowes (Isle of Wight), England 2 sons, 5 daughters (includingAlexandra, the last Empress of Russia); 9 grandsons(1 stillborn), 7 granddaughters (including QueenLouise of Sweden and Earl Mountbatten of Burma, the last Viceroy of India) ¶ Prince Louis becameGrand Duke of Hesse on 13 June 1877, less than two years before Princess Alice's death.
	Prince Louis of Hesse,laterLouis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine	12 September 1837 Darmstadt, Hesse	13 March 1892

Portrait of Princess Alice's family by Heinrich von Angeli
From left to right: Princess Alix, Princess Elisabeth, the Grand Duke, the Grand Duchess and Prince Ernest Louis

Picture	Name	Birth	Death	Notes[3]
	Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine	5 April 1863 Windsor Castle,Berkshire, England	24 September 1950 Kensington Palace, London, England	Married 1884Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921),   Admiral of the Fleet,First Sea Lord    [later Louis Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Milford Haven,    after renouncing German style and titles in July 1917], and had issue (2 sons, 2 daughters): Princess Alice (1885–1969),   later Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark, and    mother ofPrince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Princess Louise (1889–1965),   laterLouise Mountbatten, Queen of Sweden and    stepmother ofQueen Ingrid of Denmark Prince George (1892–1938),laterGeorge Mountbatten,    2nd Marquess of Milford Haven and Prince Louis (1900–1979),laterEarl Mountbatten of Burma,   Admiral of the Fleet, lastViceroy of India & First Sea Lord
	Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine	1 November 1864 Bessungen,Hesse, Germany	18 July 1918 Alapaevsk, Russia	Married 1884Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia (born 1857; assassinated 1905), No children Princess Elisabeth was assassinated by theBolsheviks after theOctober Revolution, as was, separately, her sister Alix (Empress Alexandra)
	Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine	11 July 1866 Darmstadt,Hesse, Germany	11 November 1953 Hemmelmark, West Germany	Married 1888Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929), son of her auntVictoria, the British Princess Royal & German Empress(see above), and had issue (3 sons): Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1889–1945), Prince Sigismund of Prussia (1896–1978) and Prince Henry of Prussia (1900–1904).
	Ernest Louis, later Grand Duke of Hesse	25 November 1868 Darmstadt,Hesse, Germany	9 October 1937 Langen, Germany	Succeeded as head of theHouse of Hesse-Darmstadt in 1892.
				Married (1) 1894Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1876–1936), daughter of his unclePrince Alfred(see below), and had issue (1 son, 1 daughter): Princess Elisabeth (1895–1903) and an unnamedstillborn son (1900); ¶ the marriage ended in divorce in 1901.
				Married (2) 1905Princess Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich (1871–1937) and had issue (2 sons): Hereditary Grand Duke Georg Donatus (1906–1937) and Prince Louis (1908–1968).
	Prince Friedrich of Hesse and by Rhine	7 October 1870 Darmstadt,Hesse, Germany	29 May 1873 Darmstadt,Hesse, Germany	Suffered fromhaemophilia and died from abrain haemorrhage after falling from a bedroom window.
	Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine, later Empress Alexandra of All the Russias	6 June 1872 Darmstadt,Hesse, Germany	17 July 1918 Ekaterinburg, Russia	Married 1894Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918), taking the name Alexandra Feodorovna, and had issue (1 son, 4 daughters): Grand Duchess Olga (1895–1918), Grand Duchess Tatiana (1897–1918), Grand Duchess Maria (1899–1918), Grand Duchess Anastasia (1901–1918), Tsarevich Alexei (1904–1918). ¶The entire family was killed in July 1918 in the aftermath of theBolshevik Revolution, as was Alexandra's sister, the Grand DuchessElisabeth (Princess Elisabeth of Hesse) the following day.
	Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine	24 May 1874 Darmstadt,Hesse, Germany	16 November 1878 Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany	Died fromdiphtheria at 4 years old.

Prince Alfred (1844–1900) married theGrand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (1853–1920), the only surviving daughter ofTsar Alexander II andEmpress Marie Alexandrovna, on 23 January 1874 at theWinter Palace inSt Petersburg, Russia. They had 2 sons (one stillborn), 4 daughters, 10 grandsons (8 of whom survived their first week of life) and 9 granddaughters. In June 1893, Prince Alfred achieved theRoyal Navy rank ofAdmiral of the Fleet, shortly before succeeding his paternal uncle,Ernest II, asDuke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in August 1893.

Prince Alfred's daughter (and Queen Victoria's granddaughter)Princess Marie of Edinburgh became Queen of Romania in 1914 after marrying the futureKing Ferdinand in 1893.

• King Ferdinand and Queen Marie's sonKing Carol II of Romania (Victoria's great-grandson) was the father ofKing Michael of Romania (the great-great-grandson of Victoria);
• their daughter (and Victoria's great-granddaughter)Princess Elisabeth was married from 1921 to 1935 toKing George II of Greece (reigned 1922–1924 & 1935–1947); and
• their daughter (and Victoria's great-granddaughter)Princess Maria was married toKing Alexander I of Yugoslavia (reigned 1921–1934) and the mother ofKing Peter II (reigned 1934–1945, another great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria)

Queen Victoria → Prince Alfred → Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Queen of Romania) → King Carol II → King Michael I
Queen Victoria → Prince Alfred → Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Queen of Romania) → Princess Elisabeth of Romania (Queen of the Hellenes)
Queen Victoria → Prince Alfred → Princess Marie of Edinburgh (Queen of Romania) → Princess Marie of Romania (Queen of Yugoslavia) → King Peter II

