Portuguese Malacca Malaca Portuguesa (Portuguese) Melaka Portugis (Malay)
1511–1641
Flag Coat of arms
Malacca, shown within modern Malaysia
Portuguese Malacca inLendas da India byGaspar Correia, ca. 1550–1563.
Status	Portuguese colony
Capital	Malacca Town
Common languages	Portuguese Malay
King of Portugal
• 1511–1521	Manuel I
• 1640–1641	John IV
Captains-major
• 1512–1514 (first)	Rui de Brito Patalim
• 1638–1641 (last)	Manuel de Sousa Coutinho
Captains-general
• 1616–1635 (first)	António Pinto da Fonseca
• 1637–1641 (last)	Luís Martins de Sousa Chichorro
Historical era	Age of Imperialism
• Captured	15 August 1511
• Dutch conquest	14 January 1641
Currency	Portuguese real
Preceded by Succeeded by Malacca Sultanate Dutch Malacca

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History ofMalaysia
Prehistoric period Paleolithic  Lenggong Valley c. 2,000,0000 BCE Mesolithic  Niah cultures 65,000–40,000 BCE Neolithic  Bewah man/woman 16,000 BCE  Perak man/woman 11,000–200 BCE  Neolithic Klang 500 – 200 BCE
Early kingdoms Ancient Kedah <100 BCE Chi Tu 100 BCE–642 CE Langkasuka 100 BCE–1474 CE Gangga Negara c. 100 CE–1025 Pan Pan 424–775 Old Kedah 170–1135 Old Pahang 449–1454 Srivijaya 700s–1025 Majapahit 1300s
Rise of Muslim states Kedah Sultanate 1136–present Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521 Brunei Sultanate 1368–present Malacca Sultanate 1402–1511 Sulu Sultanate 1450–1899 Pahang Sultanate 1470–1623 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Pattani Sultanate 1516– 1902 Johor Sultanate 1528–present Perak Sultanate 1528–present Sarawak Sultanate 1599–1641 Selangor Sultanate 1766–present Besut Kingdom 1780–1899 Setul Kingdom 1808–1916 Reman Kingdom 1810–1902 Kubang Pasu Kingdom 1839–1864
Colonial period Portuguese Malacca 1511–1641 Malay-Acehnese conflicts 1528–1629 Dutch–Portuguese War 1601–1661 Acehnese invasion of Johor 1613 Acehnese conquest of Perak 1620 Dutch Malacca 1641–1824 Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881 Straits Settlements 1786–1946 Siamese invasion of Kedah 1821–1826 Anglo-Dutch Treaty 1824 Burney Treaty 1826 Naning War 1831–1832 Kingdom of Sarawak 1841–1946 Separation of Perlis from Kedah 1843 Crown Colony of Labuan 1848–1946 Pahang Civil War 1857–1863 Larut Wars 1861–1874 Klang War 1867–1874 Pangkor Treaty 1874 Perak War 1875–1876 British Malaya /Borneo 1874–1946 Jementah Civil War 1879 North Borneo 1882–1946 Pahang Uprising 1891–1895 Mat Salleh Rebellion 1894–1905 Federated Malay States 1895–1946 Anglo-Siamese Treaty 1909 Unfederated Malay States 1909–1946 Battle of Penang 1914 Kelantan rebellion 1915
World War II Japanese occupation of Malaya / Borneo 1941–1945 Malayan campaign 1941–1942 Bornean Campaign 1941–1942 Battle of Muar 1942 Parit Sulong Massacre 1942 Battle of Singapore 1942 Sook Ching 1942 Syburi 1942 Sandakan Death Marches 1942–1945 Si Rat Malai 1943–1945 Jesselton revolt 1943–1944
Formative period BMA of Malaya/Borneo 1945–1946 Crown Colony of N. Borneo/Sarawak 1946–1963 Anti-cession movement 1946–1963 Malayan Union 1946–1948 Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 Malayan Emergency 1948–1960 Baling Talks 1955
Independence period Malayan Independence 1957 Singapore self-governance 1959 ISA 1960 1960–2012 Sarawak Insurgency 1962–1990 North Borneo self-governance 1963 Konfrontasi 1963–1966 Sarawak self-governance 1963 Formation of Malaysia 1963 Singapore in Malaysia 1963–1965 ASEAN Declaration 1967 Second communist insurgency 1968–1989
