 | |
| Highestgoverning body | Fédération Aéronautique Internationale |
|---|---|
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | No |
| Mixed-sex | Yes |
| Type | Air sports |
| Presence | |
| Country or region | Worldwide |
| Olympic | No |
| World Games | 2017 |
Poweredparagliding, also known asparamotoring orPPG, is a form ofultralight aviation where the pilot wears a back-pack motor (aparamotor) which provides enough thrust to take off using a paraglider. It can be launched in still air, and on level ground, by the pilot alone—no assistance is required.
In many countries, including the United States, powered paragliding is minimally regulated and requires no license. The ability to fly both low and slow safely, the "open" feel, the minimal equipment and maintenance costs, and the portability are claimed to be this type of flying's greatest merits.[1]
Powered paragliders usually fly between 15 and 50 mph (24 and 80 km/h) at altitudes from 'foot-dragging' up about to 18,000 ft (5,500 m) or more with certain permission.[2]Due to the paramotor's slow forward speed and nature of a soft wing, it is risky to operate in high winds, turbulence, or intense thermal activity, especially for inexperienced pilots.
The paramotor, weighing from 45 to 90 lb (20 to 41 kg) is supported by the pilot during takeoff. After a brief run (typically 10 ft (3.0 m)) the wing lifts the motor and its harnessed pilot off the ground. After takeoff, the pilot gets into the seat and sits suspended beneath the inflated paraglider wing like a pendulum. Control is available using right and left brake toggles and a hand-held throttle control for the motor and propeller speed. Some rigs are equipped with trimmers and speed bar to adjustangle of incidence, which also changes theangle of attack for increased or reduced speed. Brake toggles and weight shift is the general method for controllingyaw androll (turning). Tip brakes and stabilo steering (if equipped) will also affect yaw and roll, and they may be used for more efficient flying or when required by the wing manufacturer in certain wing configurations such as reflex. The throttle controlspitch (along with speed bar and trimmers). Unlike regular aircraft, increasing throttle causes a pitch-up and climb (or reduced descent) but doesnot increase airspeed.
Paragliders are usually used for personal recreation, with some exceptions.
Powered paragliding has seen some military application including insertion of special forces soldiers and also border patrol in some governments. TheLebanese Airborne regiment adopted this technique in 2008. The US Army and Egyptian Army have usedParamotor Inc FX series units for many years, and these units are still under production.[3] During the outset of theGaza war,Hamas militants used six powered paragliders to infiltrate southern Israel, several of which were used in theRe'im music festival massacre.[4][5] During theMyanmar civil war, theTatmadaw used powered paragliders (dubbed "paramotors") to drop bombs on resistance villages and civilian targets.[6][7][8]
Because of limiting weather requirements, powered paragliders are not reliable replacements for most aviation uses.
They have been used for search and rescue, herding of animals, photography, surveying, and other uses, but regulations in most countries limit commercial activities.
Research estimates that the activity is slightly safer (fewer fatalities per thousand participants per year) than riding motorcycles and more dangerous than riding in cars.[9] The most likely cause of serious injury is body contact with a spinning propeller. The next most likely cause of injury is flying into something other than the landing zone.[10] Some countries run detailed statistics on accidents, e.g., in Germany in 2018 about 36,000 paragliding pilots registered 232 accidents, where 109 caused serious injury and 9 were fatal.[11]
Some pilots carry a reserve parachute designed to open in as little as 50 ft (15 m). While reserve parachutes are designed to open fast, they have a system length between 13.3 ft (4.5 m) and 21.9 ft (7.3 m)[12] and usually need at least 150 ft (46 m) to slow down a pilot to a safe sink rate (certified design speed according to LTF and EN certifications is max 18 ft (5.5 m) per second). With enough height over ground, many potential issues with the canopy can be resolved without applying the reserve parachute. The required skills can be acquired in SIV trainings,[13] which improve the overall safety of flying by providing a better understanding on the system limitations and practical training of extreme situations.
