Genus of flowering plants
Primula /ˈ p r ɪ m j ʊ l ə [ 2] genus ofherbaceous [ 3] flowering plants in thefamily Primulaceae . They include the primrose (P. vulgaris wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species areP. auricula P. veris P. elatior flowers . They have been extensively cultivated andhybridised (in the case of the primrose, for many hundreds of years).Primula arenative to thetemperate Northern Hemisphere , south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia, andNew Guinea , and in temperate southern South America. Almost half of the known species are from theHimalayas .[ 3]
Primula has over 500 species in traditional treatments, and more if certain related genera are included within itscircumscription .[ 4]
Primula is a complex and varied genus, with a range of habitats from alpine slopes to boggy meadows. Plants bloom mostly during the spring, with flowers often appearing in spherical umbels on stout stems arising from basal rosettes of leaves; their flowers can be purple, yellow, red, pink, blue, or white. Some species show a white mealy bloom (farina) on various parts of the plant.[ 3] alpine climates .
Primula was known at least as early as the mediaevalherbalists , although first formally described as agenus byLinnaeus in 1753,[ 5] Flora Anglica . Linnaeus described seven species ofPrimula . One of its earliest scientific treatments was that ofCharles Darwin study ofheterostyly in 1877 (The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species taxonomic classification of Primula.[ 6] [ 7] family . The most complete treatment of the family, with nearly 1000species arranged into 22 genera, was byPax andKnuth in 1905.[ 8]
Primula is the largest genus in the familyPrimulaceae , within which it is placed in the subfamilyPrimuloideae , being the nominative genus.[ 9]
The position ofPrimula within the family and its relationship to other genera is shown in thiscladogram :
The genusDodecatheon originated from withinPrimula , its species are now included inPrimula .[ 10]
Sections of genusPrimula [ edit ] The classification of the genusPrimula has been investigated by botanists for over a century. As the genus is both large and diverse (with about 430–500 species), botanists have organized the species in various sub-generic groups. The most common is division into a series of thirty sections.[ 11] [ 12] Vernales ,Auricula ) contain many species; others contain only one.
Amethystina Auricula Bullatae Candelabra Capitatae Carolinella Cortusoides Cuneifolia Denticulata Dryadifolia Farinosae Floribundae Grandis Malacoidea Malvacea Minutissimae Muscaroides Nivales Obconica Parryi Petiolares Pinnatae Pycnoloba Reinii Rotundifolia Sikkimensis Sinenses Soldanelloideae Souliei Vernales Species include:[ 13] [ 14] [ 15]
Primula algida Primula auriantaca Primula beesiana Primula capitata mooreana Primula clarkei Primula denticulata Primula elatior (oxlip)Primula florindae Primula glutinosa Primula helodoxa Primula japonica Primula marginata Primula megaseifolia Primula prolifera Primula rosea Primula sieboldii Primula veris Primula vialii Primula ×pubescens The wordprimula is the Latin femininediminutive ofprimus , meaning first (prime), applied to flowers that are among the first to open in spring.[ 29]
Distribution and habitat [ edit ] Although there are over 400 species ofPrimula , about 75% are found in the easternHimalayan mountain chain and western China (Yunnan ), constituting acentre of diversity . Other centres of diversity are a western Asian centre (Caucasus , European mountain ranges from thePyrenees , through theAlps to theCarpathian Mountains ), mountains of East Asia and those of western North America.Primula is found in mountainous or higher latitude zones of North America, Europe, and Asia, with extension into South America, Africa (mountains of Ethiopia) and tropical Asia (islands of Java and Sumatra).[ 6] [ 9] [ 30]
Primula is found in the humid and moderate climate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominantly in the forest belt, plain meadows, Alpine lawns, andnival and meadowtundras .[ 9]
Primulas are used as a food plant by theDuke of Burgundy butterfly .[ 31]
Primula species have been extensively cultivated andhybridised , mainly derived fromP. elatior ,P. juliae ,P. veris andP. vulgaris . Polyanthus (Primula × polyantha annuals orbiennials and available as seeds or young plants.[ 32]
Another huge range of cultivars, known as auriculas, are derived from crosses betweenP. auricula andP. hirsuta (among others). Specialist nurseries and auricula societies[ 33]
