| President of the Republic of China | |
|---|---|
| 中華民國總統 | |
 Presidential seal | |
 Presidential standard | |
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| Office of the President | |
| Style | Mr. President (informal) His Excellency (diplomatic) |
| Status | Head of state Commander-in-chief |
| Member of | National Security Council |
| Residence | Wanli Residence |
| Seat | Presidential Office Building, Taipei |
| Appointer | Direct election[note 1] or via succession |
| Term length | 4 years; renewable once |
| Precursor | Chairman of theNational Government (1925–1948) |
| Formation | 1 January 1912; 113 years ago (1912-01-01) (provisional, in Mainland China) 25 October 1945; 80 years ago (1945-10-25)[note 2] (Taiwan handover) 20 May 1948; 77 years ago (1948-05-20) (current form) |
| First holder | Sun Yat-sen (as Provisional President) Chiang Kai-shek (on Taiwan) |
| Final holder | Li Zongren (in Mainland China) |
| Abolished | 1 October 1949; 76 years ago (1949-10-01) (Mainland China) |
| Succession | Chairman of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (Mainland China) |
| Unofficial names | President of Taiwan |
| Deputy | Vice President |
| Salary | NTD 531,000 monthly (2024)[1] |
| Website | english |
| President of the Republic of China | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 中華民國總統 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中华民国总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| President of China (until 1971) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國總統 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 中国总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| President of Taiwan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 臺灣總統 台灣總統 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 台湾总统 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Thepresident of the Republic of China, also known as thepresident of Taiwan, is thehead of state of theRepublic of China (Taiwan), as well as thecommander-in-chief of theRepublic of China Armed Forces.Before 1949 the position had the authority of ruling overMainland China, but losing control of it aftercommunist victory in theChinese Civil War, theremaining jurisdictions of the ROC have been limited toTaiwan,Penghu,Kinmen,Matsu, andsmaller islands.
Originally elected by theNational Assembly, the presidency was intended to be aceremonial office with no real executive power because the ROC was originally envisioned as aparliamentary republic.[2] Since the1996 election however, the president has beendirectly elected byplurality voting to a four-year term, with incumbents limited to serving two terms. The current president isLai Ching-te of theDemocratic Progressive Party, preceded byTsai Ing-wen from the same party.
The president is currently elected for a term of four years by aplurality votingdirect election of areas administered by the Republic of China. Before 1991, the president was selected by theNational Assembly of the Republic of China for a term of six years.
TheConstitution of the Republic of China names the president as head of state andcommander-in-chief of theRepublic of China Armed Forces (formerly theNational Revolutionary Army). The president is responsible for conducting foreign relations, such as concluding treaties, declaring war, and making peace. The president must promulgate all laws and has no right to veto, but can approve or decline a veto proposed by theExecutive Yuan (Cabinet). Other powers of the president include grantingamnesty,pardon orclemency, declaringmartial law, and conferring honors and decorations.
The president may, by resolution of the Executive Yuan Council, issue emergency decrees and take all necessary measures to avert imminent danger affecting the security of the state or of the people or to cope with any serious financial or economic crisis. However, such decrees shall, within ten days of issuance, be presented to theLegislative Yuan for ratification. Should the Legislative Yuan withhold ratification, said emergency decrees are rendered invalid.
The president may, within ten days following passage by the Legislative Yuan of ano-confidence vote against thepremier,dissolve the Legislative Yuan after consulting with its president. However, the president may not dissolve the Legislative Yuan while martial law or an emergency decree is in effect. Following a dissolution of the Legislative Yuan, an election for legislators must be held within 60 days.
The president can also appointsenior advisors (資政), national policy advisors (國策顧問) and strategy advisors (戰略顧問), but they do not form acouncil.[4][5]
The Constitution does not clearly define whether the president is more powerful than the premier, as it names the Executive Yuan (headed by the premier) as the "highest administrative authority" with oversight over domestic matters, while giving the president powers as commander-in-chief of the military and authority over foreign affairs. Prior to his election as president in 1948, Chiang Kai-shek had insisted that he be premier under the new Constitution, while allowing the presidency (to which he nominatedHu Shih) be reduced to afigurehead role.[6] However, the National Assembly overwhelmingly supported Chiang as president and once in this position, Chiang continued to exercise vast prerogatives as leader, and the premiership served to execute policy, not make it. Thus, until the 1980s, power in the Republic of China was personalized rather than institutionalized, which meant presidential power depended largely on who occupied the office. For example,Yen Chia-kan was a mostly ceremonial president, with real power in the hands of PremierChiang Ching-Kuo, who carried said power with him to the office of president. After PresidentLee Teng-hui succeeded Chiang as president in 1988, the power struggle within the KMT extended to constitutional debate over the relationship between the president and the premier. The first three premiers under Lee (Yu Kuo-hwa,Lee Huan, andHau Pei-tsun) weremainlanders who had initially opposed Lee's ascent to power. The appointments of Lee Huan and Hau were compromises by President Lee to placate KMT conservatives. The subsequent appointment of the first native Taiwanese premier,Lien Chan, was seen as Lee consolidating power. Moreover, during this time the power of the premier to approve the presidential appointments, and the power of the Legislative Yuan to confirm the president's choice of premier, were removed. This established the president as the more powerful official.
