.jpg) Modi's official photograph (c. 2021) | |
| Premiership of Narendra Modi 26 May 2014 – present | |
| Party | Bharatiya Janata Party |
|---|---|
First term 26 May 2014 – 30 May 2019 | |
| Cabinet | First Modi ministry |
| Election | 2014 |
| Appointed by | PresidentPranab Mukherjee |
| Seat | Varanasi |
Second term 30 May 2019 – 9 June 2024 | |
| Cabinet | Second Modi ministry |
| Election | 2019 |
| Appointed by | PresidentRam Nath Kovind |
| Seat | Varanasi |
Third term 9 June 2024 – Present | |
| Cabinet | Third Modi ministry |
| Election | 2024 |
| Appointed by | PresidentDroupadi Murmu |
| Seat | Varanasi |
 | |
| Official website | |
Thepremiership of Narendra Modi began 26 May 2014 with hisswearing-in as theprime minister of India at theRashtrapati Bhavan. He succeededManmohan Singh of theIndian National Congress (INC).[1]
In 2019, he was elected as the prime minister of India for a second term andsworn in at the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 30 May 2019.[2] Hissecond cabinet consisted of 54 ministers[3] and initially had 51 ministers, which was expanded to 77 ministers during areshuffle on 7 July 2021.[4] Modi was sworn in for a third term as prime minister, heading a coalition government, on 9 June 2024.[5]
His premiership has, to a considerable extent, embodied ahigh command culture.[6]India has experienced significantdemocratic backsliding under his tenure.[a]
Modi is the longest serving non-Congress prime minister of India. In 2024, Modi became the first non-Congress leader to win three consecutive general elections and secure a third consecutive term as prime minister of India, withJawaharlal Nehru being the only other person to do so. As of August 2025, Modi is the third longest serving prime minister of India, after Jawaharlal Nehru andIndira Gandhi. His first cabinet consisted of 45 ministers, 25 fewer than the previousUnited Progressive Alliance (UPA)government.[7] A total of 21 ministers were added to the council of ministers on 9 November 2014.
The economic policies of Modi's government focused on privatisation and liberalization of the economy, based on aneoliberal framework.[8][9] Modi liberalised India'sforeign direct investment policies, allowing more foreign investment in several industries, including in defence and the railways.[10][11][12]
The first eight years of Modi's premiership, India's GDP grew at an average rate of 5.5% compared to the rate of 7.03% under the previous government.[13]
The level of income inequality increased significantly,[14] while an internal government report said that in 2017, unemployment had increased to its highest level in 45 years.[15] This was attributed to the2016 demonetisation, which was an issuance of new banknotes in an effort to curtail the black market, as well as the effects of theGoods and Services Tax, the biggest tax reform in the country since independence.[16][17]
One of the major impacts of Modi's economic reforms has been introduction ofUPI payment service, an indigenous payment system that made India a leading nation in cashless transactions. UPI has visibly contributed to reduced corruption and increased financial inclusion.[18]
Modi's labour reforms received support from institutions such as theWorld Bank, but opposition fromsocialist andcommunist parties, scholars, andworker rights groups within the country. The labour laws also drew strong opposition from unions: on 2 September 2015, eleven of the country's largest unions went on strike, including one affiliated with the BJP. The strike was estimated to have cost the economy $3.7 billion.[19][20] In 2025, Modi's government announced reforms to the country'slabour laws.[21]
India's health budget increases under Modi's premiership have been criticised as disappointing despite new measures such as expanded health insurance, a national dialysis programme, and more government-run pharmacies offering low-cost generic medicines. While private healthcare welcomed these steps, public health experts expressed concerns that public healthcare funding remains inadequate, and that public health services were being outsourced to the private sector.[23]
The government entered into significant agreements withGeneral Electric andAlstom to supply India with 1,000 new diesel locomotives as part of a broader effort to reform the Indian railway system, which also encompassed privatisation initiatives.[24][25]
In December 2015, the Modi administration signed an agreement withJapan to jointly develop ahigh-speed rail network connectingMumbai andAhmedabad.[26]
Under his leadership, theRailway Budget was merged with theUnion Budget of India. Additionally, the date for presenting the budget was changed from 28 February to 1 February, and the financial year was adjusted from July to April. Moreover, the distinction between planned and non-planned expenditure was abolished. The Modi government also dismantled theForeign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), which had been viewed as a barrier to foreign direct investments.[27]
The government has increased the Budget for National Mission for Green India from Rs. 290 Crore($38,511,333.00 in USD) to 361.69 Crore($48,034,782.98 in USD).[28] The public expenditure on education including technical education as a percentage of GDP for the year 2013-2014 was 4.44% which was later reduced to 4.35% in the year 2014-2015 and was later increased to 4.56% in the year 2015–2016 by Modi Government.[29]
The government substantially increased the percentage of central revenue directly granted to states, while decreasing the amount granted through various central government programs. Overall, states' share of revenue increased marginally. The criteria upon which individual states' allocation was determined were changed, such that the revenue to 19 states increased, and that of 10 states decreased. Only one of the ten states was ruled by the BJP when the policy was enacted.[30]
On 25 June 2015, Modi launched a program intended to develop 100smart cities.[31] The "Smart Cities" program is expected to bring IT companies an extra benefit of₹20 billion (US$240 million).[32] He also launched a "smart villages" initiative, under which villages would be given Internet access, clean water, sanitation, and low-carbon energy, with Members of Parliament overseeing the program's implementation. The program had a stated goal of at least 2,50 smart villages by 2019.[32]
