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 Fernández de Kirchner in 2010 | |
| Presidency of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 10 December 2007 – 10 December 2015 | |
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner | |
Vice President |
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| Party | |
| Election | |
| Seat | Casa Rosada |
 Standard of the President | |
Cristina Fernández de Kirchner began her tenure asPresident of Argentina on 10 December 2007. Fernández de Kirchner, ideologically aPeronist, took office after winning the2007 general election, succeeding her husbandNéstor Kirchner, and secured a second termin 2011. She was the second female president of Argentina, afterIsabel Perón served from 1973 to 1976. Her term expired on 10 December 2015, where she was succeeded byMauricio Macri.
With Fernández de Kirchner leading all the pre-election polls by a wide margin, her challengers were trying to force her into arun-off. She needed either more than 45% of the vote, or 40% of the vote and a lead of more than 10% over her nearest rival, to win outright.[1] Fernández de Kirchner won the election in the first round with 45.3% of the vote, followed by 22% forElisa Carrió (candidate for theCivic Coalition) and 16% for former Economy MinisterRoberto Lavagna. Eleven others split the remaining 15%.[2] She was popular among the suburban working class and the rural poor, while Carrió received more support from the urban middle class, as did Lavagna.[3] Of note, she lost the election in the three largest cities (Buenos Aires,Córdoba andRosario), although she won in most other places elsewhere, including the large provincial capitals such asMendoza andTucumán.[4]
On 14 November, the president-elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the twelve ministers appointed, seven were already ministers inNéstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time.[5] Three other ministries were created afterwards.
The president elect began a four-year term on 10 December 2007, facing challenges including inflation, union demands for higher salaries, private investment in key areas, lack of institutional credibility (exemplified by the controversy surrounding theNational Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina, INDEC), utility companies demanding authorization to raise their fees, low availability of cheap credit to the private sector, and the upcoming negotiation of the defaulted foreign debt with theParis Club.[6][7][8] Fernández de Kirchner was the second female president of Argentina, afterIsabel Perón, but unlike Perón, Fernández de Kirchner was the head of the ballot, whereas Isabel Perón was elected as vice president ofJuan Perón and became president after his death. The transition from Néstor Kirchner to Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was also the first time when a democratic head of state was replaced by his spouse, without involving the death of any of them.[9] Néstor Kirchner stayed active in politics despite not being the president, and worked alongside Cristina Kirchner. The press developed the term "presidential marriage" to make reference to both of them at once.[10] Some political analysts compared this type of government with adiarchy.[9]
During the first days of Fernández de Kirchner's presidency, Argentina's relations with theUnited States deteriorated as a result of allegations made by a United States assistant attorney of illegal campaign contributions, a case known as themaletinazo, or "suitcase scandal". According to these allegations, Venezuelan agents tried to pressure aVenezuelan American citizen (Guido Antonini Wilson) to lie about the origin of $790,550 in cash found in his suitcase on 4 August 2007 at a Buenos Aires airport. U.S. prosecutors allege the money was sent to help Fernández de Kirchner's presidential campaign. Some of the allegations were proven and several individuals received a prison sentence after a widely reported trial.
Fernández de Kirchner and Venezuelan presidentHugo Chávez called the allegations "a trashing operation" and part of a conspiracy orchestrated by the U.S. to divideLatin American nations. On 19 December 2007, she restricted the U.S. ambassador's activities and limited his meetings to Foreign Ministry officials; a treatment reserved for hostile countries, in the opinion of a former U.S. Assistant Secretary of State.[11][12][13]However, on 31 January, in a special meeting with Fernández de Kirchner, the U.S. Ambassador to Argentina,Earl Anthony Wayne, clarified that the allegations "were never made by the United States government," and the dispute cooled down. Having said that the prosecutors making the charges are part of the independent judicial branch of the U.S. government[14]
| Presidential styles of Cristina Fernández de Kirchner | |
|---|---|
| |
| Reference style | Su Excelencia Señora Presidente de la Nación Argentina "Her Excellency Madam President of the Argentine Nation" |
| Spoken style | Presidente de la Nación "President of the Nation" |
| Alternative style | Señora Presidente "Madam President" |
Elisa Carrió andMaría Estenssoro, both high-ranking members of the main opposition parties, have claimed that the Argentine government's response to the allegations and its criticism of the U.S. are a "smokescreen", that the U.S. involvement in the affair was merely symptomatic, and the root cause of the scandal is corruption in theArgentine andVenezuelan governments.[15]
Riding a wave of approval during a dramatic economic recovery from a 2001-02 crisis, the Kirchners' FPV had prevailed enjoyed increasingly large majorities in Congress, reaching their peak following the2007 general elections (with 153 Congressmen and 44 Senators, at the time). In March 2008, Kirchner introduced a new sliding-scale taxation system for agricultural exports, effectively raising levies onsoybean exports from 35% to 44% at the time of the announcement.[16] This led to a nationwidelockout by farming associations, starting on 12 March, with the aim of forcing the government to back down on the new taxation scheme. They were joined on 25 March by thousands ofpot-banging demonstrators massed around theBuenos Aires Obelisk and in front of thepresidential palace.