Modern period 1966 Sarawak constitutional crisis 1965–1966 13 May incident 1969 National Operations Council 1969–1971 Declaration of Rukun Negara 1970 New Economic Policy 1971–1990 Federal Territory of KL 1974 1977 Kelantan Emergency 1977 Pedra Branca dispute 1979–2008 South China Sea dispute(Spratly) 1980–present Dawn Raid 1981 Federal Territory of Labuan 1984 Memali incident 1985 Sabah Emergency 1986 Ming Court Affair 1987 Operation Lalang 1987 Constitutional crisis 1987–1988 Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989 Royal Immunity Amendments 1993 Asian financial crisis 1997–1998 Reformasi Movement 1998–2022 Federal Territory of Putrajaya 2001 2008 Malaysian Opposition Wave 2008 2009 Perak constitutional crisis 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic 2009–2010 Lahad Datu standoff 2013 Sedition Dragnet 2014 1MDB scandal 2015–present Pakatan Harapan takeover 2018 COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2022 Political crisis 2020–2022 Bornean Amendment 2021–2023 Green Wave 2022–present 2023 Sabah political crisis 2023
Incidents Brunei revolt 1962–1966 North Borneo dispute (Philippine militant attacks) 1962–present Singapore race riots 1964 Brunei's Limbang claim 1967–2009 Penang Hartal riot 1967 Ligitan and Sipadan dispute 1969–2002 Kuala Lumpur flash floods 1971 Malaysian haze crisis 1972–present AIA building hostage crisis 1975 National Monument bombing 1975 Campbell Shopping Complex fire 1976 Sabah Air GAF Nomad crash 1976 Japan Airlines Flight 715 incident 1977 MH653 incident 1977 1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution 1982 1985 Lahad Datu ambush 1985 Memali Incident 1985 Penang terminal bridge collapse 1988 Taufiqiah Al-Khairiah madrasa fire 1989 Kuala Lumpur–Karak Highway crash 1990 Bright Sparklers disaster 1991 Highland Towers collapse 1993 Genting landslide 1995 MH2133 incident 1995 Pos Dipang mudflow 1996 Tropical Storm Greg 1996 Nipah virus outbreak 1998–1999 2000 Sipadan kidnappings 2000 Al-Ma'unah incident 2000 Sauk Siege 2000 2001 Kampung Medan riots 2001 2002 Taman Hillview landslide 2002 Indian Ocean tsunami 2004 2006–2007 Southeast Asian floods 2006–2007 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide 2008 Attacks against places of worship 2010 2010 Cameron Highlands bus crash 2010 Hulu Langat landslide 2011 2013 Genting Highlands bus crash 2013 MH370 incident 2014 MH17 incident 2014 2014–15 Malaysia floods 2014–2015 Sabah earthquake 2015 2015 Plaza Low Yat riot 2015 Movida Bar grenade attack 2016 Kim Jong-nam's Assassination 2017 Darul Quran madrasa fire 2017 2018 Subang Temple riot 2018 2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution 2019 2020-21 Malaysia floods 2021 LRT train collision 2021 2021-22 Malaysia floods 2021–2022 2022 Batang Kali landslide 2022 2023 Elmina plane crash 2023 2024 Lumut helicopters crash 2024 2024 Ulu Tiram police station attack 2024 2025 Putra Heights pipeline fire 2025 2025 Gerik bus crash 2025
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Portuguese control ofMalacca – a city on theMalay Peninsula – spanned a 130 year period from 1511 to 1641 as a possession of thePortuguese East Indies. It wascaptured from theMalacca Sultanate as part of Portuguese attempts to gain control of trade in the region. Although multiple attempts to conquer it were repulsed, the city was eventually lost to analliance of Dutch and regional forces, thus beginning a period ofDutch rule.

According to the 16th-century Portuguese historianEmanuel Godinho de Erédia, the site of the old city of Malacca was named after the malacca tree (Phyllanthus emblica), fruit-bearing trees along the banks of a river calledAirlele (Ayer Leleh). The Airlele river was said to originate fromBuquet China (present-dayBukit Cina). Eredia cited that the city was founded byPermicuri (i.e.Parameswara) the first King ofMalacca in 1411.