Give upLPG subsidy was a campaign launched by Modi in March 2015. It was aimed at motivating LPG users who can afford to pay the market price for LPG to voluntarily surrender their LPG subsidy.[33] As at 23 April 2016 1 crore ( 10 million) people had voluntarily given up the subsidy.[34]The surrendered subsidy is being used by the government to provide cooking gas connections to poor families in rural households free of cost.[35]Maharashtra,Uttar Pradesh,Karnataka,Delhi andTamil Nadu are the top five states to give up the subsidy.[36]
Modi launchedPradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) in August 2014. The initiative aimed to create bank accounts and debit cards for 150 million families, and to allow them an overdraft of₹5,000 (US$59) and accident insurance. After the launch, 125.4 million accounts were opened by January 2015. The scheme has failed to improve the economic prosperity across states. "Poor usage of financial services" and "a rise in the number of dormant accounts" have been cited as the limitations of the scheme, with 30% of accounts remaining dormant.[37]
Modi government launched thePradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) in April 2015. Under this scheme, loans up to₹1 million (US$12,000) are given for non-agricultural activities under the three categories:Shishu (loans up to₹50,000 (US$590));Kishore (loans from₹50,000 (US$590) to₹500,000 (US$5,900)) andTarun (loans from₹500,000 (US$5,900) to₹1 million (US$12,000)). According to a report by the SKOCH Group, this scheme has generated 1.68 crore incremental jobs in the first two years until September 2017.[38]
In June 2015, Modi launched the "Housing for All By 2022" project, which intends to eliminateslums in India by building about 20 million affordable homes for India's urban poor.[39][40] A total of 4,718 camps were held from 2014 to 2017, benefiting 6.40 lakh beneficiaries under Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids/Appliances (ADIP) scheme, as compared to 37 camps from 2012 to 2014.[41]
In 2019, a law was passed to provide 10% reservation to Economically weaker sections.[42]
Modi also launchedPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) on 1 May 2016 to distribute 50 million LPG connections to women of BPL families.[43][44][45] A budgetary allocation of₹800 billion (US$9.5 billion) was made for the scheme. In the first year of its launch, the connections distributed were 22 million against the target of 15 million. As of 23 October 2017, 30 million connections were distributed, 44% of which were given to families belonging to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.[46] The number crossed 58 million by December 2018.[47] In 2018 Union Budget of India, its scope was widened to include 80 million poor households.[48] 21,000 awareness camps were conducted by oil marketing companies (OMC).[47] The scheme led to an increase in LPG consumption by 56% in 2019 as compared to 2014.[49]
During the 2014 election campaign, Modi publicly expressed hopes for a tenure withoutcommunal violence. The BJP sought to identify itself with political leaders known to have opposed Hindu nationalism, includingB. R. Ambedkar,Subhas Chandra Bose, andRam Manohar Lohia. The campaign also featured BJP leaders in some states using rhetoric rooted inHindutva, afar-rightHindu nationalist ideology.[50] Communal tensions were played upon especially in Uttar Pradesh and the states of Northeast India. A proposal for the controversialUniform Civil Code was a part of the BJP's election manifesto. The BJP increasingly employed rhetoric rooted in Hindutva during the2019[51][52] and2024 elections.[53][54]
Several state governments headed by the BJP have enacted policies aligned with Hindutva after the election of Modi as prime minister. The government of Haryana made changes to its education policy that introduced Hindu religious elements into the curriculum. External affairs ministerSushma Swaraj suggested after the election that theBhagavad Gita, an ancientHindu scripture, be adopted as India's "national book". There has been an increase in the activities of a number of other Hindu nationalist organisations, sometimes with the support of the government. The incidents included a campaign against "Love Jihad", aHindu religious conversion programme conducted by members of theRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a far-right Hindutvaparamilitary organisation, alongside other organisations such as theHindu Mahasabha, aright-wing to far-right Hindu nationalist political party. The attempts at religious conversion have been described by theVishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) and other organisations involved with them as attempts at "reconversion" from Islam or Christianity. However, no evidence was found by police in many states to support the "love-jihad" narrative.[55][56][57][58] There have been a number of reports of intimidation or coercion of the subjects during these attempts. There were additional incidents of violence targeted at religious minorities by Hindu nationalists. Modi refused to remove a government minister from her position after a popular outcry resulted from her referring to religious minorities as "bastards".[59] Commentators[who?] have suggested, however, that the violence was perpetrated by radical Hindu nationalists to undercut the authority of Modi.[citation needed]
The Modi administration appointedYellapragada Sudershan Rao, who had previously been associated with the RSS, chairperson of theIndian Council of Historical Research. In reaction to his appointment, other historians and former members of the ICHR, including those sympathetic to the ruling party, questioned his credentials as a historian. Several stated that the appointment was part of an agenda of cultural nationalism.[60][61]
On 8 January 2019, India's lower house of parliament approvesa bill that would grant residency and citizenship rights to non-Muslim immigrants who entered the country before 2014 – including Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and Christians from three Muslim-majority countries (Bangladesh, Pakistan and Afghanistan) – and make them eligible for Indian citizenship. The Bill excludes Muslims.[62][63]
%2c_in_Varanasi.jpg)
On 6 August 2019, theSupreme Court of India passed resolution on creation ofRam Mandir on thedisputed land of Ayodhya.[64] Theverdict also stated to provide 5 acres (20,000 m2) for creation of a mosque on another part of the land. The land was given to theSunni Waqf Board.[65] On 5 August 2020,Narendra Modi attended the Bhoomipujan atAyodhya. He became the first prime minister to visitRam Janmabhoomi andHanuman Garhi.[66]