Protests extended across the country. In Buenos Aires, hours after Kirchner attacked farmers for their two-week strike and "abundant" profits, there were violent incidents between government supporters and opponents, to which the police was accused of wilfully turning a blind eye.[17] The media was harshly critical ofLuis D'Elía, a former government official who took part in the incidents, with some media sources and members of the opposition (notablyElisa Carrió), claiming that he and his followers had disrupted the protest pursuant to the government's orders.[18][19][20] On 1 April, the government organised a rally during which thousands of pro-government protesters marched through downtown Buenos Aires in support of the bill increasing Argentina's export taxes on the basis of a sliding scale; at the event, Kirchner called on farmers to act "as part of a country, not as owners of a country."[21]
In April 2008, on the 26th anniversary of theFalklands War, Kirchner stepped up Argentine claims to theFalkland Islands. She called Argentina's rights to the islands "inalienable".
"With faith in God, and with the work that we all have to do to build a country that is strong and respected around the world, so that our voice is heard in all International forums, and we can denounce the shameful presence of a colonial enclave in the 21st century".[22]
The large majorities in theArgentine Congress enjoyed by theFront for Victory could not ultimately guarantee a legislative blank check: on 16 July 2008, the presidentially sponsored bill met with deadlock, and was ultimately defeated by the tie-breaking "no" vote of vice presidentJulio Cobos himself. The controversy cost the FPV 16 Congressmen and 4 Senators by way of defections. This put an end to the2008 Argentine government conflict with the agricultural sector, though it cost Cobos access to the executive branch of the government. He was reportedly considered "a traitor" by the followers of Kirchner's administration. Cobos denied that he would resign, although the relationship between the president and the vice president has an uncertain future.[23][clarification needed]
A poll result published inEl País,Spain's most widely circulated daily newspaper, revealed that following the protests, Fernández's approval rating had "plummeted" from 57.8% at the start of her administration[24] to an unprecedented 23%.[25] Once recovered from the conflict with agrarian interests, Cristina Kirchner's public approval improved; her job approval ratings rose by 30% (Poliarquía, 08/22/08). Her inflexible handling of the protests and reluctance to review the policies that sparked the protest have led to speculation that it was her husbandNéstor Kirchner who controlled her administration. The British weekly newspaperThe Economist has described this situation as Kirchner "paying the price for her husband's pig-headedness",[26] and as of February 2009, her job approval rating was 28%.[27]
On 20 October 2008, Fernández de Kirchner proposed the transfer of nearly US$30 billion in private pension holdings to the social security system,[28] a law that was passed byCongress in late November.[29]
Kirchner is a member of theCouncil of Women World Leaders, an international network of current and former women presidents and prime ministers whose mission is to mobilize the highest-level women leaders globally for collective action on issues of critical importance to women and equitable development.
Fernández was invited to the Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy inWashington, D.C., on 15 November 2008, by U.S. presidentGeorge W. Bush. During her stay in Washington, she held meetings withBrazilian leaderLuiz Inácio Lula da Silva (at theFour Seasons Hotel inGeorgetown),Madeleine Albright (representing U.S. president-electBarack Obama), SenatorChristopher Dodd andAustralia's Prime Minister,Kevin Rudd at thePark Hyatt Hotel. She then attended the G20 meeting in London 2 April 2009 and was given a seat of honour at the dinner held the night before at 10 Downing Street, when she was seated across from president Obama.[30]
Also in the year 2008, Cristina Kirchner vetoed the "Law of protection of the glaciers" (Spanish:ley de protección de los glaciares ), which had been approved almost unanimously in Congress (only 3 senators opposed the law). Critics have stated that the president's attitude would threaten over 75% of the country's water reserves.[31][32]
Cristina Kirchner travelled extensively as president, visiting Algeria, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, France, Libya, Mexico, Qatar, Russia, Spain, the UK, the U.S. and Venezuela, among other nations.
