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The World Portal

Theworld

*The Blue Marble*, a photograph of the planet Earth made on 7 December 1972 by the crew of theApollo 17 spacecraft.

Theworld is the totality of entities, the whole ofreality, or everything thatexists. The nature of the world has beenconceptualized differently in different fields. Some conceptions see the world as unique, while others talk of a "plurality of worlds". Some treat the world asone simple object, while others analyze the world as a complex made up of parts.

Inscientific cosmology, the world or universe is commonly defined as "the totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be".Theories of modality talk of possible worlds as complete and consistent ways how things could have been.Phenomenology, starting from the horizon of co-given objects present in the periphery of every experience, defines the world as the biggest horizon, or the "horizon of all horizons". Inphilosophy of mind, the world is contrasted with the mind as that which is represented by the mind.

Theology conceptualizes the world in relation to God, for example, as God's creation, as identical to God, or as the two being interdependent. Inreligions, there is a tendency to downgrade the material or sensory world in favor of a spiritual world to be sought through religious practice. A comprehensive representation of the world and our place in it, as is found in religions, is known as aworldview.Cosmogony is the field that studies the origin or creation of the world, whileeschatology refers to the science or doctrine of the last things or of the end of the world.

In various contexts, the term "world" takes a more restricted meaning associated, for example, with theEarth and all life on it, with humanity as a whole, or with an international or intercontinental scope. In this sense,world history refers to the history of humanity as a whole, andworld politics is the discipline of political science studying issues that transcend nations and continents. Other examples include terms such as "world religion", "world language", "world government", "world war", "world population", "world economy", or "world championship". (Full article...)

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Selected articles -show another

Image 1

The top 10 busiest container ports by year (2004–2024)

This article lists the world's busiestcontainer ports (ports withcontainer terminals that specialize in handling goods transported inintermodal shipping containers), by total number oftwenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) transported through the port. The table lists volume in thousands of TEU per year. The vast majority of containers moved by large, ocean-faringcontainer ships are 20-foot (1 TEU) and 40-foot (2 TEU)ISO-standard shipping containers, with 40-foot units outnumbering 20-foot units to such an extent that the actual number of containers moved is between 55%–60% of the number of TEUs counted.

The latest ranking reflected the figures for the year 2025, as published in the Lloyds List Top 100 and World Shipping Council (2025 figures), unless otherwise indicated. (Full article...)
Image 2
The map of the mouth of theRiver Amazon

TheInternational Map of the World (IMW; also theMillionth Map of the World, after itsscale of 1:1 000 000) was a project to create a completemap of the world according to internationally agreed standards. It was first proposed by the Germangeographer Albrecht Penck in 1891.

The Central Bureau of the Map of the World was established in London. After theSecond World War,UNESCO took over the project. By 1953, 400 sheets had been produced. The completed sheets became outdated before the project had produced a full set of maps, and by the 1960s was being dismissed as being of no practical use. The project was no longer monitored by the 1990s. (Full article...)
Image 3
Theinternational community is a term used ingeopolitics andinternational relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world. (Full article...)
Image 4
Hotspots ofsulfate aerosol pollution in 2005–2007 are highlighted in orange. Such sulfates rarely occur naturally outside of volcanic activity, and their increased levels are the main cause of global dimming.

Global dimming is a decline in the amount of sunlight reaching theEarth's surface. It is caused byatmospheric particulate matter, predominantlysulfate aerosols, which are components ofair pollution. Global dimming was observed soon after the first systematic measurements of solar irradiance began in the 1950s. This weakening of visible sunlight proceeded at the rate of 4–5% per decade until the 1980s. During these years, air pollution increased due to post-war industrialization.Solar activity did not vary more than the usual during this period.

Aerosols have a cooling effect on the earth's atmosphere, and global dimming has masked the extent ofglobal warming experienced to date, with the most polluted regions even experiencing cooling in the 1970s. The opposite effects it has on global warming appears to be beneficial to the environment. Global dimming has interfered with thewater cycle by lowering evaporation, and thus has probably reduced rainfall in certain areas. It may have weakened theMonsoon of South Asia and caused the entire tropical rain belt to shift southwards between 1950 and 1985, with a limited recovery afterwards. Record levels of particulate pollution in the Northern Hemisphere caused or at least exacerbated the monsoon failure behind the1984 Ethiopian famine. (Full article...)
Image 5
Action for Climate Empowerment (ACE) is a term adopted by theUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It refers to Article 6 of the Convention's original text (1992), focusing on six priority areas: education, training, public awareness,public participation, publicaccess to information, andinternational cooperation on these issues. The implementation of all six areas has been identified as the pivotal factor for everyone to understand and participate in solving the complex challenges presented byclimate change. The importance of ACE is reflected in other international frameworks such as theSustainable Development Goals (SDGs, 2015); the Global Action Programme forEducation for Sustainable Development (GAP on ESD, 2014); theAarhus Convention (2011); the Escazú Agreement (2018) and the Bali Guidelines (2010).

