| President of the Republic of Indonesia | |
|---|---|
| Presiden Republik Indonesia | |
 Presidential seal | |
 | |
| Style |
|
| Type | |
| Member of | Cabinet |
| Residence | |
| Seat | Jakarta |
| Appointer | Direct popular election[a] |
| Term length | Five years, renewable once |
| Constituting instrument | Constitution of Indonesia |
| Precursor | Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies |
| Inaugural holder | Sukarno |
| Formation | 18 August 1945 (80 years ago) (1945-08-18) |
| Deputy | Vice President |
| Salary | Rp 62,657,809 (US$ 4,379) per month[1] |
| Website | Official website |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| Politics of Indonesia |
|---|
 |
Thepresident of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian:Presiden Republik Indonesia) is thehead of state andhead of government of theRepublic of Indonesia. The president is the leader of theexecutive branch of theIndonesian government and thecommander-in-chief of theIndonesian National Armed Forces and theIndonesian National Police. Since2004, the president andvice president have beendirectly elected to a five-year term, once renewable, allowing for a maximum of ten years in office.
The current president isPrabowo Subianto, who assumed office on20 October 2024.
The Indonesian presidency was established during the formulation of the1945 Constitution by theInvestigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). The office was first filled on 18 August 1945, whenSukarno waselected by acclamation by thePreparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) because, according to the Transitional Provisions of the Constitution, "the president and the vice president for the first time shall be elected by the PPKI." Also, the body responsible for the presidential elections, thePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR), had not yet been formed.[2]: 138 On 16 October 1945, Vice PresidentMohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidentialdecree which gave theCentral Indonesian National Committee (KNIP) legislative powers.[2]: 152 On 11 November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to separate the role of head of state from that of head of government. Although a new constitution had not been set up yet, Indonesia was now ade facto parliamentary democracy, with the president as a ceremonial head of state whose function was to ask the prime minister as the head of government to form a new cabinet.
During theIndonesian National Revolution, both Sukarno and Hatta were captured by the Dutch inYogyakarta on 18 December 1948. Sukarno then gave a mandate forSjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government.[3] This was done and theEmergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (PDRI) was formed in Sumatra with Prawiranegara as its chairman. Prawiranegara handed back his mandate to Sukarno on 13 July 1949.[4] On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elected president of theUnited States of Indonesia (RIS), and the presidential mandate passed toAssaat.[5] When the RIS was about to be replaced by aunitary state, Asaat stepped down from the presidency, and Sukarno once again became president on 15 August 1950.
Indonesia now adopted the constitution that had been intended for RIS. Officially known as theProvisional Constitution, the document confirmed the president's role as the head of state, but it limited him to a mostly ceremonial role. He appointed a prime minister on the advice of formateurs.[6]
Despite his limited constitutional role, Sukarno commanded great moral authority. Nonetheless, he was never content with the role of ceremonial head of State, and he grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In the early 1950s, he began calling for the implementation of "Guided Democracy", in which decisions would be made after lengthy deliberation with a view toward achieving a consensus under presidential "guidance".
The rest of the decade saw a series of unstable governments. Taking advantage of the situation, Sukarno made a speech in April 1959 and suggested that Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution.[7] The People reacted enthusiastically and there was strong pressure on theConstitutional Assembly, the body responsible for formulating a new constitution, to adopt the 1945 Constitution. When the assembly did not budge, Sukarno issued apresidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Indonesia was returning to the 1945 Constitution.[7] That document made the president head of government as well as head of state. On 18 May 1963, the People's Consultative Assemblyelected Sukarnopresident for life.[8]
Although Indonesia had re-adopted the 1945 Constitution, it did not mean that it was strictly adhered to. MPR, which at this stage was still on a provisional basis (MPRS), was subservient to the president despite its status of the nation's highest governing body. It was only in 1966, when the political tide began to turn against Sukarno that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status. In 1967, Sukarno was forced to resign as president, and Army Chief of StaffSuharto was appointed asacting president.
Suharto was elected president in his own right in1968. During his rise to power, Suharto seemed determined to observe at least the forms of the constitution, and this continued when he became president. Under the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); as president, Suharto was responsible for implementing them. Suharto also made it a presidential obligation to deliver accountability speeches near the end of his terms. During the speech, Suharto outlined the achievements that his administration had made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR. Despite the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that the MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments to the MPR to be made official by the president.[9] He also took measures that largely emasculated the opposition parties. For example, he had the power to issue governmental regulations in lieu of law. Nominally, if these regulations were not approved by theHouse of Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. However, given the DPR's infrequent sessions and the near-total dominance of the pro-government political grouping,Golkar, such approval was a mere formality. Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled by decree for most of his tenure. For the better part of Suharto's rule, he effectively held all governing power in the nation.