Following the28 June 2009, mid-term elections, the rulingFPV'sparty list lost its absolute majority in both houses of Congress, shedding a further 24 seats in the Lower House (including allies) and 4 in the Senate. They lost in the four most important electoral districts (home to 60% of Argentines), and among these, the loss was narrow only in theProvince of Buenos Aires. The FPV obtained a very narrow victory, overall, as a percentage of the national vote, and retained their plurality in Congress.[33] This will be reflected in strengthened opposition alliances, notably the center-rightUnión Pro, the centristCivic Coalition and the left-wing Proyecto Sur, when elected candidates in both chambers take office on 11 December 2009.[34]
Allegations of impropriety have contributed increasingly to the Kirchners' decline in approval, as well. The couple's own, latest federal financial disclosure in July 2009 revealed an increase in their personal assets by 7 times, since Néstor Kirchner's 2003 inaugural. The increase was partly the product of land deals inEl Calafate, a scenic,Santa Cruz Province town where the couple has long vacationed and own property (including 450 acres (1.8 km2) of land and two hotels).[35]
On 17 October 2009, Kirchner proposed the compulsory submission ofDNA samples in cases related tocrimes against humanity, in a move lauded by theGrandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, but excoriated by opposition figures as a political move againstClarín Media Group ChairpersonErnestina Herrera de Noble, who is in litigation over her suspected adoption of two children of the "disappeared," and whose hitherto cordial relations withKirchnerism had recently soured.[36] Similar motives are alleged by the opposition against the president's Media Law, which would restrict the number of media licences per proprietor and allocate a greater share of these to state andNGOs, thereby limiting the influence ofClarín and the conservativeLa Nación.[37] The president's proposed enactment of mandatoryprimary elections for all of Argentina's myriad political parties, and for every elected post, was likewise rejected by opposition figures, who charged that these reforms could stymy minor parties and the formation of new ones.[38][39]
Following charges of embezzlement filed by a local attorney, Enrique Piragini, on 29 October, Federal Judge Norberto Oyarbide ordered an accounting expert to investigate the origin of the Kirchners’ wealth. Public records show that since their arrival to power in 2003, the declared assets of Cristina and Néstor Kirchner have increased by 572%. A preliminary report on the investigation by the Argentine Anti Corruption Office (OA) established that the official figures provided by the Kirchners "don't stack up".[40] The investigation was suspended by Judge Oyarbide on 30 December, though a week later, Piragini appealed the ruling.[41]
On 29 October 2009 she launched a universal child benefit plan (Spanish:Asignación Universal por Hijo ) as a way to fight poverty with the goal to reach approximately five million children and youths.[42]
The year began with controversy surrounding the president's order that a US$6.7 billion escrow account be opened at theCentral Bank for the purpose of retiring high-interest bonds, whose principal is tied to inflation. The move met with the opposition of Central Bank presidentMartín Redrado, who refused to implement it, and following an impasse, he was dismissed by presidential decree on 7 January 2010.[43]
Redrado refused to abide by the initial decree removing him from the presidency of the Central Bank, however, and petitioned for a judicial power to keep him in office. Accordingly, the president enacted another decree for his dismissal, citing "mis-conduct" on Redrado's part. The legitimacy of this new decree was questioned as well, as his dismissal would deny Redradodue process. Congress was at arecess period at the time, but most of its opposition members considered returning to override the decrees through an extraordinary session.[44] The session became a source of controversy as well: Kirchner considered that, according to the 63rd article of the Constitution, only the president may call for an extraordinary session while the Congress is in recess. Cobos replied instead that all regulations concerning decrees require the immediate advise and consent of Congress, that the body's by-laws (56 and 57) allow extraordinary sessions called by any member, and that the commission formed for that purpose functions all at all times, even during recess.[45]
The planned use offoreign exchange reserves through aNecessity and Urgency Decree was itself questioned by several opposition figures, who argued that such a decree may not meet a threshold of "necessity" and "urgency" required by theConstitution of Argentina for its enactment.[44] JudgeMaría José Sarmiento handed down a ruling preventing said use of reserves, and the Government reacted by appealing the ruling.[46] Kirchner defended the policy as a cost saving maneuver, wherebygovernment bonds paying out 15 percent interest would be retired from the market.[47] The move, however, also provided numerousvulture funds (holdouts from the 2005debt restructuring who had resorted to the courts in a bid for higher returns on their defaulted bonds) a legal argument against the central bank's autarky, and thus facilitated a judgement lien on 12 January against a central bank account in New York.[48]
Judge Sarmiento also annulled the decree that removed Redrado and reinstated him as president of the Central Bank the following day. The ruling also refuted claims of mis-conduct cited by Kirchner to justify his removal.[49] International media described the attempted removal of Redrado as authoritarian, while criticizing the planned use of reserves for debt retirement, as well as accelerating spending growth, as fiscally irresponsible. Opposition CongresswomanElisa Carrió, a likely candidate in the upcoming 2011 presidential campaign, has raised the possibility ofimpeachment procedures against Mrs. Kirchner.[50][51][52]
Cristina Fernández and her husband Néstor were in January 2010 reported to the Judiciary because of "illicit gain". It was reported that their personal fortune grew surprisingly too much from the period of 2007 to 2008. This incident came on the heels of the issues with the Central Bank and Martín Redrado.