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On 8 March 2019, the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor Project was launched by Narendra Modi to ease access between the temple and the Ganges River, creating a wider space to prevent overcrowding.[67] On 13 December 2021, Modi inaugurated the corridor with a sacred ceremony.[68]
According toSumantra Bose, aLondon School of Economics professor, since being reelected in May 2019, Modi's government has "moved on to larger-scale, if still localized, state-sanctioned mob violence".[69]
Under Modi's tenure, bulldozers have been used in many Muslim neighborhoods for demolitions of homes, shops and other property owned by Muslims accused in crimes or riots. BJP officials have defended the use of demolitions as they say properties are illegal. In Delhi, the demolition drive even violated theSupreme Court order which asked the authorities to immediately stop the demolitions.[70]
Democratic backsliding refers to a political process in which a democratic system increasingly deteriorates into an autocratic regime. This transition is characterised by the erosion of democratic norms, the suppression of mechanisms that constrain the exercise of political power, and the centralisation of authority. Since Modi came to power in 2014, various studies conducted bynon-governmental organisations, have confirmed the persistent decline in democracy indexes in that now India is widely considered to be gradually moving towards an "electoral autocracy".[72] This is credibly supported by the Swedish organisationInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance categorising India as an "electoral autocracy" in March 2021.[73] This democratic backsliding has been driven primarily by Modi and theHindu nationalist BJP.[74] Akhilesh Pillalamarri ofthe Diplomat has argued that the "cultural and social trends [in India today] are not necessarily evidence of democratic backsliding, but are rather evidence of social norms in India that are illiberal toward speech, individual expression, and criticism."[75]
In the past decade, India has seen a decline in manyglobal freedom indices. In 2020, India reported drop in the rankings in the Human Freedom Index, Global Economic Freedom Index, Internet Freedom Index,Human Development Report. India also saw adecline in press freedom, falling from 133 out of 180 countries in 2016 to 161 in 2023, in thePress Freedom Index published byReporters Without Borders.[76][77][78] India ranked 46th out of 165 independent countries and two territories in the Democracy Index published by theEconomist Intelligence Unit (EIU) for 2021.[79] In 2021,V-Dem Institute downgraded India from a 'flawed democracy' to an 'electoral autocracy'.[80]
According to international think-tankChatham house amongst many factors, such as its control of the media, corruption, and abuse of power, the BJP seems to be on the path to becoming an illiberal pseudo-democracy similar to Turkey or Russia. Their attempt at developing the country, has now been increasingly polarised, eroding the citizens' trust in the states' institutions and basic democratic foundations like the rule of law.[81]
If a public source was to criticise the rule of Modi or the BJP, they would be punished through harassment, prosecution, raided by tax income officers, or put under surveillance. This was to restrict the denunciation of the leader, however this would then deny the public of the free flow of information that essentially enables them to assess the work of the government and make political choices.[82] Therefore, the public would not be able to hold the government accountable for their actions. Cases of sedition (conduct or speech inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state) had risen by 28% between 2010 and 2021; Of these cases filed against citizens for criticising the government, 96% were filed after Modi came to power in 2014.[83] Not only were opposing press silenced, but media coverage on the television was highly influenced by Modi, with a study of RepublicTV from 2017 to 2020 finding that coverage would be "consistently biased in favour of the Modi government and its policies.". Moreover, Mukesh Ambani, a businessman with close ties to Modi, directly controls media outlets followed by at least 800 million Indians.[84] This heavily dictates the media shown to the population, often being able to convey propaganda benefitting the BJP.
As well as subduing the media, Modi has been able to manipulate the Supreme Court, despite a tradition of an independent judiciary which would maintain effective checks and balances. The government has been able to abuse their executive power which is supposedly overtly embedded into the constitutional order and institutional structure. The Constitution establishes a political system designed to advancing executive power and supports coercive legislation at their disposal, if there are cases of absent fundamental plumbing, it can be created through amendments.[72] However, it is important to note that the same concentration of power would be available if a leader is able to muster a legislative majority.
This overall, leads to a democratic backslide due to the lack of criticising information available to the public to view, therefore their opinions are likely to be manipulated in favour of Modi and the BJP.
Central investigative agencies like theEnforcement Directorate and theCentral Bureau of Investigation have been instrumentalised for political gains by the Modi government and used against their political opposition.[85][86] The investigative agencies provide inputs about the opposition's vulnerabilities with the Modi government, and intimidate them with raids. On one occasion, IT officers came from a car with BJP sticker.[87] The government has put opposition politicians under house arrest and jailed them in order to prevent them from canvassing or participating in protest movements such as in the cases of TDP politicianNara Lokesh and former finance ministerP. Chidambaram.[86] Jaffrelot finds similarities between the way the Modi administration has used investigative agencies, and the use of income-tax raids as a tool of intimidation by the government of Indira Gandhi during the Emergency.[85] A pattern of closing cases against political opponents who defect to the rulingBharatiya Janata Party has also emerged.[88][86] The charges ofSaradha scam[89] were dropped[90] againstHimanta Biswa Sarma when he joined the BJP.[91] Similar cases of corruption againstAjit Pawar,[92]Mukul Roy,[93]Y.S. Chowdary[86] andHarshvardhan Patil[94] were also dropped when they defected to the BJP.