After Suhartofell from power on 21 May 1998, the presidency experienced changes as a result of the reform movement. Compared to Suharto, who had all of his accountability speeches accepted,B. J. Habibie had his only accountability speech rejected.[10]Abdurrahman Wahid became the first president who had to beat another candidate to be elected, as Sukarno and Suharto had been sole candidates. As a result, Wahid was also the first president to be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. However, Wahid wasimpeached and removed from office by the MPR. This was a clear sign that while the presidency is the key institution, the MPR was now a check on the president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice-president,Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of Sukarno and former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency.[11]
During the 2001 MPR Annual Session, the constitution was amended to provide for the direct election of the president beginning with 2004.[12] In response to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged the presidency about with numerous checks and balances to prevent another president from completely dominating the system. For example, the president was limited to two terms, whether successive or separated. They also lost the right to legislate, but could propose legislation. In the2004 Indonesian presidential election,Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly-elected president, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri in the run-off election. He was re-elected in2009. In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second presidential term and was barred from seeking re-election.
The2014 Indonesian presidential election was held on 9 July 2014 and matched former general and Suharto's ex-son in lawPrabowo Subianto against the governor of Jakarta,Joko Widodo. On 22 July, the General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and his vice-president,Jusuf Kalla, were sworn in on 20 October for a five-year term.
The Amended 1945 Constitution: The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian citizen since their birth, who has not willingly become a citizen in another nation, has not betrayed the nation, and is physically and mentally capable of performing the duties. The amended constitution also states that further criteria will be determined by laws. The president is also required to be nominated by a political party or a coalition of political parties.
2017 Law No. 7 Regarding Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections
The presidential candidate must:
The decision of theConstitutional Court of Indonesia
The presidential candidate must:
The Amended 1945 Constitution: Together with the vice president, the president is elected directly by the people on a single ticket. Further election rules are determined by laws passed by theDPR. The president-elect is required to read either an oath or a promise of office before officially becoming president. The term of office is five years and after that the president can be re-elected for only one more term, whether successive or separated. The president and vice-president candidates must receive over half the votes total, including at least 20% of the votes in at least half the38 provinces[16] to win. In the event that no ticket wins an outright victory, a runoff is held between the two tickets with the first and second most votes in the first round, with the ticket that receives the most votes elected as President and Vice President.
Before entering their office, the president or vice-president must take an oath or affirmation in the session of thePeople's Consultative Assembly (MPR). If the MPR cannot hold a session, the oath or promise is made in a session of theHouse of Representatives (DPR). If the DPR cannot hold a session, the oath or affirmation is made before the leadership of the MPR in the presence of the leadership of theSupreme Court.
| Part ofa series on Orders of succession |
| Presidencies |
|---|
The line of succession previously written as follows:
Although there was no article about impeachment in the original 1945 Constitution,Sukarno andAbdurrahman Wahid were still impeached and removed from office in 1967 and 2001 respectively. Article on the impeachment of the president and vice president were only made after the Wahid's impeachment in thethird amendment which was passed the month after.
Law No.7 of 1978[18] stipulates that former presidents are entitled to a pension. Former presidents are also entitled to a house, with electricity, water, and telephone bills covered by the government. In addition to that, former presidents shall have free healthcare for their families and a car with achauffeur.
The presidents of Indonesia, as the issuer of decorations and the Grandmaster ofStar Decorations (Tanda Kehormatan Bintang) are automatically awarded the highest class of all civilian and military Star Decorations. Currently there are 14 decorations which will be bestowed upon them soon after taking office, namely:[19]
Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class (Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna)
Star of Mahaputera, 1st Class (Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna)
Star of Merit, 1st Class (Bintang Jasa Utama)
Star of Humanity (Bintang Kemanusiaan)
Star of Democracy Upholder, 1st Class (Bintang Penegak Demokrasi)
Star of Meritorious Service for Culture (Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma)
Police Star of Merit (Bintang Bhayangkara)
Guerilla Star (Bintang Gerilya)
Sacred Star (Bintang Sakti)
Star of Meritorious Service (Bintang Dharma)
Star of Military Service, 1st Class (Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama)
Army Medal of Merit, 1st Class (Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama)
Navy Medal, 1st Class (Bintang Jalasena Utama)
Air Force Medal of Merit, 1st Class (Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama)
The most recent presidential election was held in2024 wherePrabowo Subianto and his running mateGibran Rakabuming Raka defeatedAnies Baswedan andGanjar Pranowo with 58.6% of the vote.
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