At the start of the month of February 2010, one of Kirchner's private assessors resigned his post due to the claims of "illicit gain". Just two weeks afterwards, another of her private asesors, Julio Daniel Álvarez, resigned for the same reason.[53]
On 22 February 2010, British oil explorerDesire Petroleum, started drilling exploration wells some 60 miles (97 km) north of the disputed Falkland/Malvinas Islands, despite strong opposition from Argentina which took the issue to the Latin America and Caribbean presidents summit where it received unanimous support.[54] According to geological surveys carried out in 1998, there could be 60 billion barrels (9.5×10^9 m3) of oil in the area around the islands[55] but the 2010 drill carried out poor results.[56]As a result, Desire's share price plummeted and the company announced further work could begin later this year (2010).[57]
In March 2010 Fernández made an historic amends trip toPeru a country with whom relations had been adversely affected following theCarlos Menem administration's illegal sale of weapons toEcuador in the 1990s.[58] In the same month Fernández received the visit of Secretary of StateHillary Clinton in Buenos Aires, where she received great support for the way her administration was managing the foreign debt issue[59] and emphasized the positive relationship between the two countries[60] something which was not reported by local major news media[61]
In April 2010, Chile's new presidentSebastián Piñera was received in Buenos Aires on his first foreign tour abroad and reaffirmed the current strong ties between the two countries.[62] following which Cristina Fernández attended theNuclear Security Summit in Washington DC, after whichBarack Obama thanked Argentina for its role in international stabilization andearthquake relief efforts inHaiti.[63] Back in Buenos Aires, she received the Russian presidentDmitry Medvedev the first such visit in Argentina's history. Two days later, the Prime Minister of VietnamNguyễn Tấn Dũng arrived.[64] On 19 April, she was invited to the bicentennary of the independence celebrations in Venezuela, where she was the main speaker in front of the National Assembly.[65] She signed 25 trade agreements with Venezuela relating to food, technology and energy.[66]
In May 2010, Kirchner travelled to Spain for theEuropean Union-Latin America and the Caribbean summit, where she was asked to compare theeuro area crisis and the2001 Argentine's default.[67] Back in Buenos Aires, during theArgentina Bicentennial celebrations, Cristina Fernández did not participate in themilitary parade of 5,000 troops (which included delegations of Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Bolivia, etc.) on the9 de Julio Avenue, which was considered a gest of contempt towards theArgentine Armed Forces.[68]
In June 2010, her administration completed the debt swap (which was started by former presidentNéstor Kirchner in 2005) clearing 92% of the bad debt left from itssovereign default in 2001.[69] Argentina external debt now represents 30% of the country's GDP,[70] whilst the Central Bank foreign reserves reached $49 billion {USD},[71] more than the amount that was available when the decision to pay foreign debt earlier in the year was taken.
Also in June 2010, she gave a speech at theInternational Trade Union Confederation (CSI) Global Summit, being held inVancouver, Canada where she asserted that "many Euro-zone countries today have applied the same policies that led Argentina to disaster (in 2001)," stating, also, that "it's an inescapable responsibility of the government to intervene in the financial system.".[72] Later, she traveled toToronto to attend theG20 Summit and spoke against the EU fiscal austerity plans fearing this would lead to a slow down in the global economy. French presidentNicolas Sarkozy responded by saying that the Latin American representatives who reject the Eurozone adjustments do not know the harassment to theEuro, to which Cristina Fernández responded that he shouldn't "question somebody" just because he doesn't "agree" with what they say and also clarified that Argentina is interested in the euro because parts of its reserves are held in euros and that she's "sure that Sarkozy does not have even one cent in Argentine pesos in his Central Bank.".[73] Later addressing the press she added, "In Latin America we can give cathedra about harassment and seizure."[74] She also had a chance to speak with newBritish Prime MinisterDavid Cameron.
In July 2010, she traveled toChina with the goal of, according to the Chinese embassy at Buenos Aires, strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries[75] On her return, she signed a bill legalizingsame-sex marriage in Argentina.[76] This strained the government's already strainedrelationship with the Catholic Church. She also reaffirmed her policy ofdebt reduction in announcing to continue to pay foreign debt with Central Bankforeign reserves which reached a country historic record of US$51 billion in July.[77][78]
In August 2010, Cristina Fernández began to use herTwitter account (under the handle "CFKArgentina").[79] She also preceded the 39thMercosur summit atSan Juan where the trade bloc agrees to reduce customs fees[80] and signs a free-trade deal withEgypt[81]
In September 2010, it was announced that Argentina was elected president of theGroup of 77+China and prepared to act as a ‘bridge" withG-20 major economies to which it also belongs.[82] She visited Chile during their Bicentenary celebrations where she also assisted at the baptism of a Chilean baby, Anaís Escobar Maldonado, born in theArgentine Hospital deployed atCurico after the earthquake. The visit had a high profile in the media mainly because of the possible extradition to Chile ofSergio Apablaza. She met with presidentSebastián Piñera and participated in the festivities at the national stadium.[83] She also confirmed the celebration of the III bi-national cabinet meeting for next October.[84][85] Fernández de Kirchner then departed for New York to give herUnited Nations General Assembly speech where she once again criticized Britain over the Falklands (Malvinas) issue, and Iran for the1994 AMIA bombing whilst giving her support for an Israeli-Palestinian dialogue and an eventual Palestinian state.[86] On 30 September she hosted theUNASUR presidents' emergency summit at Buenos Aires due to theEcuador crisis and started an official visit toGermany the following day in order to participate as a Guest of Honour at theFrankfurt Book Fair[87] and meet with ChancellorAngela Merkel. In October she inaugurates the III News Agencies World Congress to be held inBariloche.[88] This same month, and as part of the2006 civilian nuclear-power reactivation program, Fernández reopened the Pilcaniyeuuranium enrichment plant, put on ice in the 1990s, amid worsening shortages of natural gas.[89] Following the death of her spouse (see below), she also resumed activities and flew to South Korea for theG20 Seoul summit. After her return she announces that theParis Club agrees to debt talks without theInternational Monetary Fund intervention as proposed by Argentina since 2008. These negotiations will result in the settlement of the last portion of the sovereign debt defaulted in the2001 crisis after the successful restructuring debts of 2005 and 2009.[90] In November she also participated in theUNASUR Summit atGuyana after which will host the XXIbero-American Summit atMar del Plata.