The timing of raids on the opposition leaders is often made to coincide with elections or other political consequences.[95][96]
According to the data shared by the Union government in the parliament in July 2022, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) has registered 5,422 cases under thePrevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002, but only 23 persons have been convicted – less than 0.5% out of which 5,310 cases were under the premiership of Narendra Modi – a 27 times rise .[97][98][99] The government data on convictions by theIncome Tax Department is also abysmal.[100] In 6 months between 2018 and 2019, the Income Tax Department had raided the offices of 16 politicians of which 15 belonged to opposition parties.[101] Among the politicians booked, arrested, raided or questioned by theCentral Bureau of Investigation under the first eight years of Modi's government, 95% were from the opposition.[102] BJP leaders have boasted about the impunity they get from the investigative agencies and threatening rebels in their party with raids, adds further to the allegations of misuse of investigative agencies under the premiership of Modi.[103][104]
The investigative agencies have also targeted independent and media houses with raids. Offices ofDainik Bhaskar were raided by IT department months after the media house exposed the handling of theCOVID-19 pandemic by the government.BBC India offices were raided by income tax officers a month after they released adocumentary on Modi's role in the2002 Gujarat riots. Other media houses that were targeted include Bennett Coleman and Company Limited,India Today Group,Kashmir Times,The Quint,The News Minute, Theo Connect (parent of HW News Network),Newslaundry,Bharat Samachar, NewsClick,Greater Kashmir, Kashmir Walla.[105]
JournalistSidheeq Kappan was put in jail for 850 days under the stringent UAPA by UP police and money laundering case by the ED on his way toHathras gang rape and murder case. Journalist Manash Baruah from Guwahati was summoned by the NIA asking him to discontinue phone calls with activistAkhil Gogoi. At the time offarmers' protests, NIA summoned Gurpatwant Singh Pannun because of his reporting on farmer protests was different frommainstream media.[105]
Modi' government extended the tenure of ED director Sanjay Kumar Mishra, who was set to leave the post in November 2020, to one more year so that he remains the director till November 2021. In September 2021, the Supreme Court directed the centre to not give any further extension to Mishra after his tenure ends in November 2021. The government followed by passing two ordinances giving itself power to extend the tenure of chiefs of ED and CBI for three years after their two-year tenure is completed, and Mishra's tenure was extended till November 2022.[106][107] The move to allow extension of tenures to up to five years by the government was seen by the critics as an attack on independence of agencies.[108]
On 8 May 2023, The Supreme Court'samicus curiae K.V. Viswanathan told the court that the extensions granted to Mishra were "invalid" and the changes brought by the government in the law "should be scrapped in the interest of democracy", when the court was hearing petitions challenging the third extension of Mishra.[109][110]
Modi's government delayed the release of data on unemployment in 2019. Two members ofNational Statistical Commission resigned in protest as the release was approved in December 2018 by the commission. The government released the data in May 2019 after thegeneral elections. The government delayed farmer suicide data from 2016 by three years. Before the 2019 general elections, the government did not release data on consumer expenditure, GDP growth, deaths due to lynching, and caste census from 2011.[111][112]
The government withheldNational Crime Records Bureau data for 2017,[113] discontinued Labour Bureau's quarterly enterprises survey and the Employment-Unemployment Survey, and instead plan to rely on provident fund data for calculation of unemployment, which is widely criticised.[114]
In his first year as prime minister Modi reduced the amount of money spent by the government on healthcare.[115] The Modi government launched a "New Health Policy" in January 2015. The policy did not increase the government's spending on healthcare, but placed emphasis on the role of private healthcare organisations.[116] In its budget for the second year after it took office, the Modi government reduced healthcare spending by 15%.[116] This represented a shift away from the policy of the previous Congress government, which had supported programs to support public health goals including reducing child and maternal mortality rates.[116] TheNational Health Mission, which included public health programs targeted at these indices received nearly 25% less funds in 2015 than in the previous year.[116] 15 national health programs, including those aimed at controlling tobacco use and supporting healthcare for the elderly, were merged with the National Health Mission, and received less funds than in previous years.[116] Modi initially appointedHarsh Vardhan, a doctor and an advocate of tobacco control, minister of health. However, Vardhan was removed in November 2015.[116] The government also proposed introducing stricter packaging laws for tobacco, but this effort was postponed because of the efforts of the tobacco lobby.[116]
On 2 October 2014, Modi launched theSwachh Bharat Abhiyan ("Clean India") campaign. The stated goals of the campaign included eliminatingopen defecation, eliminatingmanual scavenging, and improving waste management practices.[117][118] The campaign was announced on the anniversary ofMahatma Gandhi's birthday, and was planned to achieve these aims in five years, or in time for the 150th anniversary of his birth.[118] As part of the programme, the Indian government began the construction of millions toilets in rural areas, as well as efforts to encourage people to use them.[119][120][121] The government also announced plans to build new sewage treatment plants.[122] The administration plans to construct 60 million toilets by 2019. The construction projects have faced allegations of corruption, and have faced severe difficulty in getting people to use the toilets constructed for them.[118][119][120] Modi has generally emphasized his government's efforts at sanitation as a means of ensuring good health.[116] He has also advocatedyoga and traditional forms of medicine.[116] An article in the medical journalLancet stated that the country "might have taken a few steps back in public health" under the first year of the Modi government.[116]