ACE calls on governments to develop and implement educational and public awareness programmes, train scientific, technical and managerial personnel, foster access to information, and promote public participation in addressing climate change and its effects. It also urges countries to cooperate in this process, by exchanging good practices and lessons learned, and strengthening national institutions. This wide scope of activities is guided by specific objectives that, together, are seen as crucial for effectively implementingclimate adaptation and mitigation actions, and for achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC. (Full article...)
Image 6
This marker indicating sea level is situated betweenJerusalem and theDead Sea.

Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened tosea level) is anaverage surface level of one or more amongEarth's coastalbodies of water from which heights such aselevation may be measured. The global MSL is a type ofvertical datum – a standardisedgeodetic datum – that is used, for example, as achart datum incartography andmarine navigation, or, in aviation, as thestandard sea level at whichatmospheric pressure is measured tocalibrate altitude and, consequently, aircraftflight levels. A common and relatively straightforward mean sea-level standard is instead a long-term average oftide gauge readings at a particular reference location.

The termabove sea level generally refers to theheight above mean sea level (AMSL). The termAPSL means above present sea level, comparing sea levels in the past with the level today. (Full article...)
Image 7
Global change in broad sense refers to planetary-scale changes in the Earth system. It is most commonly used to encompass the variety of changes connected to the rapid increase in human activities which started around mid-20th century, i.e., theGreat Acceleration. While the concept stems from research on theclimate change, it is used to adopt a moreholistic view of the observed changes. Global change refers to the changes of the Earth system, treated in its entirety with interacting physicochemical andbiological components as well as the impact human societies have on the components andvice versa. Therefore, the changes are studied through means ofEarth system science. (Full article...)