On the morning of 27 October 2010, her husband, former presidentNéstor Kirchner, died of a heart failure at the Hospital Jose Formenti inEl Calafate,Santa Cruz Province. He had been subject to two coronary interventions earlier in the year (2010). On 7 February 2010, he developed problems with the common carotid artery and needed surgery. On 11 September, he was intervened because of coronary artery blockage and needed an angioplasty.
The 2011 year was influenced by thegeneral election in October. The youth organizationCámpora increased its influence in the government, disputing offices and candidacies with the traditional hierarchies of the Justicialist Party and theCGT. Cristina Fernández choseDaniel Filmus as her candidate for the mayor of Buenos Aires.[91] On 21 June 2011, she announced she would run for a second term as president. A few days later, she announced Amado Boudou would run for vice-president on her ticket. She personally chose most of the candidates for deputy in the Congress, favoring members of the Cámpora. She had highly publicized disagreements with Brazil regarding the trade quotas between the two countries. She also hada major dispute with the United States after seizing an American military airplane, accusing the U.S. of smuggling in undeclared firearms, surveillance equipment, and morphine for ulterior motives.[92]
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On 22 September, she addressed the United Nations. She supported thePalestinian request to be seated in the General Assembly, and threatened to cancel flights from Chile to the Falkland Islands in order to advance Argentine claims of sovereignty over the Islands.[93] The 2011 election took place in October, and she won with 54.1% of the vote.
After the electoral victory of 2011, the ruling party regained control over both chambers of Congress.[94] They initiated aperiod of fiscal reform, which included several tax increases, limits to wage increases, but increases inprotectionism and reorganization of state-owned enterprises.[95] Congress passed ananti-terrorism law, criticized for its vague and imprecise terms, that may allow it to be used against political opponents of the government.[96]Hugo Moyano, mainunion leader, who was a strong supporter of kirchnerism, began to oppose the president.[97] Moyano would later organize a big protest atPlaza de Mayo, with 30,000 people, requesting the abolition ofcapital gains tax.[98] However, her close union allyEnrique Omar Suárez, another powerful union leader, has remained in support of her.[99] The vice presidentAmado Boudou got involved in apolitical scandal, suspected of favoring the Ciccone currency printing business.[100] The poor maintenance of rail services led to arail disaster that left 51 dead and 703 injured.[101] The government has also begun to devote more attention to theFalkland Islands sovereignty dispute (prompted by the 30th anniversary of theFalklands War).[102] Fernández also supported the nationalization ofYPF.[103]
In 2012, the government tightened currency controls, allowing access to other currencies to only those people who traveled outside the country.[104] The blockade of other currencies affected financial activities and led to a black market in currencies.[105] On 15 May, The governor of the Buenos Aires provinceDaniel Scioli voiced his intention to run for the presidency in 2015.[106] On 11 July, Fernández criticized the administration of the Buenos Aires province because the provincial government didn't have money to pay their workers wages. The province requested a transfer of funds from the federal government but were initially denied by Kirchner. On 20 July, the federal government agreed to transfer funds to the province.[107] Moyano claimed the denial to transfer funds was to harm Scioli's image, as Scioli has the highest rate of approval of any governor in the nation.[108][109]
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Several other political scandals came to light in 2012, such as the alleged liberation of sentenced prisoners forgovernment-organized demonstrations,[110] and media accusations of political advocacy ofThe Cámpora at elementary and high schools.[111] More than 200,000 people in many cities of the country took part in aprotest against Kirchner in September 2012;[112] the protest was followed by a protest of the gendarmeria and another of the CTA.[113] The largest demonstration was the8N, which took place on 8 November.