Modi's government developed a draft policy to introduce auniversal health care system, known as the National Health Assurance Mission. Under this plan, the government was to provide free drugs, diagnostic treatment, and insurance coverage for serious ailments, although budgetary concerns have delayed its implementation.[123][124][125] The government announced "Ayushman Bharat" (National Health Protection Mission) in the2018 Union Budget of India. It is World's largest health protection scheme, also being calledModiCare.[126][127][128] The scheme will help 10 crore families in their medical need.[129] Under the Ayushman Bharat programme, there is a new scheme has been announced byArun Jaitley, the finance minister of India, calledNational Health Protection Scheme, providing a health insurance cover of ₹5 lac a family per annum.[130] More than a lakh people have taken benefit of the scheme till October 2018.[131]
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), a skill development initiative scheme of theGovernment of India for recognition and standardisation of skills.[132] Cabinet approved an outlay of₹120 billion (US$1.4 billion) for the project. The scheme has a target to train 1crore Indian youth from 2016 to 2020.[133] As of 18 July 2016, 17.93lakh candidates were trained out of 18 lakh who enrolled for the scheme. The aim of the PMKVY scheme is to encourage aptitude towards employable skills and to increase working efficiency of probable and existing daily wage earners, by giving monetary awards and rewards and by providing quality training to them. Average award amount per person has been kept as₹8,000 (US$95). Those wage earners already possessing a standard level of skill will be given recognition as per scheme and average award amount for them is ₹2000 to ₹2500. In the initial year, a target to distribute₹15 billion (US$180 million) has been laid down for the scheme. Training programmes have been worked out on the basis of National Occupational Standards (NOS) and qualification packs specifically developed in various sectors of skills. For this qualification plans and quality plans have been developed by various Sector Skill Councils (SSC) created with participation of Industries.National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) has been made coordinating and driving agency for the same.[134]
An outlay of₹120 billion (US$1.4 billion) has been approved by the cabinet for this project.[133] The scheme has a target to train 1crore Indian youth from 2016 to 2020.[133] As of 18 July 2016, 17.93lakh candidates were trained out of 18 lakh who enrolled for the scheme.[134]
The government began formulating a New Education Policy, or NEP, soon after its election. This was the third education policy introduced by the Indian government, following those of 1968 and 1986. The policy was described as having overtones of Hindutva.[135] The RSS had a role in its creation, and it did not explicitly mention the goals of "socialism, secularism and democracy" that had been mentioned in the first two policies. The policy emphasised the education of minority students, as well as those of economically backward groups, in particular on improving enrolment in schools among those groups. The policy proposed bringing religious educational institutions under theRight to Education Act. There was also a debate about removing caste-based reservation in favour of reservation based on income, a move supported by the RSS, but which was criticised as being discriminatory on the basis of caste.[136] As of October 2018, the new policy had not been implemented.[137][138]
In July 2020, the government unveiled theNational Education Policy 2020, "envisioning an India-centric education system that contributes directly to transforming our nation sustainably into an equitable and vibrant knowledge society by providing high-quality education to all"[139] and making "India a global knowledge superpower".[140]
Foreign policy played a relatively small role in Modi's election campaign, and did not feature prominently in the BJP's election manifesto.[141] Modi invited all the other leaders ofSAARC countries to the ceremony where he was sworn in as prime minister.[142][143] He was the first Indian prime minister to do so.[144] Observers have stated that due to Modi portraying himself as a strong and nationalist leader during his election campaign, he would be politically unable to follow a policy of restraint that India had previously followed after terrorist attacks, and is more likely to have a military response.[142][145]
Modi's foreign policy focused on improving economic ties, improving security, and increased regional relations, which is very similar to the policy of the preceding INC government.[141] Modi continued his predecessorManmohan Singh's policy of "multialignment."[146] This involved the use of regional multilateral institutions and strategic partnerships to further the interests of the Indian government.[146] The Modi administration tried to attract foreign investment in the Indian economy from several sources, especially in East Asia.[141] The Modi government also upgraded several of India's military alliances, although it was unable to conclude negotiations for a trilateral defence agreement with Japan and Australia.[141] As a part of this policy, the Modi government completed India's application to join theShanghai Cooperation Organisation, which is led by China and Russia. (SCO). It also joined theAsian Infrastructure Investment Bank founded by China.[146] Together with the US government, it created a "Joint Strategic Vision" for the Indian and Pacific oceans.[146] The government also tried to improve relations with Islamic republics in the Middle East, such as Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, as well as with Israel, with the intent to also "link west."[146] Modi added five bilateral strategic partnerships to the 25 that had been agreed by his predecessors Singh and Vajpayee.[146]