The Marriage of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, and Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
	Name	Birth	Death	Marriage and children
	Prince Alfred, laterDuke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha andDuke of Edinburgh; Admiral of the Fleet	6 August 1844 Windsor Castle, Berkshire, England	30 July 1900 Rosenau Castle, Coburg, Germany	Married 23 January 1874 at theWinter Palace,St Petersburg, Russia; 2 sons (1stillborn), 4 daughters (includingMarie, Queen of Romania) 10 grandsons (of whom 1 stillborn), 9 granddaughters (including KingCarol II of Romania, QueenElisabeth of Greece and QueenMaria of Yugoslavia) ¶ Prince Alfred was madeDuke of Edinburgh on 24 May 1866, and succeeded asDuke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on 22 August 1893, living there until his death in 1900.
	Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia	17 October 1853 Tsarskoye Selo, Russia	24 October 1920 Zürich, Switzerland

Portrait of Prince Alfred's family in 1884 byKarl Rudolf Sohn
From left to right: Prince Alfred, the Duchess of Edinburgh, Princess Marie and the Duke of Edinburgh

Picture	Name	Birth	Death	Notes[3]
	Prince Alfred, later Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	15 October 1874 Buckingham Palace, London	6 February 1899 Martinnsbrunn Sanatorium, Gratsch, Merano(Meran), Austria	Rumoured, but never proven to have married in 1898Mabel Fitzgerald (with no issue). ¶ Alfred suffered from nervous depression and possiblysyphilis. He supposedly attempted suicide by shooting himself with a revolver, and was sent to recover at Schloss (Castle) Friedenstein inGotha, Germany, before being moved, while still badly wounded, to the Martinnsbrunn Sanatorium in Gratsch nearMerano (Meran) in theSouth Tyrol (Austria, now Italy), where he died; however, this rumor is unproven.
	Princess Marie of Edinburgh, later Queen of Romania	29 October 1875 Eastwell Park,Kent	18 July 1938 Sinaia, Romania	Married 1893Ferdinand, Hereditary Prince of Romania (1865–1927), —laterKing Ferdinand I (1914–1927), and had issue (3 sons, 3 daughters): Crown Prince Carol (1893–1953), (see above)laterKing Carol II (1930–40),    father ofKing Michael, Princess Elisabeta (1894–1956), (see above)later Queen of Greece, Princess Maria (1900–1961),later Queen of Yugoslavia and    mother ofKing Peter II of Yugoslavia, Prince Nicholas (1903–1978), Princess Ileana (1909–1991), and Prince Mircea (1913–1916).
	Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha later Grand Duchess Victoria Feodorovna of Russia	25 November 1876 San Antonio Palace, Malta	2 March 1936 Amorbach,Bavaria, Germany	Married 1894 (1) her paternal first cousin,Ernest Louis (1868–1937),Grand Duke of Hesse (1892–1918), the son of her auntPrincess Alice(see above), and had issue (1 stillborn son, 1 daughter): Princess Elisabeth (1895–1903) and an unnamedstillborn son (1900). ¶ The marriage ended in divorce in 1901.
				Married 1905 (2), her maternal first cousin,Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia (1876–1938) (heir to the Russian throne and self-proclaimed Emperor of all the Russias from 1924), and had issue (1 son, 2 daughters): Princess Maria Kirillovna (1907–1951), Princess Kira Kirillovna (1909–1967), and Prince Vladimir Kirillovich (1917–1992).
	Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	1 September 1878 Rosenau Castle, Coburg, Germany	16 April 1942 Schwäbisch Hall, Germany	Married 1896Prince Ernest II of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (1863–1950) and had issue (2 sons, 3 daughters): Prince Gottfried (1897–1960), Princess Marie-Melita (1899–1967), Princess Alexandra Beatrice (1901–1963), Princess Irma (1902–1986), and Prince Alfred (16–18 April 1911) ¶The senior Princess Alexandra joined theNational Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) in 1937.
	Stillborn son	13 October 1879 Eastwell Park,Kent, England	13 October 1879 Eastwell Park,Kent, England	Died at birth.
	Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	20 April 1884 Eastwell Park,Kent, England	13 July 1966 Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain	Married 1909Prince Alfonso de Orléans y Borbón, Duke of Galliera (1886–1975),Spanish Air Force chief of staff, and had issue (3 sons): Prince Álvaro de Orléans (1910–1997),later Duke of Galliera, Prince Alonso de Orléans (1912–1936) and Prince Ataúlfo de Orleans (1913–1974).

Princess Helena (1846–1923) marriedPrince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (1831–1917) inWindsor Castle's private chapel on 5 July 1866. Two sons and two daughters survived childhood; two other sons died within ten days of their birth. Princess Helena and Prince Christian had no legitimate grandchildren and one natural granddaughter who died without having issue of her own. Like other British royal holders of German titles (such as AdmiralLouis Battenberg), Princess Helena, Prince Christian, and their two daughters gave up their titles to Schleswig-Holstein in 1917 when the British and German Empires were at war.

The Marriage of Princess Helena and Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein
	Name	Birth	Death	Marriage and children
	Princess Helena	25 May 1846 Buckingham Palace, London, England	9 June 1923 Schomberg House, London, England	Married 5 July 1866 inWindsor Castle,Windsor, Berkshire. 4 sons(of whom 2 survived their first month), 2 daughters (includingDuke Albert,Princess Helena Victoria, andPrincess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein); 1 natural granddaughter (Valerie Marie zu Schleswig-Holstein, Duchess ofArenberg) ¶ Princess Helena and Prince Christian have no surviving descendants today; Valerie Marie died childless.
	Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein	22 January 1831 Augustenborg, Denmark	28 October 1917 Schomberg House,London, England