Malacca's wealth attracted the attention of the King of Portugal,Manuel I, who sent captain-majorDiogo Lopes de Sequeira to make contact with Malacca and sign a trade agreement with its ruler. The first European to reachSoutheast Asia, Sequeira arrived in Malacca in 1509. Although he was initially well received by SultanMahmud Shah, trouble quickly ensued.^[1] The general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked by a group of Muslims in the sultan's court.^[2] The international Muslim trading community convinced Mahmud that the Portuguese were a threat. Mahmud subsequently turned on the Portuguese and attacked the four ships in the harbour, killing some and capturing several of them, who were then imprisoned in Malacca and tortured. As the Portuguese had found in India, conquest would be the only way they could establish themselves in Malacca.^[1]

In April 1511,Afonso de Albuquerque set sail from Goa to Malacca with a force of around 1,200 men and seventeen or eighteen ships.^[1] Albuquerque made a number of demands, one of which was for permission to build a fortress as a Portuguese trading post near the city where they could trade safely.^[2] The sultan refused, and after 40 days of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on 24 August with Sultan Mahmud Shah fleeing the city. A dispute between Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad also weighed down on the Malaccan side.^[1]

Following the defeat of the Malacca Sultanate, Afonso de Albuquerque sought to erect a fort in anticipation of the counterattacks by Sultan Mahmud. A fortress was designed and constructed near a hill, south of the river mouth, on the former site of the mosque. Albuquerque remained in Malacca until November 1511 preparing its defences against any Malay counterattack.^[1]

Portuguese Malacca faced severe hostility as it was the first European Christian trading settlement in Southeast Asia, being surrounded by numerous emerging Muslim states. They endured years of conflicts with Malay sultans who wanted to get rid of the Portuguese and reclaim the port town. The sultan made several attempts to retake the capital. He rallied the support from his ally theSultanate of Demak in Java who, in 1511, agreed to send naval forces to assist. Led by Pati Unus, the Sultan of Demak, the combined Malay–Java efforts failed. The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee toPahang. Later, the sultan sailed toBintan Island and established a new capital there. With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks and blockades against the Portuguese's position. Frequent raids on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship. In 1521 the Sultanate of Demak began a second campaign to assist the Malay sultan to retake Malacca which failed and cost of the Sultan of Demak his life. He was later remembered asPangeran Sabrang Lor orthe Prince who crossed (theJava Sea) to North (Malay Peninsula). The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced. A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it was not until 1526 that the Portuguese finallyrazed Bintan to the ground. The sultan then retreated toKampar inRiau, Sumatra where he died two years later. He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah andAlauddin Riayat Shah II.^{[citation needed]}

Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing the Sultanate of Perak. Mahmud's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and made a new capital in the south, creating theJohor Sultanate.^{[citation needed]}

The Sultan of Johor made several attempts to end Portuguese rule in Malacca. A request sent to Java in 1550 resulted inRatu Kalinyamat, queen regnant ofJepara, sending 4,000 soldiers aboard 40 ships to aid Johor in taking Malacca. The Jepara troops joined forces with the Malay alliance and managed to assemble around 200 warships for the upcoming assault. The combined forces attacked from the north and captured most of Malacca, but the Portuguese managed to retaliate and force back the invading forces. The Malay alliance troops were pushed back to the sea, while the Jepara troops remained on shore, withdrawing only after their leaders were killed. The battle continued on the beach and in the sea resulting in more than 2,000 Jepara soldiers being killed. A storm stranded two Jepara ships on the shore of Malacca where they were attacked by the Portuguese. Fewer than half of the Jepara soldiers managed to leave Malacca.^{[citation needed]}

In 1568, Prince Husain Ali I Riayat Syah from theSultanate of Aceh launched a naval attack to oust the Portuguese from Malacca, but was met with failure. In 1574 a combined attack from the Aceh Sultanate and the Javanese Jepara tried again to capture Malacca from the Portuguese, but ended in failure due to poor coordination.^{[citation needed]}