During the first few months after the election, Modi made trips to a number of different countries to further the goals of his policy, and attended theBRICS,ASEAN, andG20 summits.[141] During these visits, Modi attempted to draw further foreign investment in the Indian economy,[141] with the use of slogans such as "Make in India" and "Digital India," put forward during a visit toSilicon Valley.[146] One of Modi's first visits as prime minister was to Nepal, during which he promised a billion USD in aid.[147] Another early visit was to Bhutan.[147] Modi also made several overtures to the United States, including multiple visits to that country.[143] While this was described as an unexpected development, due to the US having previously denied Modi a travel visa over his alleged failure to control the 2002 Gujarat riots, it was also expected to strengthen diplomatic and trade relations between the two countries.[143] As of July 2016, Modi had made 51 trips to 42 countries with the intent of strengthening diplomatic relations.[148][149]
In 2015, the Indian parliament ratified a land exchange deal with Bangladesh about theIndia–Bangladesh enclaves, which had been initiated by the government of Manmohan Singh.[150] Modi's administration gave renewed attention to India's "Look East Policy", instituted in 1991. The policy was renamed the "Act East policy", and involved directing Indian foreign policy towardsEast Asia andSoutheast Asia.[146][151] The government signed agreements to improve land connectivity withMyanmar, through the state ofManipur. This represented a break with India's historic engagement with Myanmar, which prioritized border security over trade.[151] In June 2018, PM Modi articulated India's vision towards the "Indo-Pacific region" for the first time.[152]A central feature of Indian PM Modi's foreign policy has been to advance the need to create a "free, open, and inclusive" Indo-Pacific.[153]
He coined the concept of "three Ds" – democracy, demography and demand – to reflect the strength of the country.[154]
During the 2014 election campaign, Modi and the BJP pledged to revisit India's nuclear weapons doctrine, and in particular India's historical policy of no-first-use.[155] The pressure to revise the doctrine came from a desire for assertiveness among Indian government and defence officials. Soon after being sworn in as prime minister, Modi said that no revision would take place in the immediate future.[155] The election manifesto of the BJP had also promised to deal with illegal immigration into India in the Northeast, as well as to be more firm in its handling of insurgent groups.[156] During the election campaign, Modi said that he would be willing to accommodate Hindu migrants who were being persecuted in Bangladesh, but those that came with "political objectives" would have to be sent back to Bangladesh.[156] The Modi government issued a notification allowing Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist illegal immigrants from Pakistan and Bangladesh to legalize their residency in India.[156] The government described the measure as being taken for humanitarian reasons. However, it drew criticism from several Assamese organizations.[156]
Modi continued the previous administration's policy of increasing military spending every year, announcing an increase of 11% in the military budget in 2015.[157][158] This increase was larger than the average growth under the Congress.[157]
The Modi administration negotiated a peace agreement with the largest faction of theNational Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCM), which was announced in August 2015. TheNaga insurgency in northwest India had begun in the 1950s.[156][159] The NSCM and the government had agreed to a ceasefire in 1997, but a peace accord had not previously been signed.[159] In 2015 the government abrogated a 15-year ceasefire with the Khaplang faction of the NSCM (NSCM-K). The NSCM-K responded with a series of attacks, which killed 18 people.[156] The Modi government carried out a raid across the border with Myanmar as a result, and labelled the NSCM-K a terrorist organization.[156]
Modi has repeatedly stated thatPakistan is anexporter of terrorism.[160][161] Modi increased the monetary compensation for victims of terrorist attacks, and stated that citizens ofAzad Kashmir could also apply for this compensation.[162] In September 2016, he urged theBRICS to target and destroy funding channels of terrorist groups.[163] On 29 September 2016, the Indian Army stated that it had conducted asurgical strike on terror launchpads in PoK,[164] Pakistan denied the claims, while details of the confrontation were later released by the Indian Army. Video footages were released of the confrontations.[165][166]
Modi also played a crucial role and known for involving in2017 China–India border standoff at theDoklam making the Defence policy strict againstChina and also strengthening relations withBhutan.[167][168]
On 14 February 2019, a convoy of vehicles transportingCentral Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel on theJammu–Srinagar National Highway was targeted by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber atLethapora, in thePulwama district ofJammu and Kashmir, India.[169]The attack resulted in the deaths of 46 CRPF personnel and the bomber.[170] Responsibility for the attack was claimed by the Pakistan-basedIslamist terrorist groupJaish-e-Mohammed.[171] In response, on 26 February 2019, theIndian Air Force (IAF) conducted an airstrike across theLine of Control, targeting an area near Balakot in Pakistan'sKhyber Pakhtunkhwa province. India stated that the strike targeted a Jaish-e-Mohammed training facility and claimed that a significant number of militants—reportedly between 300 and 350—were killed. Pakistan denied these claims, asserting that the IAF aircraft were intercepted by Pakistani fighter jets and that the Indian jets released their payloads in haste before returning across the Line of Control, causing no casualties or damage.[172][173][174]
FollowingGalwan valley skirmishes, there were made serious policies againstChina.[175] On 17 June 2020, Modi addressed the nation regarding the Galwan skirmish, giving a firm message directed at China over the deaths of Indian soldiers.[176] The first communication since the start of the border dispute between the foreign ministers of China,Wang Yi and of India,S Jaishankar also happened after the Galwan skirmish. S Jaishankar accused the Chinese actions in Galwan to be "pre-meditated and planned".[177]
Modi's premiership has been marked by several terrorist attacks and security lapses, particularly in the conflict-prone region ofJammu and Kashmir, as well as other parts of India.
