Apress pass (alternatively referred to as apress card or ajournalist pass) grants some type of special privilege tojournalists. Some cards have recognizedlegal status; others merely indicate that the bearer is a practicing journalist. The nature of the benefits is determined by the type of issuing agency, of which there are three major categories:news organizations,law-enforcement agencies, and event organizers (usually for a specific single affair like a corporatepress conference). Each type of card grants different authorizations, thus it is often necessary or desirable for reporters to hold multiple press passes simultaneously.[1]
In the United Kingdom there is a national, officially recognised Press Card, it is issued by the UK Press Card Authority (UKPCA), which is an organisation owned and controlled by the UK’s major media organisations, industry associations, trades unions, and professional associations. It is the only card issued in the UK to be recognised by the police, other emergency services and government departments.[2]
Police departments at acity,county, orstate/provincial level may issue press passes in some countries.[1] Such passes allow the bearer to cross police or fire lines to reportbreaking news, or grant access tocrime scenes or other restricted areas[3] though admission may be denied if it would interfere with the duties of emergency personnel. Popular media of the mid-20th century often depicted reporters at a crime scene with their press passes tucked into theirhat bands, which was unusual in reality.[4]
Because of the exceptional dispensation endowed by police press passes, they are issued with discretion–some jurisdictions require an in-personinterview with all prospective applicants, complete set of fingerprints, and a background check.[5] Generally, onlyreporters who cover breaking news are eligible;[3] other journalists (feature writers,editors andeditorialists,freelance writers, andbloggers) are not.[5]
Police-issued passes do not grant access to government press conferences or any other such privileges: they are only recognized by emergency response personnel, and only valid within the jurisdiction of the issuing agencies.[3]
Press parking permits may allow the bearer to park in restricted "resident-only" parking zones, and may exempt them fromparking-meter costs. These privileges apply only for the duration of breaking-news coverage, and do not nullify all parking restrictions: red zones,fire hydrants,crosswalks,bus zones,disabled parking zones or access ramps, commercial loading zones,taxi cab zones, "no stopping" or "no parking" zones, transit lanes, and other towaway zones are still off-limits.[3]
Generally, prospective recipients of event-specific passes must apply in advance, offering evidence of their affiliation. Event sponsors may request pastpublished material, or a letter from the news agency on its letterhead, detailing the job assignment.[6][7] Generally, non-reporting employees of news agencies (executives,sales personnel, publishers, editors, etc.) are not eligible for press passes.[8] In addition to journalists, somebloggers may be granted event passes.[9]
Many major events, especiallytrade shows, issuepress kits to pass-holders.[10] A press pass may allow the bearer to requestinterviews withnoteworthy attendees, and special rooms are sometimes set aside for this purpose.[6][11][12]
For activities open to the public, such as community gatherings,school events, or trade shows, a police- or media-issued press pass may offer little advantage. Free or reduced-price admission, or guaranteed entry, can sometimes be arranged.[13][14] The benefits may be more extensive, granting access to front-row seats or to press-only rooms.[6] For sporting events, a press pass issued by astadium grants access to thepress box.[15] Because open events are usually funded by paying attendees, the number of press passes may depend on the number oftickets sold.[16]
For events closed to the general public, police- or news organization-issued press passes sometimes grant access, but almost all require advance application for admittance. Greater exclusivity, however, means more restrictions on potential pass recipients. For professional conferences or trade shows, passes may be granted only to journalists who regularly cover the industry or who hold a title of "industry analyst",[17] or with an editorial or reporting designation.[18]
In the United Kingdom, the UK Press Card Authority (a voluntary consortium of news agencies) issues a nationally standardized card to United Kingdom-based news gatherers.[19]
Press passes not issued by a recognised publication can be obtained or made, with the intention of gaining benefits offered to holders of legitimate press cards. Joan Stewart of thePublic Relations Society of America reports, "Fake press passes abound atrestaurant andtheater openings,sporting events,music festivals,political rallies, celebrity parties and even crime scenes. With a decentcomputer and colorprinter, almost anybody can crank out an official-looking pass within minutes."[20]
Counterfeit copies of cards issued by legitimate publications can be made. Issuers of cards have taken measures to preventcounterfeiting of their cards, creating cards withholographic foil blocking,signature strips, and tamper-resistantlamination.[21]