List of selected articles

General images -load new batch

The following are images from various world-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Pale orange dot, an impression ofEarly Earth, featuring its tinted orangemethane-richearly atmosphere (fromEarth)
Image 2Scientificworldview. (fromWorld)
Image 3A reconstruction of human history based on fossil data. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 4Portrait ofAlfraganus in theCompilatio astronomica, 1493.Islamic astronomers began just before the 9th century to collect and translateIndian,Persian andGreek astronomical texts, adding their own astronomy and enabling later, particularly European astronomy to build on. Symbolic for the post-classical period, a period of an increasing trans-regional literary culture, particularly in the sciences, spreading and building on methods of science. (fromHuman history)
Image 5Chennakesava Temple,Belur, India
Image 6Acomposite image of Earth, with its different types of surface discernible: Earth's surface dominating Ocean (blue), Africa with lush (green) to dry (brown) land and Earth's polar ice in the form ofAntarctic sea ice (grey) covering theAntarctic or Southern Ocean and theAntarctic ice sheet (white) coveringAntarctica. (fromEarth)
Image 7Artist's rendition of an oxinated fully-frozenSnowball Earth with no remaining liquid surface water. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 8Maya observatory,Chichen Itza, Mexico
Image 913th-century Frenchhistoriated initial with the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (theclergy), those who fought (theknights), and those who worked (thepeasantry)
Image 10Pillar erected by Ashoka, aMauryan Emperor in India
Image 11Last Moon landing:Apollo 17 (1972)
Image 12European migrations by mostlyGermanic peoples, 2nd–6th centuries (fromHuman history)
Image 13The replicator in virtually all known life isdeoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is far more complex than the original replicator and its replication systems are highly elaborate. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 14Tracy Caldwell Dyson, aNASA astronaut, observing Earth from theCupola module at theInternational Space Station on 11 September 2010 (fromEarth)
Image 15Olmec colossal head, now at the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa
Image 16A composite image ofartificial light emissions at night on a map of Earth (fromEarth)
Image 17Atomic bombing of Nagasaki, 1945
Image 18Florence, birthplace of theItalian Renaissance
Image 19Wittenberg, birthplace ofProtestantism (fromHuman history)
Image 20Artist's conception ofDevonian flora (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 21The first airplane, theWright Flyer, flew on 17 December 1903.
Image 22A map ofheat flow from Earth's interior to the surface of Earth's crust, mostly along theoceanic ridges (fromEarth)
Image 23Empires of the world in 1898
Image 24Machu Picchu,Inca Empire, Peru
Image 25Earth's history with time-spans of theeons to scale.Ma means "million years ago". (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 26Lithified stromatolites on the shores ofLake Thetis,Western Australia. Archean stromatolites are the first direct fossil traces of life on Earth. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 27An animation of the changing density ofproductive vegetation on land (low in brown; heavy in dark green) and phytoplankton at theocean surface (low in purple; high in yellow) (fromEarth)
Image 28James Watt'ssteam engine powered theIndustrial Revolution.
Image 29A reconstruction of Pannotia (550 Ma). (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 30A pillar at NeolithicGöbekli Tepe
Image 31TheColosseum in Rome (fromHuman history)
Image 32Earth's axial tilt causing different angles of seasonal illumination at different orbital positions around the Sun (fromEarth)
Image 33Standing Buddha from Gandhara, 2nd century CE
Image 34A depiction of the earlySolar System'sprotoplanetary disk from which Earth and other Solar System bodies were formed (fromEarth)
Image 35Shanghai. China urbanized rapidly in the 21st century.
Image 36Trilobites first appeared during the Cambrian period and were among the most widespread and diverse groups of Paleozoic organisms. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 37Artist's impression of a Hadean landscape with the relatively newly formed Moon still looming closely over Earth and both bodies sustaining strongvolcanism. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 38Cross-section through aliposome (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 39A computer-generated image mapping the prevalence ofartificial satellites andspace debris around Earth ingeosynchronous andlow Earth orbit (fromEarth)
Image 40Chloroplasts in the cells of a moss (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 41An artist's impression of ice age Earth at glacial maximum. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 42Obelisk of Axum, Ethiopia
Image 43Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1989
Image 44Relief ofEarth's crust (fromEarth)
Image 45COVID-19 pandemic, 2020 (fromHuman history)
Image 46Battle during the1281 Mongol invasion of Japan
Image 47Change in average surface air temperature and drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability. (fromEarth)
Image 48Graph showing range of estimatedpartial pressure of atmospheric oxygen through geologic time (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 49Umayyad Mosque inDamascus (fromHuman history)
Image 50Satellitetime lapse imagery of Earth's rotation showing axis tilt (fromEarth)
Image 51Moai,Easter Island (fromHuman history)
Image 52The pale orange dot, an artist's impression of theearly Earth which might have appeared orange through itshazy methane richprebiotic second atmosphere. Earth's atmosphere at this stage was somewhat comparable to today'satmosphere of Titan. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 53Taj Mahal,Mughal Empire, India
Image 54Earth's major plates, which are:
(fromEarth)
Image 55Artist's conception ofHadean Eon Earth, when it was much hotter and inhospitable to all forms of life. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 56Yggdrasil, an attempt to reconstruct the Norseworld tree which connects theheavens, the world, and theunderworld. (fromWorld)
Image 57Japanese depiction of a Portuguesecarrack, a result of globalizing maritime trade
Image 58Ming dynasty section,Great Wall of China
Image 59Earth and the Moon as seen fromMars by theMars Reconnaissance Orbiter (fromEarth)