Competition from other ports such asJohor saw Asian traders bypass Malacca and the city began to decline as a trading port.^[3] Rather than achieving their ambition of dominating it, the Portuguese had fundamentally disrupted the organisation of the Asian trade network. Rather than being a centralised port of regional exchange, and having been made an authority to police theStrait of Malacca that ensured safety for commercial traffic, trade was instead scattered over a number of ports that experienced warfare among each other.^[3]

Malacca harboured a community ofChinese merchants, probably fromFujian and other places, who left China in defiance ofMing laws.^[4] They were probably not treated well by the sultan, as all or almost all supported the Portuguese and helped them establish relations with neighbouring countries.^[5] They had much to gain both from the protection and connections the Portuguese could offer.^[6]

China was first contacted in 1513 byJorge Álvares, who sailed from Malacca in a fleet of five junks and set foot on an island in thePearl River Delta, and erected apadrão. He was followed byRafael Perestrello, who landed in continental China proper and traded profitably atGuangzhou. The protection which Albuquerque provided to the resident Chinese merchants ensured that they were well received.^{[citation needed]}

On 17 June 1517 a fleet of eight ships under the command of Fernão Peres de Andrade reached Guangzhou with an embassy from KingManuel I of Portugal, the ambassadorTomé Pires disembarked with pomp and circumstance and was well received by the Chinese authorities who came to see him with great ceremony.^[7][8] Pires and his companions received one of the best houses in the city and received frequent visits from distinguished residents.^[9][10] Andrade moved his ships to the Island of Tamão, where he obtained authorization from the Ming authorities to open a trade post and declared that anyone who had demands on the Portuguese should appeal to him, which gave the Chinese a high opinion of the integrity of the Portuguese.^[11][12]

Pires reachedBeijing in January 1521 but an ambassador from Sultan Mahmud appealed toEmperor Zhengde for aid against the Portuguese.^[13] Zhengde died shortly afterwards and his successorJiajing ruled that the Portuguese embassy would be held hostage at Guangzhou, until the Portuguese had restored the city to Sultan Mahmud.^[14] Most or all of the members of the embassy were robbed of their belongings and imprisoned, many dying in captivity or being executed. Portuguese presence in China banned, though many Portuguese continued to sail from Malacca to engage in trade or smuggling.^[15]

Relations with China gradually improved and aid was given against theWokou pirates along China's shores, by 1557 Ming China agreed to allow the Portuguese to settle atMacau.^[16] TheSultanate of Johor also improved relations with the Portuguese and fought alongside them against theAceh Sultanate.

By the early 17th century, theDutch East India Company (Dutch:Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) began contesting Portuguese power in the East. At that time, the Portuguese had transformed Malacca into an impregnable fortress, theFortaleza de Malaca, controlling access to the sea lanes of theStrait of Malacca and the spice trade in the region, where it repulsedan attack from Aceh in 1568. The Dutch started by launching small incursions and skirmishes against the Portuguese. The first serious attempt was thesiege of Malacca in 1606 by the third VOC fleet with eleven ships, commanded by AdmiralCornelis Matelief de Jonge that led to thebattle of Cape Rachado. Although the Dutch were routed, the Portuguese fleet ofMartim Afonso de Castro, the Viceroy of Goa, suffered heavier casualties and the battle rallied the forces of theSultanate of Johor into an alliance with the Dutch and later on with the Aceh Sultanate. The Dutch attacked Malacca again in 1616.^[17]

Around that same time period, theSultanate of Aceh had grown into a regional power with a formidable naval force and regarded Portuguese Malacca as a potential threat. In 1629,Iskandar Muda of the Aceh Sultanate sent several hundred ships toattack Malacca, but the mission was a devastating failure. According to Portuguese sources, all his ships were destroyed and lost some 19,000 men in the process.^[18]

The Dutch with their local allies assaulted and captured Malacca from the Portuguese in January 1641. This combined Dutch–Johor–Aceh efforts effectively destroyed the last bastion of Portuguese power, reducing their influence in the archipelago. The Dutch settled in the city asDutch Malacca, however the Dutch had no intention to make Malacca their main base, and concentrated on buildingBatavia (todayJakarta) as their headquarters in the orient instead. The Portuguese ports in the spice-producingMaluku Islands also fell to the Dutch in the following years. With these conquests, the last Portuguese colonies in Asia remained confined toGoa,Daman and Diu inPortuguese India,Portuguese Timor andMacau until the 20th century.^{[citation needed]}