The following hybrid varieties andcultivars have gained theRoyal Horticultural Society 'sAward of Garden Merit :-[ 34]
'Broadwell Milkmaid' (auri)[ 35] Charisma series (prim)[ 36] 'Clarence Elliott' (auri)[ 37] Crescendo Series (poly)'Crescendo Blue Shades'[ 38] 'Crescendo Bright Red'[ 39] 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades'[ 40] Danova Series (prim)[ 41] 'Francisca' (poly)[ 43] 'Guinevere' (poly)[ 44] Primula ×loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' (auri)[ 45] Primula ×pubescens (auri)[ 46] 'Tony' (auri)[ 47] 'Wanda' (prim)[ 48] [ 50]
^ Primula L.Plants of the World Online ^ Sunset Western Garden Book . 1995. pp. 606– 07.^a b c RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants . United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley . 2008. p. 1136.ISBN 978-1405332965 ^ "Primula in Flora of North America @ efloras.org" .www.efloras.org . Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved19 February 2023 .^ Linnaeus 1753 .^a b Mast et al 2001 .^ Gilmartin 2015 .^ Martins et al 2003 .^a b c Kovtonyuk & Goncharov 2009 .^ Weakley, A. S. (2008)."Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas " .Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved8 June 2009 . ^ Ingwersen, Will (1986) [1978].Ingwersen's Manual of Alpine Plants . Portland: Timber Press.ISBN 978-0-88192-026-0 ^ Green, Roy (1986) [1976].Asiatic Primulas . Woking, Surrey, UK: Alpine Garden Society. ^ "Primula" .www.efloras.org . Archived fromthe original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved19 February 2023 .^ "Primula" .www.efloras.org . Archived fromthe original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved19 February 2023 .^ GRIN Species Records ofPrimula . Archived 24 September 2015 at theWayback Machine Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).^ Basak, S. K. and G. G. Maiti. 2000.Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya.Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 51(1) 11-15. ^a b Ming, H. C. and G. Y. Ying. (2003).Two new species ofPrimula (Primulaceae) from China. Archived 4 March 2016 at theWayback Machine Novon 13 196-199. ^ Xun, G. and F. Rhui-cheng. (2003).Primula calyptrata , a new species in sectionCarolinella (Primulaceae) from Yunnan, China.Archived 4 March 2016 at theWayback Machine Novon 13 193-95. ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved15 November 2018 .^a b Hu, C. M.; Hao, G. (June 2011)."New and Noteworthy Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China" .Edinburgh Journal of Botany .68 (2):297– 300.doi :10.1017/S096042861100014X ISSN 1474-0036 . ^ Li, R. and C. M. Hu. (2009).Primula lihengiana (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China.Archived 23 October 2014 at theWayback Machine Annales Botanici Fennici 46(2) 130-32 ^ Rankin, David W. H. (2012). "726. Primula Melanantha".Curtis's Botanical Magazine .29 :18– 33.doi :10.1111/j.1467-8748.2012.01768.x . ^ Rix, Martyn (2005). "529. Primula Moupinensis. Primulaceae".Curtis's Botanical Magazine .22 (2):119– 123.doi :10.1111/j.1355-4905.2005.00477.x . ^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved15 November 2018 .^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved15 November 2018 .^ "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" .IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved15 November 2018 .^ Chi-Ming, H. (1994)."New Taxa and Combinations in Chinese Primulaceae" .Novon .4 (2):103– 105.Bibcode :1994Novon...4..103C .doi :10.2307/3391576 .JSTOR 3391576 . Retrieved19 February 2023 . ^a b Primula verticillata (yellow primrose).Archived 5 September 2012 at theWayback Machine Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.^ Coombes, Allen J. (2012).The A to Z of Plant Names 242 .ISBN 9781604691962 ^ Kelso 1991 .^ "UK Butterflies - Larval Foodplants" .Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved24 April 2017 .^ Reader's Digest Encyclopedia of Garden Plants & Flowers, 2nd edition . United Kingdom: Reader's Digest Association. 1978.^ "Welcome to The National Auricula & Primula Society: Midland & West Section" . National Auricula Society.Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved18 February 2021 .^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF) . Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 81.Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2018. Retrieved14 May 2018 .^ "Primula 'Broadwell Milkmaid' . RHS.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula 'Charisma Series' . RHS.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula 'Clarence Elliott' . RHS.