Sleight of hand (also known asprestidigitation orlegerdemain (listenⓘ) refers tofine motor skills when used by performing artists in different art forms to entertain or manipulate. It is closely associated withclose-up magic,card magic,card flourishing andstealing. Because of its heavy use and practice bymagicians, sleight of hand is often confused as a branch of magic; however, it is a separate genre ofentertainment and many artists practice sleight of hand as an independent skill. Sleight of hand pioneers with worldwide acclaim includeDan and Dave,Ricky Jay,Derek DelGaudio,David Copperfield,Yann Frisch,Norbert Ferré,Dai Vernon,Jerry Sadowitz,Cardini,Tony Slydini,Helder Guimarães andTom Mullica.
The wordsleight, meaning "the use of dexterity or cunning, especially so as to deceive", comes from theOld Norse.[1] The phrasesleight of hand means "quick fingers" or "trickster fingers".[1] Common synonyms ofLatin andFrench includeprestidigitation andlegerdemain respectively.[1]Seneca the Younger, philosopher of theSilver Age of Latin literature, famously comparedrhetorical techniques and illusionist techniques.[2]
Sleight of hand is often used in close-up magic, where the sleights are performed with the audience close to the magician, usually in physical contact or within 3 to 4 m (10 to 13 ft).[3] This close contact eliminates theories of fake audience members and the use ofgimmicks.[3] It makes use of everyday items as props, such ascards,coins, rubber bands, paper, phones and even saltshakers.[3] A well-performed sleight looks like an ordinary, natural and completely innocent gesture, change in hand position or body posture.[4] In addition to manual dexterity, sleight of hand in close-up magic depends on the use ofpsychology, timing,misdirection, and naturalchoreography in accomplishing a magical effect.[4]
Sleight of hand during stage magic performances is not common, as most magic events and stunts are performed with objects visible to a much larger audience, but is nevertheless done occasionally by many stage performers.[5] The most common magic tricks performed with sleight of hand on stage are rope manipulations and card tricks, with the first typically being done with a member of the audience to rule out the possibility of stooges and the latter primarily being done on a table while a camera is live-recording, allowing the rest of the audience to see the performance on abig screen.[6][7] Worldwide acclaimed stage magicianDavid Copperfield often includes illusions featuring sleight of hand in his stage shows.[7]
Although being mostly used for entertainment and comedy purposes, sleight of hand is also notoriously used to cheat atcasinos andgambling facilities throughout the world.[8] Common ways to professionally cheat at card games using sleight of hand include palming, switching, ditching, and stealing cards from the table.[8] Such techniques involve extreme misdirection and years of practice.[8] For these reasons, the termsleight of hand frequently carries negative associations of dishonesty and deceit at many gambling halls, and many magicians known around the world are publicly banned from casinos, such as British mentalist and close-up magicianDerren Brown, who is banned from every casino in Britain.[9]
Unlike card tricks done on the streets or on stage and card cheating, cardistry is solely about impressing without illusions, deceit, misdirection and other elements commonly used in card tricks and card cheating.[10] Cardistry is the art of card flourishing, and is intended to be visually impressive and to give the appearance of being difficult to perform.[10] Card flourishing is often associated with card tricks, but many sleight of hand artists perform flourishing without considering themselves magicians or having any real interest in card tricks.[10]
The art of card throwing generally consists of throwing standard playing cards with excessively high speed and accuracy, powerful enough to slice fruits like carrots and even melons.[11][12] Like flourishing, throwing cards is meant to be visibly impressive and does not include magic elements.[12] MagicianRicky Jay popularized throwing cards within the sleight of hand industry with the release of his 1977 bookCards as Weapons, which was met with large sales and critical acclaim.[13] Some magic tricks, both close-up and on stage, are heavily connected to throwing cards.[14]
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