2016 Pathankot Attack
On 2 January 2016, an armed group of terrorists, allegedly linked to the Pakistan-basedJaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), attacked anIndian Air Force base inPathankot, Punjab. The attack resulted in the deaths of seven security personnel and one civilian, with all six attackers killed. Critics highlighted intelligence failures and delays in response as contributing factors.[178]
2016 Uri Attack
On 18 September 2016, four heavily armed militants attacked an Indian Army brigade headquarters inUri,Jammu and Kashmir, killing nineteen soldiers and injuring over thirty. The attack, attributed toJaish-e-Mohammed, prompted a strong response from the Modi government, which authorised a surgical strike on 29 September 2016 across theLine of Control (LoC) targeting terrorist launchpads in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. While the government hailed the strike as a success,Pakistan denied the claims, and the incident escalated tensions between the two nations.[179][180]
2019 Pulwama Attack
On 14 February 2019, a suicide bombing targeting a convoy ofCentral Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel inPulwama,Jammu and Kashmir, killed forty soldiers and injured thirty five others. The attack, claimed byJaish-e-Mohammed, was the deadliest terrorist attack on Indian security forces in decades. The Modi government responded with theBalakot airstrike on 26 February 2019, targeting a JeM training camp in Pakistan. Open sourcesatellite imagery revealed that no targets of consequence were hit.[181] The airstrike was followed by an aerial skirmish, leading to heightened India-Pakistan tensions. The incident was leveraged in Modi's2019 election campaign.[182]
2023 Parliament breach
On 13 December 2023, a major security breach occurred at theIndian Parliament inNew Delhi, when two individuals jumped into theLok Sabha chamber from the visitors' gallery, releasing smoke canisters, while two others detonated smoke outside, protesting unemployment and perceived authoritarianism. Enabled by lax security checks and visitor passes linked to a BJP MPPratap Simha, the incident exposed significant vulnerabilities. The Modi government faced criticism for intelligence and security failures, with opposition leaders framing them as systemic issues. The response included arrests under theUAPA, stricter security protocols, and a controversial suspension of one hundred and forty six opposition MPs.[183][184]
2025 Pahalgam attack
On 22 April 2025, a terrorist attack inBaisaran Valley nearPahalgam,Anantnag district, Jammu and Kashmir, killed at least twenty six tourists, including two foreign nationals, and injured over twenty others.The Resistance Front (TRF), largely believed to be an offshoot of the Pakistan-basedLashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), claimed responsibility, citing resistance to demographic changes in the Kashmir Valley, though the claim was later retracted. The attack, the deadliest since the2008 Mumbai attacks, targetedHindu tourists, with reports of religious profiling by the attackers. Modi condemned the attack, cut short a visit to Saudi Arabia, and chaired aCabinet Committee on Security (CCS) meeting, announcing measures such as suspending theIndus Waters Treaty and closing the Attari-Wagah border post. The government acknowledged security lapses, drawing criticism from the opposition.[185][186]
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In naming his cabinet, Modi renamed the "Ministry of Environment and Forests" to the "Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change."[187] In the first budget of the government, the money allotted to this ministry was reduced by more than 50%.[187] The new ministry also removed or diluted a number of laws related to environmental protection. These included no longer requiring clearance from theNational Board for Wildlife for projects close to protected areas, and allowing certain projects to proceed before environmental clearance was received.[8][187] The government also tried to reconstitute the Wildlife board such that it no longer had representatives from non-governmental organisations: however, this move was prevented by the Supreme court.[187]
Modi also relaxed or abolished a number of other environmental regulations, particularly those related to industrial activity. A government committee stated that the existing system only served to create corruption and that the government should instead rely on the owners of industries to voluntarily inform the government about the pollution they were creating.[8][188] The changes were made with the aim of accelerating approval for industrial projects. Other changes included reducing ministry oversight on small mining projects, and no longer requiring approval from tribal councils for projects inside forested areas.[188] In addition, Modi lifted a moratorium on new industrial activity in the most polluted areas in the countries.[187] The changes were welcomed by business people but were criticized by environmentalists.[188]
Under the UPA government that preceded Modi's administration, field trials ofGenetically Modified crops had essentially put on hold, after protests from farmers fearing for their livelihoods.[189] Under the Modi government these restrictions were gradually lifted.[189] The government received some criticism for freezing the bank accounts of environmental groupGreenpeace, citing financial irregularities, although a leaked government report said that the freeze had to do with Greenpeace's opposition to GM crops.[189]
At theCoP21 Climate Conference on 30 November 2015 Modi announced the founding of anInternational Solar Alliance (ISA). The headquarters of the ISA would be located inGurgaon, and would receive support from the Indian government for a few years. All tropical countries were invited to join the alliance.[190] He was also awarded theUnited Nations Champions of the Earth award in 2018 for his environmental policies.[191]
In 2022, India was placed at the bottom of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) getting the lowest rank among 180 countries.[192]