The early core of the fortress system was a quadrilateral tower called Fortaleza de Malaca. Measurements were given as 10fathoms per side with a height of 40 fathoms. It was constructed at the foot of the fortress hill, next to the sea. A circular wall of mortar and stone with a well in the middle was constructed to its east.^{[citation needed]}

Over the years, constructions began to fully fortify the fortress hill. The pentagonal system began at the farthest point of the cape near south-east of the river mouth, towards the west of the Fortaleza. At this point two ramparts were built at right angles to each other lining the shores. The one running northward toward the river mouth was 130 fathoms in length to the bastion of São Pedro while the other one ran for 75 fathoms to the east, curving inshore, ending at thegate and bastion of Santiago.^{[citation needed]}

From the bastion of São Pedro the rampart turned north east 150 fathoms past the Custom House Terrace gateway ending at the northernmost point of the fortress, the bastion of São Domingos. From the gateway of São Domingos, an earth rampart ran south-east for 100 fathoms ending at the bastion of the Madre de Deus. From here, beginning at the gate of Santo António, past the bastion of the Virgins, the rampart ended at the gateway of Santiago. Overall, the city enclosure was 655 fathoms and 10 palms (short) of a fathom.^{[citation needed]}

Four gateways were built for the city:

1. Porta de Santiago
2. The gateway of the Custom House Terrace
3. Porta de São Domingos
4. Porta de Santo António

Of these four gateways only two were in common use and open to traffic: the Gate of Santo António linking to the suburb of Yler and the western gate at the Custom House Terrace, giving access to Tranqueira and its bazaar.^{[citation needed]}

After almost 300 years of existence, in 1806, the British, unwilling to maintain the fortress and wary of letting other European powers take control of it, ordered its slow destruction. The fort was almost totally demolished but for the timely intervention of SirStamford Raffles visiting Malacca in 1810. The only remnants of the earliest Portuguese fortress in Southeast Asia is the Porta de Santiago, now known as theA Famosa.

Malacca was the most thoroughly described city in south-east Asia during the 16th and 17th century as a result of it being under Portuguese control.^[19] Outside of the fortified town centre were the three suburbs of Malacca. The suburb of Upe (Upih), generally known as Tranqueira (modern dayTengkera) from the rampart of the fortress. The other two suburb were Yler (Hilir) or Tanjonpacer (Tanjung Pasir) and the suburb of Sabba.^{[citation needed]}

The suburb was rectangular in shape, with a northern border wall, the Strait of Malacca to the south and theMalacca River and thefortaleza's wall to the east. It was the main residential quarters of the city. However, in war, the residents of the quarters would be evacuated to the fortress. Tranqueira was divided into a further two parishes, São Tomé and São Estêvão. The parish of S.Tomé was called Campon Chelim (Malay:Kampung Keling). It was described that this area was populated by the Chelis of Choromandel. The other suburb of São Estêvão was also called Campon China (Kampung Cina).^{[citation needed]}

Erédia described the houses as made of timber but roofed by tiles. A stone bridge with sentry crossed the Malacca River to provide access to the Malacca Fortress via the eastern Custome House Terrace. The centre of trade of the city was also located in Tranqueira near the beach on the mouth of the river called theBazaar of the Jaos (Jowo/Jawa i.e. Javanese). In the present day, this part of the city is called Tengkera.^{[citation needed]}

The district of Yler (Hilir) roughly covered Buquet China (Bukit Cina) and the south-eastern coastal area. The Well of Buquet China was one of the most important water sources for the community. Notable landmarks included the Church of the Madre De Deus and the Convent of the Capuchins of São Francisco. Other notable landmarks included Buquetpiatto (Bukit Piatu). The boundaries of this unwalled suburb were said to extend as far as Buquetpipi and Tanjonpacer.^{[citation needed]}

Tanjonpacer (Malay:Tanjung Pasir) was later renamed Ujong Pasir. A community descended from Portuguese settlers is still located there in present-day Malacca. However, this suburb of Yler is now known as Banda Hilir. Modern land reclamations (for the purpose of building the commercial district of Melaka Raya) have, removed Banda Hilir's sea access that it formerly had.^{[citation needed]}