After the 2000 election ofChen Shui-bian as president, the presidency and Legislative Yuan were controlled by different parties, which brought forth a number of latent constitutional issues, such as the role of the Legislative Yuan in appointing and dismissing a premier, the right of the president to call a special session of the Legislative Yuan, and exactly who has the power to call areferendum. Most of these issues have been resolved through inter-party negotiations.
TheConstitution of the Republic of China gives a short list of persons who will succeed to the presidency if the office were to fall vacant. According to theAdditional Articles of the Constitution, Article 2:[7]
Should the office of the vice president become vacant, the president shall nominate a candidate(s) within three months, and the Legislative Yuan shall elect a new vice president, who shall serve the remainder of the original term until its expiration.
Should the offices of both the president and the vice president become vacant, the president of the Executive Yuan shall exercise the official powers of the president and the vice president. A new president and a new vice president shall be elected in accordance with Paragraph 1 of this article and shall serve out each respective original term until its expiration. The pertinent provisions of Article 49 of the Constitution shall not apply.
As no president of the Executive Yuan (also known as the premier) has ever succeeded to the presidency under these provisions (or their predecessors, under Article 49), it is untested whether, should the office of the premier be vacant as well, whether, pursuant to the Additional Articles, Article 3, the vice president of the Executive Yuan (vice premier), who would be acting premier, would act as president.[7] There is currently no constitutional provision for a succession list beyond the possibility that the vice president of the Executive Yuan might succeed to the presidency.
Assuming that the vice president of the Executive Yuan would be third in line for the presidency, the current line of succession is:
Presidential succession has occurred three times under the 1947 Constitution:
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The diplomaticprotocol regarding the President of the ROC is rather complex because of thepolitical status of Taiwan. In thenations that have diplomatic relations with the ROC, the president is accorded the standard treatment that is given to ahead of state. In other nations, the president is formally a private citizen, although even in these cases, travel usually meets with strong objections from the People's Republic of China.
The president of ROC has traveled several times to theUnited States, formally in transit to and from Central America, where a number of countries do recognize the ROC. This system allows the president to visit the United States without theUS State Department having to issue a visa. During these trips, the president is not formally treated as a head of state, does not meet US government officials in their official capacities, and does not visitWashington, D.C. However, in these visits, the ROC president invariably meets with staff members from the US government, although these visits are with lower-ranking officials in non-governmental surroundings.
In the area ofSoutheast Asia, the ROC president was able to arrange visits in the early 1990s which were formally private tourist visits. However, these have become increasingly infrequent as a result of PRC pressure.
At the annualAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation leaders' summit, the ROC president is forbidden from attending personally, and must send aspecial envoy to represent them at the event.
However, on 2 December 2016, US President-electDonald Trump accepteda congratulatory telephone call from the ROC president, a clear break from prior protocol.
TheGovernment of the People's Republic of China and its media uses the termsLeader of the Taiwan Area,Leader of the Taiwan Region (traditional Chinese:台灣地區領導人;simplified Chinese:台湾地区领导人;pinyin:Táiwān dìqū lǐngdǎorén) andLeader of the Taiwanese Authorities (台灣當局領導人;台湾当局领导人;Táiwān dāngjú lǐngdǎo rén) to describe Taiwan's head of state. These terms are used by the media in the People's Republic of China (PRC) to reflect the PRC'sofficial stance of not recognizing the legitimacy of Taiwan as a country, or ofTwo Chinas. If the official title cannot be avoided in a news article, quotation marks would be used around terms for all official ROC positions and organizations.[8][9]
The secretary-general to the president is the highest-ranking official in the Office of the President and supervises the staff of the office. The current secretary-general isPan Men-an.
The president's podium bears the symbol of a goldenplum blossom surrounded by wreath laurel on front side.
Thepresidential standard [zh], officially called theCommander-in-Chief Standard of the Republic of China, is the symbol of the President as head theRepublic of China Armed Forces. The Standard is a rectangular, red field with a thin, yellow border. In the center of the red field is the national emblem of the Republic of China. The Standard is flown from the Presidential Office, as well as other buildings for the president’s use; facilities for presidential visits; transportation vehicles when used by the president; and in other ceremonial contexts. The Standard was designed by Chiang Kai-shek in 1928, based on the flag ofWhampoa Military Academy, which was in turn designed byHo Ying-chin in 1924, and revised in 1988.