The lack of established design criteria for these aircraft led the BritishAir Accidents Investigation Branch to conclude in 2007 that "only when precise reserve factors have been established for individual harness/wing combinations carrying realistic suspended masses, at load factors appropriate to the maneuvers to be carried out, can these aircraft be considered to be structurally safe".[14]
For a pilot to get through most organizations' full pilot syllabus requires between five and 15 days which may expand due to bad weather. A number of techniques are employed for teaching, although most include getting the student familiar with handling the wing either on the ground, via towing, small hills, or on tandem flights.
Two-person aircraft (so-called 'tandem' paramotors) are sometimes used for training depending on local regulations.
In most countries, paramotor pilots operate under simple rules that spare them from burdensome certification requirements.
In the United States, powered paragliders are regulated as aircraft by the FAA, meeting the definition in14 CFR 1.1 - General definitions, being a "device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air".[15]
U.S. pilots virtually always operate under 14 CFR § 103.[16] Under this regulation, neither a license nor specific training is required though the sport is more dangerous when practiced without proper training. Pilots are restricted in where they can fly and must avoid areas of urban/suburban population to minimize risk to other people or property. Pilots may also only fly themselves and may not take a passenger without a waiver from the FAA.
In theUnited Kingdom, paramotors are regulated by theCivil Aviation Authority, are classified asself-propelled hang-gliders, and can be flown without registration or a license as long as they weigh less than 70 kg, have astall speed not exceeding 35 knots, and are foot-launched.[17] Wheel-launched paramotors are allowed under the additional conditions that they do not carry passengers, and have a stall speed of 20 knots or less, but may weigh up to 75 kg if they carry a reserve parachute.[18]
In the U.S., the sport is represented primarily by the US Powered Paragliding Association (USPPA)[note 1] which also holds an exemption allowing two-place training by appropriately certified tandem instructors. The US Ultralight Association (USUA) and Aero Sports Connections (ASC) also offer some support.
Instructors in the U.S. are primarily represented and certified by the United States Powered Paragliding Association (USPPA).
In theUnited Kingdom, the sport is represented by theBritish Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association.
Internationally, there is"APPI Power"., which was founded in 2011 and has since become a leading organisation for paramotor training and certification, with established global standards for pilot and instructor training.
There is often confusion about the differences betweenpowered paragliders (PPG) andpowered parachutes (PPC), both terminologically and even sometimes visually, particularly in flight. A PPG differs from a PPC primarily in size, power, control method, and number of occupants.
In simple terms, PPCs always include a wheeled airframe and are often controlled using steering bars pushed on by thefeet to operate the steering controls, although there are exceptions such as the Australian Aerochute and the German Xcitor. The airframe is an integral component of the aircraft (as established by FAA regulations).
PPGs, on the other hand, normally don't have a wheeled airframe and almost exclusively steer using thehands to pull on the steering lines. When paragliding, an airframe is considered purely a higher end option; in fact, since a PPG wing is always to be attached to the harness, if the airframe used in a PPG failed in any way, the wing would continue to support the weight of the occupants and motor through the harness. In addition, because PPGs use smaller low-power engines to stay within 14 C.F.R. § 103 regulations, they frequently use a higher performance parafoil that visually appears thinner and more elliptical to compensate.[19]
Any other distinctions are less clear. In the United States, all paragliding equipment must fall within 14 C.F.R. § 103, and pilot licensing (in the strict legal sense) is not applicable, which is not much different fromultralight PPCs. Other lines are blurred further. For example, some people previously argued that two-seat flying is only allowed using a PPC, but "tandem" (two-seat) paragliding is readily doable in many countries throughout the world, and limited types of tandem paragliding are legally authorized in the U.S. as a result of an FAA exemption for flight training only (since 2018, with subsequent extensions).[20][21]
Another contributing reason for confusion nowadays comes from the fact that some aircraft and kit builders market ultralight-class rolling airframes that can be configured with either PPG-style hand steering or PPC-style foot steering (along with wider canopy attachment points), with the later sold as a 14 C.F.R. § 103 'powered parachute'. The net result is nearly identical aircraft, albeit with different steering systems and potentially different canopy types.
Determined by theFAI, RPF1 category.[22]
Determined by Guinness World Records[24]
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