The houses of this suburb were built along the edges of the river. Some of the original Muslim Malay inhabitants of Malacca lived in the swamps ofnypeiras tree, where they were known to makenypa (nipah) wine for trade. This suburb was considered the most rural, being a transition to the Malacca hinterland, where timber and charcoal traffic passed through into the city. Several Christian parishes also lay outside the city along the river; São Lázaro, Our Lady of Guadalupe and Our Lady of Hope. While Muslim Malays inhabited the farmlands deeper into the hinterland.^{[citation needed]}

In later periods of Dutch, British and modern-day Malacca, the name of Sabba was made obsolete. However, its area encompassed parts of what is now Banda Kaba, Bunga Raya and Kampung Jawa within the modern city centre of Malacca.^{[citation needed]}

Portuguese residents were separated into five major subgroups:^[20]

• Soldados, or the soldier class consisting of single men who had the duty of defending the city if it came under attack.
• Casados, or settlers made up of married settlers. These group of people were directly ruled under the Portuguese formal administration and were made up offidalgos, retiredsoldados and lower class citizens who migrated there. Since the composition was disproportionately male, these settlers married local Asian natives, leading to children of interracial descent.^[21]
• Moradores, or informal settlers who were not under the authority of the formal administration, settling in regions outside of the Portuguese formal eye with Portuguese permission. They were often merchants and establishedlong-term settlements.
• Ministrios, or crown-appointed officials meant for short term-stay. This included the captain-major. Other officials included theouvidor (crown magistrate) andvedor da fazenda (financial superintendent).
• Religioso, or ecclesiastical class. These were made of Catholic officials sent from with papal blessing to the Bishopric of Malacca which was placed under the purview of theArchbishopric in Goa, established in 1557. The Catholic priests were from theCapuchins,Augustinians andDominican orders.^[22] Malacca was also used as an intermediary stop forJesuit priests heading to Japan and China and includedFrancis Xavier.^[23]

The Portuguese also shipped over manyÓrfãs do Rei to Portuguese colonies overseas in Africa and India, and also to Portuguese Malacca.Órfãs do Rei literally translates to "Orphans of the King", and they were Portuguese girl orphans sent to overseas colonies to marry Portuguese settlers.^{[citation needed]}

Portuguese Malacca was placed under the authority ofPortuguese India, based in Goa with its governor/viceroy overseeing its rule. Malacca itself was administered by the captain-major whose office was located inside theFortaleza.^{[citation needed]}

In 1552, Malacca was granted a charter to become a city^[24] equipped with its own city senate which normally consisted offidalgos, procuradores dos mesteres (trade guild representatives) and citizens acting on behalf of marginalised groups.^[25] The city senate represented the interests of thecasados who would use it to communicate with the Portuguese Crown.^{[citation needed]}

The other major organisation present in the city was theMisericordia or the House of Mercy which was a fraternity dedicated to providing aid, medicine and rudimentary education to the Christians of Malacca regardless of background. The body of administration was called themesa and headed by aprovedor. They also acted as financial executors for those who willed their assets to theMisericordia.^{[citation needed]}

With regards to native matters, the administrative structure of Malacca pre-conquest remained largely unchanged.Afonso de Albuquerque initially wanted the sultan to return and rule under the Portuguese eye.^[26] The posts ofbendahara,temenggung andshahbandar were maintained and appointed from among the non-muslims of Malacca.^{[citation needed]}

In 1571, an attempt was made by KingSebastian to establish three separate entities of his Asian colonial holdings with Malacca being one sector under its own governor, though this effort did not come to fruition.^[27]

According to Eredia in 1613, Malacca was administered by a governor (a captain-major), who was appointed for a term of three-years, as well as a bishop and church dignitaries representing the episcopal see, municipal officers, royal officials for finance and justice and a local nativebendahara to administer the native Muslims and foreigners under the Portuguese jurisdiction.^{[citation needed]}

Captains of Malacca (1512–1641)