The managing director of the IMF,Christine Lagarde, warned the Kirchner Administration of the need for Argentina to provide the IMF with reliable estimates of inflation and growth. A BBC report noted that, while official government data reported inflation at 10 percent, private economists estimated the true rate at around 24 percent.[114] Kirchner rejected Lagarde's demands.[115]
Her administration sought to increase bilateral relations with Angola and Iran. Since there is suspected Iranian involvement in the1994 AMIA bombing, Kirchner's relations with theArgentine Jewish community deteriorated.[116] Fernández gave herUnited Nations General Assembly speech where she again criticized Britain over the Falklands (Malvinas) issue, and Iran for the1994 AMIA bombing while giving her support for an Israeli-Palestinian dialogue and an eventual Palestinian state.[117]
The Argentine navy training shipARA Libertad (Q-2) was impounded in Ghana in October 2012 as part of an extended legal battle between Kirchner's administration and "holdout" holders of Argentine government debt who had refused to accept the earlier write-down of principal and who continue to pursue full payment through the courts. On 26 October, New York judge Thomas Griesa issued a ruling favoring the holdout creditors, and against the government's practice of excluding them from payments made to those bondholders who had participated in the earlier debt restructuring. The government is appealing Griesa's judgment.[118]
Argentina signed an accord with Iran in relation to the Amia bombing. According to it, the Iranian suspects will be interrogated in Iran, under Iranian law. Not all suspects would be interrogated, but only those with a "red alert" arrest order from Interpol. This accord was rejected by the opposition parties and the Jewish community, who deemed it unconstitutional.[119]
Buenos Aires andLa Plata sufferedfloods in April, with more than 70 deaths. MayorMauricio Macri pointed that the national government prevents the city from taking international loans, which did not allow for infrastructure improvements.[120] A week later, Kirchner announced an amendment of the Argentine judiciary. Three bills were controversial: the first proposes to limit theinjunctions against the state, the second to include people selected in national elections at the body that appoints or accuses judges, and the third to create a new court that would limit the number of cases treated by the Supreme Court. The opposition considered that those bills attempt to control the judiciary.[121] The 2013 season of the investigative journalism programPeriodismo para todos revealed an ongoing case of political corruption, named "The Route of the K-Money", which generated a huge political controversy.[122] Both things led to a hugecacerolazo on 18 April, known as the18A.[123]
The aforementioned amendment of the judiciary was repealed by the Supreme Court, which ruled the law to be unconstitutional. The Front for Victory is defeated at the October midterm elections, with a sound victory ofSergio Massa at the populous Buenos Aires Province. Still, the government retains the majority in both houses of the Congress.[124] The Supreme Court rules the media law to be constitutional, a pair of days after the election. Cristina Fernández, who was under medical treatment during both events, changed the cabinet at her return, appointingJorge Capitanich as chief of cabinet,Axel Kicillof as minister of economy,Juan Carlos Fábrega as president of the Central Bank, andCarlos Casamiquela as minister of Agriculture.[125] The interior trade secretaryGuillermo Moreno resigns the following day.[126] The international controversy over the renationalization of YPF ends with a financial compensation for Repsol.[127] The year ends with several electricity blackouts and withpolice revolts at several provinces, which causes looting.[128]
The year began with a renewed economic crisis, which led to a nationwide strike of teachers, and a general strike by union leaderHugo Moyano. The crisis was temporarily solved with a rise of the interest rate. On 22 January, Cristina Fernández announced the government-sponsored programme "Progresar", which gives a monthly subsidy for youths aged 18 to 24 who wish to complete studies but are unemployed or work under the table.[129] Cristina Kirchner visited Pope Francis for a third time. The scandal over Amado Boudou grew when he was summoned for inquiry by Federal Judge Ariel Lijo. The country paid the debt with theParis Club. US judgeThomas P. Griesa rules that Argentina must pay as well to thehedge funds that did not enter into the Argentine debt restructuring,[130] which Argentina failed to do. Still, the government denies that such failure may be a newsovereign default; Standard & Poor's defined it as a "selective default".[131] She said in a speech at the United Nations that theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant jihadist group may be trying to kill her, and later that it would be the US;Elisa Carrió dismissed such threats as mere conspiracy theories.[132] In her speech, she accused the "vulture funds" of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them "economic terrorists".[133][134] The government promoted several new laws and law amendments, such as an overhauledcivil code,[135] hydrocarbon law[136] and telecommunications law.[137] Cristina Kirchner was denounced in theHotesur scandal over a firm headed by her and her sons to manage the hotels in Calafate. She is suspected of using the hotels for money laundering. The judgeClaudio Bonadio, heading the case, was in turn called for impeachment.[138]
