Postconstructivism was a transitionalarchitectural style that existed in theSoviet Union in the 1930s, typical of earlyStalinist architecture beforeWorld War II. The termpostconstructivism was coined bySelim Khan-Magomedov, a historian of architecture, to describe the product ofavant-garde artists' migration to Stalinistneoclassicism.[1][2] Khan-Magomedov identified postconstructivism with 1932–1936, but the long construction time and vast size of the country extended the period to 1941.
Existence of this style is evident, but Khan-Magomedov's explanation of its evolution as a natural process inside the architectural community, rather than as a result of political direction by the Party and State, is strongly disputed.[citation needed]
This section is based on Khan-Magomedov'sSoviet avant-garde architecture, vol.1, "Avant-garde to postconstructivism and beyond"[1]
In 1932–1933, during thePalace of Soviets contest, the State sent a clear message to architects that the age of experiment was over and the new buildings must follow the classical canon. At this time, the architectural profession was divided into three generations:
According to Khan-Magomedov, two forerunners of the style wereIvan Fomin andIlya Golosov. They converged on the same form from opposite directions –neoclassicism[4] andconstructivism. Fomin's concept, easily formulated, erected in steel and granite in Moscow (Dynamo Building), was well understood even by the inexperienced youth. "The youth instinctively followed those who managed to declare their stance clearly. The youth believed that this period is a self-sufficient cultural stage, not a transition to something else".[1] In 1933–34, Golosov publicly disposed of theavant-garde. He returned to Neoclassicism, trying to avoid direct citations from the past. For example, he used square columns instead of traditional, round ones. Square, lean columns without capitals became a trademark feature of the emerging style. Golosov's entries in public design contests exposed his style to numerous followers.
Ivan Fomin andIlya Golosov. Original concepts (never materialized):
Khan-Magomedov defined postconstructivism as "neoclassical shapes without neoclassical detailing". Golosov and his followers deliberately replaced the proven historical details (columns,capitals,friezes, andcornices) with their inventions – to differentiate themselves from pure Revivalists. The main volumes follow the classical rules and usually are perfectly symmetrical.
Ilya Golosov andVladimir Vladimirov. Apartment buildings in Moscow
Postconstructivism benefited from a natural reaction against both the avant-garde and the eclectics of the past. It was perceived as new, and at the same time allowed grand buildings that were to the taste of provincial elite. Another benefit in a time of total rationing was that, unlike Constructivism, the new style minimized use of steel and cement, turning back to primitive masonry with wooden floors and partitions. This helps explain the spread of Postconstructivism in the 1930s.
Evolution – Constructivism to Postconstructivism to Stalinism (Moscow)[5]
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By 1936, the left-wing "class of 1929" and younger (Mordvinov, Alabyan) had gained some practical experience. These architects completely lacked the classical training of older Constructivists; lack of skill prevented them from inventing their own incarnation of classical legacy; all they could do was copying. As a result, they buried their avantgarde teachers and proceeded straight to pure neoclassicism. They could not stop at postconstructivism because they – unlike Golosov or Fomin – could not innovate. Meanwhile, Fomin died in 1936, and Golosov was aging physically, clearing the road for the young.
Another group of young architects, seeking academic training, joined the workshops of Zholtovsky and other old neoclassicists. They, too, skipped over postconstructivism – straight to the Stalinist canon. Their old mentors were still active and enjoyed the support of the State. There was no need for inventing new shapes or styling anymore. Postconstructivist projects dragged on for a few more years, butWorld War II finally sealed the fate of this style.
Authors like Dmitry Khmelnitsky[6] appreciate Khan-Magomedov's studies of the 1920s and 1930s, but completely disagree with him on the origins and evolution of early Stalinist architecture[7] and the demise of Constructivism.
Khan-Magomedov barely mentions the role of State (orJoseph Stalin personally) in those events, presenting the demise of avant-garde as a natural evolution within the professional community. He admits that the profession was manipulated by the "class of 1929" youth, but does not study the forces that shaped and directed their assaults. Not a word on Stalin's personal influence, not a word on rising terror. Khan-Magovedov discusses the 1929–1931 political assaults byVOPRA at length, but fails to mention that they were part of an all-out national campaign. As Khmelnitsky summarized it, "Postconstructivism wasborn by terror. The very term is misleading. Traces of the Constructivist style in the Postconstructivism of the 1930s are a sign of indecision, not tradition.They banned constructivism, but didn't explainwhat to do; the result is an architectural pathology. Comparison with European parallels is useless. There were noEuropean parallels, evenNazi architecture does not come close".
Postconstructivism merged closely with Soviet adaptations ofArt Deco. Some examples of this style, like the 1934Lenin Library byVladimir Shchuko, may be mistaken forPostconstructivism. In fact, Schuko was a seasoned Neoclassicist and the Library was his attempt to differentiate intoproletarian classic with Art Deco tools. The situation inside the professional community was even more diverse than Khan-Magomedov's picture. Vladimirov's apartment block featured above is usually classified as an Art Deco adaptation, too.
The general public is seldom aware of the concept ofpostconstructivism. Real estate agents classify these buildings asearlystalinka, and that's how they are perceived by the public.In Moscow, such buildings are gradually torn down or completely rebuilt (seefacadism); demolition of postconstructivist buildings, with few exceptions, goes unnoticed even within the preservationist community. One recently lost example wasA.A. Samoilov's building on Novy Arbat in Moscow, torn down in 2006.[8]
The buildings of the 1920s–1930s were built using primitive technologies (masonry, wetstucco, wooden ceilings and partitions), low-grade materials and a low-grade workforce. Poor initial quality and inadequate maintenance led to rapid decay. Excluding a few well-maintained, high-class apartment buildings,early stalinka are unsafe. February 10, 1999, a fire inSamara police department, built 1936, killed 57 men and women.[9] On February 13, 2006,Panteleimon Golosov's Constructivist Pravda Building burnt down, killing one person and injuring four.[10][11]
Proper reconstruction of Constructivist orearly stalinka buildings is challenging. The structures are weak, and often require complete demolition. A notable example isSchool 518 (Balchug,Moscow), designed in 1933 by Ivan Zvezdin (1899–1979)[12] and completed in 1935. Praised by Khan-Magomedov, the only Postconstructivist building entered on the national monument register, the school was reconstructed in 2001 to modern safety standards.Most of load-bearing walls and all 1935 interiors were completely rebuilt from scratch.[13]
Newpostconstuctivist orearly stalinka buildings are rare. Preobrazhenskaya Zastava (Преображенская Застава) mixed-use project (two blocks, 308 apartments and retail stores) was completed in 2002–2005. Unusually for present-day Moscow, it actually looks like a period piece, not a cheap modern replica. There are no trademark square columns or slim porticos, yet it is the best attempt to recreate a style of the 1930s.
On a smaller scale, Russian architectural firms designcountry houses in true postconstructivist shape.[14]