ThePresidential Seal [zh] is square, and its inscription總統之印 is written inseal script (篆書). It is written vertically in two columns, with the right-hand line containing the characters總統 (Zǒngtǒng), and the left-hand line containing the characters之印 (Zhīyìn).
 |  :Democratic Progressive Party candidates :Kuomintang candidates :People First Party candidates, orJames Soong. :New Party nominated or endorsed candidates. :Taiwan People's Party candidates : Otherindependents |
Taiwan was previously led by theemperor of Japan duringcolonial rule by Japan from 1895 to 1945, represented by thegovernor-general of Taiwan.
After the outbreak of theWuchang Uprising againstQing rule in 1911,the revolutionaries electedSun Yat-sen as the "provisional president" (臨時大總統) of the transitional government, with the Republic of China officially established on 1 January 1912. But Sun soon resigned from the provisional presidency in favor ofYuan Shikai, who assumed the title "Great President" (大總統) in March 1912. Yuan induced theLast Emperor to abdicate, ending thousands of years of imperial rule in China. The 1913 Constitution called for a strongpresidential system with notablechecks on the president by theNational Assembly. However, Yuan soon began to assert dictatorial power, ignoring the National Assembly and later abolishing it altogether. In 1915, Yuan proclaimed himselfEmperor of China in a largely unpopular move and was forced to retract his declaration shortly before his death in 1916.
With Yuan Shikai's death theWarlord Era began. Vice PresidentLi Yuanhong succeeded Yuan as president and attempted to reassert the constitutional government, but was soon forced to resign by military strongmen. The presidency, though leading an internationally recognized government, was thereafter to be headed by a series of prominent warlords. This presidency ended in 1928 when theNorthern Expedition, led by theKuomintang (KMT), succeeded inconquering North China.
Sun Yat-sen established a rival (military, not constitutional) government inGuangzhou in 1917 and took the title of "Generalissimo of the Military Government" (海陸軍大元帥; 'Grand Marshal of the Navy and Army'). He was ousted in 1918 but returned again to Guangzhou in 1921. Claiming to restore theProvisional Constitution of the Republic of China, he summoned the members of the original parliament to elect him as president, but since there lacked a quorum, he took the title of "Extraordinary President" (非常大總統). Sun, again expelled from Guangzhou in 1922, returned in 1923 to take the title of "Generalissimo of the Military Government." Sun died in 1925 with no clear successor and leadership of the government, now named theNational Government, rested in a series ofLeninist-style dual party and state committees, the most powerful of which was the policy-making Central Executive Committee of theKuomintang. The government was organized into five branches, with theExecutive Yuan, headed by the premier, holding primary administrative authority. The "Chairman of the National Government", though not given specific presidential powers, took on the functions of ade facto head of state and its official English translation was "President of the National Government of the Republic of China". This form of government under the KMT lasted through the Northern Expedition, which moved the capital to Nanjing and gave the National Government domestic control and foreign recognition, and theSecond Sino-Japanese War, during which the Japanese established a puppet"Reorganized" National Government with almost the identical organizational structure, until the promulgation of a new Constitution in 1947.
Following the Chinese victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War, the National Government underChiang Kai-shek was restored in Nanjing and the KMT set out to enact aliberal democratic constitution in line with the last stage of Sun Yat-sen's three stages of national development. The newConstitution of the Republic of China, promulgated on 25 December 1947, established a five-branch government with the office of president (總統) as head of state. On 20 May 1948, Chiang Kai-shek was formally elected by theNational Assembly to be the first term president.
After the KMT lost mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the government was evacuated to Taiwan, where the term limits for the president specified in the 1947 constitution were suspended after 1960.[note 3] In 1954, as the term of the first National Assembly were about to expire, the Judicial Yuan ruled that the expired seats of the National Assembly would continue in power until the respective delegate region elections could be held. This largely froze the membership of the National Assembly mainland delegates and prevented local Taiwanese from widespread legislative and assembly participation in the expired mainland seats until the early 1970s. The members of the National Assembly continued in their office until 1991, and continued to elect Chiang Kai-shek as president until his death in 1975.
Presidents were elected by the National Assembly until the firstdirect presidential election in 1996, while the term length was shortened from six to four years.
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加薪後，總統月薪為53萬1000元...[the President's monthly salary after the raise is 531,000 NTD...]
| Presidential elections | |
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| Legislative Yuan elections | |
| Local elections | |
| Referendums | |
| National Assembly elections | |
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