On 14 January the federal prosecutor,Alberto Nisman, filed a criminal complaint against Kirchner and others, accusing them of conspiring to cover up Iran's alleged involvement in the1994 bombing of a Jewish community center in Buenos Aires which killed 85 and injured hundreds.[139] On 18 January, just hours before he was set to testify in Congress against Kirchner, Nisman was found shot dead in his apartment.[140][141] A gun and spent shell casing were found next to the body, and a government official said the death was likely a suicide although others considered the death suspicious.[142] Kirchner said that Nisman was murdered by rogue agents of theSecretariat of Intelligence, and sent a bill to the Congress to dissolve it.[143] On 3 February, Viviana Fein, the lead investigator into the death of Nisman, announced that a draft arrest warrant for the president had been found among his papers.[144] The criminal complaint was taken by prosecutor Gerardo Pollicita, who formally accused her ofconspiracy, alongside other people included in Nisman's original project.[145] MinisterJorge Capitanich described it as "an active judicial coup".[145] The case will be heard by judge Daniel Rafecas.[145]
In December 2016, a year after her term as president ended, she and several of her former aides were indicted on “charges of illicit association and fraudulent administration.”The order force up to $633m of each defendant’s assets.[clarify] Fernandez maintained no wrongdoing, and earlier had alleged she was the “victim of persecution by her conservative successor, Mauricio Macri.”[146]
On 14 November 2007, the president-elect publicly announced the names of her new cabinet, which was sworn in on 10 December. Of the 12 ministers appointed, seven were already ministers in Néstor Kirchner's government, while the other five took office for the first time.[147] Three other ministries were created afterwards.[148]
| Ministry | Minister | Party | Start | End | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General Secretary | Oscar Parrilli | Justicialist Party | 10 December 2007 | 16 September 2014 | |
| Aníbal Fernández | Justicialist Party | 16 September 2014 | 26 February 2015 | ||
| Eduardo de Pedro | Justicialist Party | 26 February 2015 | 10 December 2015 | ||
| Legal and Technical Secretary | Carlos Zannini | Justicialist Party | 10 December 2007 | 10 December 2015 | |
| Secretary of Intelligence[e] | Héctor Icazuriaga | Justicialist Party | 10 December 2007 | 16 December 2014 | |
| Oscar Parrilli | Justicialist Party | 16 December 2014 | 5 March 2015 | ||
| Secretary of Culture[f] | José Nun | Independent | 10 December 2007 | 8 July 2009 | |
| Jorge Coscia | Justicialist Party | 8 July 2009 | 7 May 2014 | ||
| Secretary of Programming for the Prevention of Drug Addiction and the Fight against Drug Trafficking | José Ramón Granero | Justicialist Party | 10 December 2007 | 10 December 2011 | |
| Rafael Bielsa | Justicialist Party | 30 December 2011 | 20 March 2013 | ||
| Juan Carlos Molina (es) | Justicialist Party | 29 November 2013 | 19 May 2015 | ||
| Gabriel Lerner | Kolina | 19 May 2015 | 10 December 2015 | ||
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(February 2011) |
She said in a speech at the United Nations that theIslamic State of Iraq and the Levant jihadist group may be trying to kill her, and later that there could be a conspiracy against her led by the US;Elisa Carrió dismissed such threats as mere conspiracy theories.[155] In her speech, she accused the "vulture funds" of destabilizing the economy of the countries and called them "economic terrorists".[133][134]
In March 2010, Fernández de Kirchner made a historic trip toPeru to make amends, a country with whom relations had been adversely affected following theCarlos Menem administration's illegal sale of weapons toEcuador in the 1990s.[156]
On 19 April, she was invited to the bicentenary of the independence celebrations in Venezuela, where she was the main speaker in front of the National Assembly.[157] She signed 25 trade agreements with Venezuela relating to food, technology and energy.[158]
On 30 September, she hosted theUNASUR presidents' emergency summit at Buenos Aires due to theEcuador crisis. She then began an official visit to Germany the next day in order to participate as a Guest of Honor at theFrankfurt Book Fair and meet ChancellorAngela Merkel. In October she inaugurated the Three News Agencies World Congress held inBariloche.[159]
In 2014, she unveiled a statue of her late husband, Nestor Kirchner, who was the first secretary-general of UNASUR, that will stand in front of the UNASUR headquarters in Quito, Ecuador.[160]
Fernández received a visit of US Secretary of StateHillary Clinton in Buenos Aires, where she received great support for the way her administration was managing its foreign debt[161] and emphasized the positive relationship between the two countries[162] something which was not reported by local major news media.[163]
She also hada major dispute with the United States after seizing an American military airplane, accusing the U.S. of smuggling in undeclared firearms, surveillance equipment, and morphine for ulterior motives.[164]
On 22 February 2010 (2010-02-22),[165] British oil explorerDesire Petroleum started drilling exploration wells some 100 kilometres (60 mi) north of the disputed Falkland Islands, despite strong opposition from Argentina which took the issue to the Latin America and Caribbean presidents summit where it received unanimous support.[166] According to geological surveys carried out in 1998, there could be 60 billion barrels (9.5×10^9 m3) of oil in the area around the islands but the initial 2010 drilling produced poor results.[167] As a result, Desire's share price plummeted and the company announced further drilling could begin later in 2010.[168]
Her administration sought to increase bilateral relations with Angola and Iran. Since there is suspected Iranian involvement in the1994 AMIA bombing, Kirchner's relations with theArgentine Jewish community deteriorated.[169] Fernández gave herUnited Nations General Assembly speech where she again criticized Britain over the Falklands issue, and Iran for the1994 AMIA bombing while giving her support for an Israeli-Palestinian dialogue and an eventual Palestinian state.[117]
Argentina signed amemorandum of understanding with Iran in relation to the Amia bombing. According to it, the Iranian suspects will be interrogated in Iran, under Iranian law. Not all suspects would be interrogated, but only those with a "red alert" arrest order from Interpol. This accord was rejected by the opposition parties and the Jewish community, who deemed it unconstitutional.[170]