Modi's first year as prime minister saw significant centralisation of power relative to previous administrations.[30][193] Modi personally selected the civil servants who served under his ministers, frequently giving them instructions without involving the ministers themselves.[30] Modi's efforts at centralisation have been linked to an increase in the number of senior administration officials resigning their positions.[30] Although the government has a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha, it does not have one in the Rajya Sabha, which led to its policies frequently being stymied there. Thus, Modi resorted to passing a number of ordinances, or executive orders, to enact his policies, leading to further centralisation of power.[150] In 2014, the Prime Minister's Office preventedGopal Subramaniam from being appointed to the Supreme Court. The stated reason was that his conduct in the2G spectrum allocation case had been suspect: commentators stated it was because he had been theamicus curiae in theSohrabuddin Sheikh case, which had implicated BJP leaders including Modi's aideAmit Shah.[8] The government also passed a bill increasing the control that it had over the appointment of judges, and reducing that of the judiciary.[194]
On 31 December 2014, Modi announced that thePlanning Commission had been scrapped. It was replaced with a body called the National Institution for Transforming India, orNITI Aayog.[195][196] The Planning Commission was a legacy of theIndian independence movement, although critics said that it was slowing economic growth.[197] The new body includes the leaders of all 29 Indian states, but its full-time staff report directly to the prime minister.[195] The move had the effect of greatly centralising the power previously with the planning commission in the person of the prime minister.[8][150][195][196][197] It also reduced the extent of control individual states had over their financial allocation from the union government,[196][197] and unlike the planning commission, it does not have the power to allocate funds.[196] The planning commission had received heavy criticism in previous years for creating inefficiency in the government, and of not filling its role of improving social welfare: however, since the economic liberalisation of the 1990s, it had been the major government body responsible for measures related to social justice.[196]
As Prime Minister, Modi announced the abolition of a number of regulations previously placed on Indian businesses, such as a complex permit and inspection system. The move was aimed at reducingred tape and making it easier to do business.[198][199] Modi also ordered reform among the bureaucrats of theIndian Administrative Service to ensure a more efficient government bureaucracy.[200][201]
The Modi government launched a crackdown against a number of civil society organisations. Several tens of thousands of organisations were investigated by theIntelligence Bureau in the first year of the administration, on the grounds that they were slowing economic growth.[30] Internationalhumanitarian aid organisationMedecins Sans Frontieres was among the groups that were put under pressure.[30] Other organisations affected included theSierra Club andAvaaz.[8] Cases of sedition were filed against individuals criticising the government.[30] This led to discontent with Modi's style of functioning within the BJP, and drew comparisons to the governing style ofIndira Gandhi.[30][150]
Modi government has exploited the terrorism prevention lawUAPA to intimidate and imprison critics and activists.[202]He started a monthly radio program titled "Mann ki Baat" on 3 October 2014.[203]
Modi repealed 1,200 obsolete laws dating back toBritish rule in first three years as prime minister, against a total of 1,301 such laws repealed by previous governments over a span of 64 years.[204][205][206] The legislations passed in the parliament for the purpose includeRepealing and Amending Act, 2015,Repealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2015,Repealing and Amending Act, 2016,Repealing and Amending Act, 2017 andRepealing and Amending (Second) Act, 2017.[207]
Among the major British era laws repealed by the Modi government are theIndian Penal Code,Code of Criminal Procedure &Indian Evidence Act. The new laws replacing them have made the definition of sedition & terrorism ambiguous; thereby increasing the government's power to stifle dissent & curtail free speech,[208] made the chances of obtainingbail more difficult, decreased the scope ofplea bargaining, empowered the police to violate thedigital privacy of individuals, confiscate the properties of the accused even before commencement of trial & to launch investigation without registering anyFIR at will,[209] made it more difficult for the defendants to defend themselves at court and encourages prosecutors to produce potentially dubious evidence.[210]
Modi launched theDigital India programme, which has the goal of ensuring that government services are available electronically, building infrastructure so rural areas get high-speed Internet access, boosting manufacturing of electronic goods in the country, and promotingdigital literacy.[211][212] Under the programme, 400 railway Stations across the country are being equipped with Wi-Fi technology.[213] In the2017 Union Budget of India, POS machines, scanners, fingerprint readers, iris scanners and micro ATMs were exempted from all kinds of custom duties. The internet penetration in India rose from 20 percent in 2014 to 28.7 percent in 2016.[214]
During the second wave of the pandemic in April 2021, Modi's government launched a new policy for vaccines which allowedSerum Institute of India andBharat Biotech to earn huge profit margins making vaccine doses distributed by the private hospitals unaffordable for working-class families in India. The requirement to book the vaccination slots online excluded many Indians who did not have smartphones or internet access.[215]
During theCOVID-19 pandemic, many estimates, including byThe Lancet andWorld Health Organization, say Indiaundercounted number of deaths, ranging from a factor of 5 to 10 times.[216][217]
On 30 January 2022, India announced that it administered about 1.7 billion doses of vaccines and more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated.[218]
According to a 2022 study published inThe Lancet Infectious Diseases journal, over 4.2 million lives were saved in India in 2021 due to vaccination against COVID-19.[219]
The terrorist who claimed responsibility for the attack, Aadil Ahmad Dar, was from a village about six miles from where the Indian convoy was struck, in contrast to the fighters and weapons that once streamed in from Pakistani-occupied areas to sustain the insurgency. And the explosives he packed into his car appear to have been locally procured, security experts said.
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{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)On January 30, 2022, India announced that 75 percent of its adult population had received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, with some 1.7 billion doses of vaccines administered and over 720 million people fully vaccinated in just over a year.
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