Scene from the Trojan War:Cassandra clings to thePalladium, the wooden cult image of Athene, whileAjax the Lesser is about to drag her away in front of her father Priam (standing on the left).
Most scholars take the etymology of the name from theLuwian 𒉺𒊑𒀀𒈬𒀀 (Pa-ri-a-mu-a-, or “exceptionally courageous”),[2][3] attested as the name of a man from Zazlippa, inKizzuwatna. A similar form is attested transcribed in Greek asParamoas near Kaisareia inCappadocia.[4]Some have identified Priam with the historical figure ofPiyama-Radu, a warlord active in the vicinity ofWilusa.[5] However, this identification is disputed, and is highly unlikely, given that he was known in Hittite records as being an ally of theAhhiyawa against Wilusa.
A popular folk etymology derives the name from the Greek verbpriamai, meaning 'to buy'. This in turn gives rise to a story of Priam's sister Hesione ransoming his freedom with a veil, fromHeracles, thereby 'buying' him.[6] This story is attested in theBibliotheca and in other influential mythographical works dated to the first and second centuries AD.[7] These sources are, however, dated much later than the first attestations of the name Priamos or Pariya-muwas, and thus are more problematic.[citation needed]
Priam was described by the chroniclerMalalas in his account of theChronography as "tall for the age, big, good, ruddy-colored, light-eyed, long-nosed, eyebrows meeting, keen-eyed, gray, restrained."[8] Meanwhile, in the account ofDares the Phrygian, he was illustrated as ". . .had a handsome face and a pleasant voice. He was large and swarthy."[9]
Priam is said to have fathered fifty sons and many daughters, with his chief wifeHecuba, daughter of thePhrygian kingDymas and many other wives and concubines. These children include famous mythological figures such asHector,Paris,Helenus,Cassandra,Deiphobus,Troilus,Laodice,Polyxena,Creusa, andPolydorus. Priam was killed when he was around 80 years old by Achilles' son Neoptolemus.
Priam killed byNeoptolemus, detail of an Attic black-figure amphora, ca. 520–510 BC
When Hector is killed byAchilles, the Greek warrior treats the body with disrespect and refuses to give it back. According to Homer in book XXIV of theIliad,Zeus sends the godHermes to escort King Priam, Hector's father and the ruler of Troy, into the Greek camp. Priam tearfully pleads with Achilles to take pity on a father bereft of his son and return Hector's body. He invokes the memory of Achilles' own father,Peleus. Priam begs Achilles to pity him, saying "I have endured what no one on earth has ever done before – I put my lips to the hands of the man who killed my son."[10] Deeply moved, Achilles relents and returns Hector's corpse to the Trojans. Both sides agree to a temporary truce, and Achilles gives Priam leave to hold a proper funeral for Hector, complete with funeral games. He promises that no Greek will engage in combat for at least nine days, but on the twelfth day of peace, the Greeks would all stand once more and the mighty war would continue.
Priam is killed during theSack of Troy by Achilles' sonNeoptolemus (also known as Pyrrhus). His death is graphically related in Book II ofVirgil'sAeneid. In Virgil's description, Neoptolemus first kills Priam's son Polites in front of his father as he seeks sanctuary on the altar of Zeus. Priam rebukes Neoptolemus, throwing a spear at him, harmlessly hitting his shield. Neoptolemus then drags Priam to the altar and there kills him too. Priam's death is alternatively depicted in some Greek vases. In this version, Neoptolemus clubs Priam to death with the corpse of the latter's baby grandson,Astyanax.[11]
^Frank Starke, “Troia im Kontext des historisch-politischen und sprachlichen Umfeldes Kleinasiens im 2. Jahrtausend”,Studia Troica 7 (1997), 458, n. 114, referring to the author's previous work,Untersuchungen zur Stammbildung des keilschrift-luwischen Nomens (1990), 455, n. 1645: “Priya-muwa- ‘der hervorragenden, vortrefflichen Mut hat’”.
^Calvert Watkins, "The Language of the Trojans",Troy and the Trojan War: A Symposium Held at Bryn Mawr College, October 1984, ed. Machteld Johanna Mellink (Bryn Mawr, Penn: Bryn Mawr Commentaries, 1986), 57, citing L. Zgusta,Kleinasiatische Personennamen (Prague 1964), 417:1203-1 andAnatolische Personennamensippen I (Prague 1964), 157.
^S.P. Morris, "A Tale of Two Cities",American Journal of Archaeology 93 (1989), p. 532.
^Jenny March,The Penguin Book of Classical Myths (London: Penguin Books, 2008), p. 300
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