Through the nearly 800 years in which Portugal was a monarchy, the kings held various othertitles and pretensions. Two kings of Portugal,Ferdinand I andAfonso V, claimed thecrown of Castile and waged wars in order to enforce their respective claims. Ferdinand I managed to be recognized asKing of Galiza in 1369, although his dominance of the region was short-lived. When theHouse of Habsburg came into power, thekings of Spain,Naples, andSicily also became kings of Portugal. TheHouse of Braganza brought numerous titles to the Portuguese Crown – some honorary, such as the attribution of the title ofRex Fidelissimus (His Most Faithful Majesty), and royal titles, such asKing of Brazil and thende jureEmperor of Brazil.
After the demise of the Portuguese monarchy, in 1910, Portuguese monarchists launched a counter-revolution known as theMonarchy of the North, in 1919, though the attempted restoration only lasted a month before destruction. With Manuel II's death, theMiguelist branch of the house of Braganza became the pretenders to the throne of Portugal, and have all been acclaimed king of Portugal by monarchist groups.
Throughout Portugal's history as an independent kingdom, it was ruled by a total of 4 royal houses:
The House of Burgundy actually held the title ofCount of Portugal beginning in 1096. However, all but the most comprehensive lists of Portuguese monarchs exclude such pre-independence figures.
ThePortuguese House of Burgundy (Portuguese:Casa de Borgonha) was established in 1093 under Henry, Count of Portugal ruled the feudalCounty of Portugal, of theKingdom of Galicia. When Afonso Henriques was proclaimed King of Portugal by his troops in 1139, he turned the family from a comital house to a royal house which would rule Portugal for over two centuries, establishing theAfonsine Dynasty (Dinastia Afonsina). During theReconquista, the Afonsine Dynasty expanded the country southwards until the definitiveconquest of Algarve withSancho II and the establishment of theKingdom of Algarve, in 1249, underAfonso III. When Ferdinand I died, aninterregnum occurred between 1383 and 1385. Ferdinand's daughterBeatrice of Portugal was proclaimed queen and her husbandJohn I of Castile proclaimed king bythe right of his wife. Her legitimacy as a monarch is disputed.[1][2]
TheHouse of Habsburg (Portuguese:Casa de Habsburgo,Casa da Áustria) ruled Portugal from 1581 to 1640. The dynasty began with the acclamation of Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1580, officially recognized in 1581 by thePortuguese Cortes ofTomar. Philip I swore to rule Portugal as a kingdom separate from his Spanish domains, under a personal union known historiographically as theIberian Union. Following the convention of Portuguese dynasties being named after their first king, this dynasty is named thePhilippine Dynasty (Dinastia Filipina), an especially apt name given all Habsburg monarchs of Portugal would bear the name "Philip".
TheHouse of Braganza (Portuguese:Casa de Bragança) came to power in 1640, whenJohn II, Duke of Braganza, claimed to be the rightful heir of the defunct House of Aviz, as he was the great-great-grandson of King Manuel I. John was proclaimed King John IV, and he deposed the House of Habsburg in 1640 during thePortuguese Restoration War. The Habsburgs continued to claim the throne of Portugal until the end of the war in theTreaty of Lisbon (1668). Unlike other dynasties, it is not dubbed after its founder (as John IV shares a first name with John I), instead being named called theBrigantine Dynasty (Dinastia Brigantina, “Brigantine” meaning “fromBraganza”).
The descendants of QueenMaria II and her consort, KingFerdinand II (a German prince of theHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha), came to rule in 1853. Portuguese law and custom treated them as members of the House of Braganza, though they were still Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasts. This has led some to classify these last four monarchs of Portugal as members of a new royal family, called theHouse of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Casa de Bragança-Saxe-Coburgo e Gota), though this view is not widely held.
Sousa, D. António Caetano de[in Portuguese] (1946) [1735–49].História Genealógica da Casa Real Portuguesa (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Atlântida-Livraria Eds.OCLC20210378.
Jiří Louda & Michael Maclagan (1981), "Portugal", inLines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal families of Europe, London, Orbis Publishing, pp. 228–237.ISBN0-85613-672-7. (revised and updated edition by Prentice Hall College Div – November 1991.ISBN0-02-897255-4.)
Luís Amaral & Marcos Soromenho Santos (2002),Costados do Duque de Bragança, Lisboa, Guarda-Mor Edições.
Afonso Eduardo Martins Zuquete (dir.)(1989),Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil, vol. I, Lisboa, Editorial Enciclopédia.
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