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula 'Crescendo Blue Shades' .Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula 'Crescendo Bright Red' .Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula 'Crescendo Pink and Rose Shades' .Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula Danova Series" .Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula 'Danova Rose' .Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula 'Francisca' . RHS.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula 'Guinevere' .Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula ×loiseleurii 'Aire Mist' . RHS. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula ×pubescens " . RHS.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula 'Tony' . RHS. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "RHS Plant Selector -Primula 'Wanda' .Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved17 February 2021 .^ "Primula ×polyantha " .Germplasm Resources Information Network Agricultural Research Service ,United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved12 December 2017 .^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt , Moustafa, Abdelraouf & Mauricio, R & Mansour, Hassan (2016).Linnaeus, Carl (1753)."Primula" .Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas 142– 144.Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved4 June 2021 .see also Species Plantarum Gilmartin, Philip M. (2015)."On the origins of observations of heterostyly in Primula" (PDF) .New Phytologist 208 (1):39– 51.Bibcode :2015NewPh.208...39G .doi :10.1111/nph.13558 PMID 26255981 . Kelso, Sylvia (1991). "Taxonomy of Primula Sects. Aleuritia and Armerina in North America".Rhodora 93 (873):67– 99.JSTOR 23312756 . Kovtonyuk, N. K.; Goncharov, A. A. (June 2009). "Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Primula L. (Primulaceae) inferred from the ITS region sequences of nuclear rDNA".Russian Journal of Genetics 45 (6):663– 670.doi :10.1134/S1022795409060052 .S2CID 30118798 . Martins, L.; Oberprieler, C.; Hellwig, F. H. (2003). "A phylogenetic analysis of Primulaceae s.l. based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data".Plant Systematics and Evolution 237 (1– 2):75– 85.Bibcode :2003PSyEv.237...75M .doi :10.1007/s00606-002-0258-1 .S2CID 43988431 . Mast, Austin R.; Kelso, Sylvia; Richards, A. John; Lang, Daniela J.; Feller, Danielle M. S.; Conti, Elena (2001). "Phylogenetic Relationships in Primula L. and Related Genera (Primulaceae) Based on Noncoding Chloroplast DNA".International Journal of Plant Sciences 162 (6):1381– 1400.Bibcode :2001IJPlS.162.1381M .doi :10.1086/323444 .JSTOR 323444 .S2CID 59929813 . "The American Primrose Society" .Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved6 June 2021 .Basak, Sandip Kumar; Maiti, G. G. (2000). "Primula arunachalensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from the Eastern Himalaya".Acta Phytotaxonomica et Geobotanica .51 (1):11– 15.doi :10.18942/bunruichiri.KJ00001077444 . Ming, Hu Chi; Ying, Geng Yu (2003)."Two New Species of Primula (Primulaceae) from China" (PDF) .Novon 13 (2):196– 199.Bibcode :2003Novon..13..196M .doi :10.2307/3393518 .JSTOR 3393518 .Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved10 July 2013 . Fu, Kunjun; Ohba, Hideaki; Gilbert, Michael G. (2004)."Primula" .Archived from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved4 June 2021 . Flora of China online vol. 15Little, R. John; McKinney, Landon E. (2003)."Primula" .Flora of North America Oxford University Press .Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved5 June 2021 . GRIN (2021)."Species of Primula" .U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (GRIN) Archived from the original on 6 June 2021. Retrieved6 June 2021 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Primula .
[ 1] [ 2] [ 3]
International National Other
^ https://www.mutagens.co.in/jgb/vol.09/12/091204.pdf , CLIMATE CHANGE CAUSE EXTINCTION FOR Primula boveana FROM ITS NATURAL HABITATS IN SOUTH SINAI, EGYPT.Moustafa, A., & Mansour, S. (2020)^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299247893_Evolution_and_conservation_of_Sinai's_primrose_Primula_boveana_an_endangered_pre-glacial_relict_species_growing_on_Sinai_Mountain_Egypt . Moustafa, A. A., Zaghloul, M.S., Mauricio, R., and Mansour, H. M. H. (2016).^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281438454_Characteristics_of_two_endemic_and_endangered_species_Primula_boveana_and_Kickxia_macilenta_growing_in_south_Sinai . Moustafa, A. A., Ramadan, A. A., Zaghloulol, M.S., & Helmy, M. A., (2001).
_3.JPG)
.jpg)