In 2004,Alberto Nisman was appointed as a special prosecutor in charge of the AMIA bombing investigation in which 85 people were killed. He produced an indictment for seven Iranian officials, including a former Iranian president and Hezbollah's senior military commander. In 2013, Kirchner signed a deal establishing a "truth commission" permitting Argentine judges to travel to Tehran and interview the suspects. On 14 January 2015, Nisman accused the president of engaging in a criminal conspiracy to bury the AMIA case. On 18 January 2015 Nismandied. Initially, Kirchner declared his death a suicide, but reversed herself days later, saying that Nisman had been murdered in a conspiracy to frame her. The circumstances surrounding Nisman's death and Kirchner's comments have generated controversy among Argentinians.[171][172][173][174]
In July 2010, she traveled to the People's Republic of China with the goal of strengthening the strategic partnership between the two countries.[175] In 2015, during a trip to China, shetweeted a message replacing the letter "r" with the letter "l" so as to write in Spanish, "lice and petloleum", instead of "rice and petroleum", seemingly mocking the accent of the Chinese hosts. Another message was released shortly afterwards apologising for the initial message.[176][177]
In November 2012, she signed an agreement to establish asatellite tracking facility nearLas Lajas, Neuquén, operated byPeople's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force.[178][179][180]
In February 2015, she and Chinese presidentXi Jinping announced prospective ambitious arms sales and defense cooperation agreements extending beyond the scope of any made. These plans include Argentina's purchase or coproduction of 110 8×8VN-1 APCs, 14JF-17/FC-1 multirole fighters, and fiveP18Malvinas class patrol ships.[181][182] While the government of president Mauricio Macri, elected in December 2015, soon dropped the arms purchases from China.[183]
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(February 2011) |
Fernández and her husband have always had a tempestuous relationship with the national media, particularly theGrupo Clarín corporation, which is the owner of video cable networks, multiple TV Channels, radio stations, the main newspaper, and—through most of a decade before 2010—had a monopoly on Argentine football broadcasts: it is thus so-called opinion-former. By 2010 it was obvious to independent sources that the traditionally major news media were in a direct conflict with the government, often reporting misleading Information.[184]
In April 2008, Kirchner received a stern public rebuke from the Argentine media ownersAssociation (Spanish:Asociación de Entidades Periodísticas Argentinas, or ADEPA) for having publicly accused the popular cartoonistHermenegildo Sábat of behaving like a "quasi mafioso".[185] In addition, a government proposal to create a watchdog to monitor racism and discrimination was received with suspicion by ADEPA, who called it a "covert attempt to control the media".[186] Néstor Kirchner, Cristina's husband and predecessor in office, received a similar rebuke for publicly and falsely denouncingJoaquín Morales Solá, a journalist critical of the government, for having produced an inflammatory text published in 1978.[187]
On 11 September 2009, she advanced the decriminalization of injurious calumny against public officials, a charge which had, in 2000, resulted in a prison term of one year for Eduardo Kimel, a journalist investigating theSan Patricio Church massacre of 1976.[188] She drew fire for a highly controversial Audiovisual Media Law proposed shortly afterwards, however. Defended by the government as a reform intended to fragment ownership of media companies so as to encourage plurality of opinion, the bill was criticised by part of the opposition as a means to silence voices critical of the government, especially those in the Clarín media group (the country's largest).[189] However, a significant amount of opposing congressmen voted in favor of the law, as they considered it was clearly an improvement on the existing one; also, the government had been willing to negotiate and modify parts of the proposed new law to improve it.
The law has aroused further controversy, given that in its passing through the chambers of the legislature, the mandatory seven-day period between debate and assent of the new legislation was ignored. The view among the part of the opposition that opposed the bill is that Kirchner's government is trying to rush the law through parliament before December 2009, when the government will lose its absolute majorities in Congress.[189]
Dr. Lauro Laíño, the president of ADEPA (media owners), in a speech given on 24 September 2009, opposed the proposed law, and added that in Latin America, especially in Venezuela and Argentina, "press freedom was being undermined under the suspicious pretext of plurality".[190] Others, notably the press freedom advocacy groupReporters Sans Frontières, have expressed some support for the measure, citing the need to repeal the Radio Broadcast Law of 1980 enacted by theNational Reorganization Process, Argentina's last military government.[191]
The acrimony between Cristina Kirchner's government and the national media was exacerbated by a series of lock-ins carried out by the truck drivers' union led by Pablo Moyano, son ofHugo Moyano, a close ally of the Kirchner government. During the lock in, the country's most widely circulated newspapers (Clarín andLa Nación) were prevented by force and threats of violence from distributing papers to newsstands.[192] On 7 November 2009, the Association of Newspaper Editors of Buenos Aires (AEDBA) issued a statement in which it claimed that the truck drivers' unions' actions had been the fiercest attack on the free circulation of newspapers the country had seen since its return to democratic rule in 1983.[193]
In 2010 theSupreme Court of Argentina ruled that the judicial movement made by an opposition deputy who tried to suspend the new Media Law, which was approved by theNational Congress, was illegal.[194]
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