No.	Captain Major	From	Until	Monarch
1	Ruy de Brito Patalim	1512	1514	Manuel I
2	Jorge de Alburquerque (1st time)	1514	1516
3	Jorge de Brito	1516	1517
4	Nuno Vaz Pereira	1517	1518
5	Alfonso Lopes da Costa	1518	1520
6	Jorge de Alburquerque (2nd time)	1521	1525	Manuel I John III
7	Pedro Mascarenhas	1525	1526	John III
8	Jorge Cabral	1526	1528
9	Pero de Faria	1528	1529
10	Garcia de Sà (1st time)	1529	1533
11	Dom Paulo da Gama	1533	1534
12	DomEstêvão da Gama	1534	1539
13	Pero de Faria	1539	1542
14	Ruy Vaz Pereira	1542	1544
15	Simão Botelho	1544	1545
16	Garcia de Sà (2nd time)	1545	1545
17	Simão de Mello	1545	1548
18	Dom Pedro da Silva da Gama	1548	1552
19	Licenciado Francisco Alvares	1552	1552
20	Dom Alvaro de Ata de Gama	1552	1554
21	DomAntonio de Noronha	1554	1556
22	Dom João Pereira	1556	1557
23	João de Mendonça	1557	1560	John III Sebastian I
24	Francisco Deça	1560	1560	Sebastian I
25	Diogo de Meneses	1564	1567
26	Leonis Pereira	1567	1570
27	Francisco da Costa	1570	1571
28	António Moniz Barreto	1571	1573
29	Miguel de Castro	1573	1573
30	Leonis Pereira ou Francisco Henriques de Meneses	1573	1574
31	Tristão Vaz da Veiga	1574	1575
32	Miguel de Castro	1575	1577
33	Aires de Saldanha	1577	1579	Sebastian I Henry I
34	João da Gama	1581	1582	Philip I
35	Roque de Melo	1582	1584
36	João da Silva	1584	1587
37	João Ribeiro Gaio	1587	1587
38	Nuno Velho Pereira	1587	15xx
39	Diogo Lobo	15xx	15xx
40	Pedro Lopes de Sousa	15xx	1594
41	Francisco da Silva Meneses	1597	1598
42	Martim Afonso de Melo Coutinho	1598	1599	Philip I Phillip II
43	Fernão de Albuquerque	1599	1603	Phillip II
44	André Furtado de Mendonça	1603	1606
45	António de Meneses	1606	1607
46	Francisco Henriques	1610	1613
47	Gaspar Afonso de Melo	1613	1615
48	João Calado de Gamboa	1615	1615
49	António Pinto da Fonseca	1615	1616
50	João da Silveira	1617	1617
51	Pedro Lopes de Sousa	1619	1619
52	Filipe de Sousa ou Francisco Coutinho	1624	1624	Phillip III
53	Luis de Melo	162.	1626
54	Gaspar de Melo Sampaio	16xx	1634
55	Álvaro de Castro	1634	1635
56	Diogo de Melo e Castro	1630	1633
57	Francisco de Sousa de Castro	1630	1636
58	Diogo Coutinho Docem	1635	1637
59	Manuel de Sousa Coutinho	1638	1641	Phillip III John IV

• 
  Portuguese Malaccasoldo. Reign of Manuel I.
• 
  Portuguese Malaccabastardo. Reign of Manuel I.
• 
  Portuguese Malacca tindinheiro. Reign of John III
• 
  Portuguese Malacca tindinheiro. Reign of John III
• 
  Portuguese Malacca tindinheiro. Reign of John III
• 
  Portuguese Malacca tinsoldo. Reign of Sebastian.
• 
  Portuguese Malacca tindinheiro. Reign of Sebastian.

• Fortress of Malacca
• Portuguese Settlement, Malacca
• Portuguese Well
• Malay-Portuguese conflicts
• Acehnese-Portuguese conflicts
• Luso-Asians
• Códice Casanatense

2°11′20″N102°23′4″E / 2.18889°N 102.38444°E /2.18889; 102.38444

• Portuguese Malacca
• History of Malacca
• Former Portuguese colonies
• Portuguese colonisation in Asia
• Former colonies in Asia
• Former countries in Malaysian history
• Malaysia–Portugal relations
• 1511 establishments in Portuguese Malacca
• 1641 disestablishments in Portuguese Malacca
• 1511 establishments in Asia
• 1641 disestablishments in Asia
• States and territories established in 1511
• States and territories disestablished in 1641

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