Image 60Earth's western hemisphere showing topography relative to Earth's center instead of tomean sea level, as in common topographic maps (fromEarth)
Image 61Earth's night-side upper atmosphere appearing from the bottom as bands ofafterglow illuminating thetroposphere in orange with silhouettes of clouds, and thestratosphere in white and blue. Next themesosphere (pink area) extends to the orange and faintly green line of the lowestairglow, at about one hundred kilometers at theedge of space and the lower edge of thethermosphere (invisible). Continuing with green and red bands ofaurorae stretching over several hundred kilometers. (fromEarth)
Image 62Geologic map of North America, color-coded by age. From most recent to oldest, age is indicated by yellow, green, blue, and red. The reds and pinks indicate rock from theArchean.
Image 63A view of Earth with itsglobal ocean andcloud cover, which dominate Earth's surface andhydrosphere; at Earth'spolar regions, its hydrosphere forms larger areas of ice cover. (fromEarth)
Image 64Artist's impression of Earth during the later Archean, the largely cooledplanetary crust and water-rich barrensurface, marked byvolcanoes andcontinents, features alreadyround microbialites. The Moon, still orbiting Earth much closer than today and still dominating Earth's sky, produced strongtides. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 65Earth's land use for human agriculture in 2019 (fromEarth)
Image 66Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt
Image 67Angkor Wat temple complex, Cambodia, early 12th century
Image 68Benin Bronze head from Nigeria
Image 69Exaggerated illustration of Earth's elliptical orbit around the Sun, marking that the orbital extreme points (apoapsis andperiapsis) are not the same as the four seasonal extreme points, theequinox andsolstice (fromEarth)
Image 70Tiktaalik, a fish with limb-like fins and a predecessor of tetrapods. Reconstruction from fossils about 375 million years old. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 71A view of Earth with different layers of its atmosphere visible: thetroposphere with its clouds casting shadows, a band ofstratospheric blue sky at the horizon, and a line of greenairglow of the lowerthermosphere around analtitude of 100 km, at the edge of space (fromEarth)
Image 72A 580 million year old fossil ofSpriggina floundensi, an animal from theEdiacaran period. Such life forms could have been ancestors to the many new forms that originated in theCambrian Explosion. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 73Notre-Dame de Paris, France
Image 74Dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates throughout most of theMesozoic (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 75A schematic view of Earth's magnetosphere withsolar wind flowing from left to right (fromEarth)
Image 76An impression of theArchean, theeon after Earth's formation, featuring roundstromatolites, which are early oxygen-producing forms of life from billions of years ago. After theLate Heavy Bombardment,Earth's crust had cooled, its water-rich barrensurface is marked bycontinents andvolcanoes, with the Moon still orbiting Earth half as far as it is today, appearing 2.8 times larger and producing strongtides. (fromEarth)
Image 77One of the elevenRock-hewn Churches of Lalibela constructed during theZagwe dynasty in Ethiopia (fromHuman history)
Image 78Successive dispersals of Homo erectus (yellow), Homo neanderthalensis (ochre) duringOut of Africa I and Homo sapiens (red,Out of Africa II), with the numbers of years since they appearedbefore present. (fromHuman history)
Image 79Vitruvian Man, c. 1490 byLeonardo da Vinci, epitomizes the advances in art and science seen during the Renaissance. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 80A conception of the scorched Earth after theSun has entered thered giant phase, about 5–7 billion years in the future (fromEarth)
Image 81Cuneiform inscription, eastern Turkey
Image 82Image of the physical world, captured by theHubble Space Telescope (fromWorld)
Image 83Artist's impression of the enormous collision that probably formed the Moon (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 84Pangaea was asupercontinent that existed from about 300 to 180 Ma. The outlines of the modern continents and other landmasses are indicated on this map. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 85Carving of Persian and Median soldiers,Persepolis,Achaemenid Empire, 5th century BCE
Image 86Abanded iron formation from the 3.15 GaMoodies Group,Barberton Greenstone Belt,South Africa. Red layers represent the times when oxygen was available; gray layers were formed in anoxic circumstances. (fromHistory of Earth)
Image 87An artist's rendering of aprotoplanetary disk (fromHistory of Earth)

Megacities of the world -show another

Historical peninsula, including theBlue Mosque andHagia Sophia

Istanbul is thelargest city inTurkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. Witha population over15 million, it is home to 18% of thepopulation of Turkey. Istanbul is among thelargest cities in Europe andin the world by population. It is a city on two continents; about two-thirds of its population live inEurope and the rest inAsia. Istanbul straddles theBosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between theSea of Marmara and theBlack Sea. Its area of 5,461 square kilometers (2,109 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province. Under theKöppen climate classification, Istanbul's climate is considered a form ofMediterranean climate, with aspects of othertemperate climate types.

The city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history.Byzantium was founded on theSarayburnu promontory byGreek colonists, potentially in the seventh century BC. Over nearly 16 centuries following its reestablishment asConstantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires: theRoman Empire (330–395), theByzantine Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), theLatin Empire (1204–1261), and theOttoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomansconquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold and the seat of thelast caliphate. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital inAnkara, palaces and imperial mosques still line Istanbul's hills as visible reminders of the city's previous central role.The historic centre of Istanbul is aUNESCO World Heritage Site. (Full article...)

List of megacities

Did you know -load new batch

... that despite having been enlarged for the1939 New York World's Fair, theWillets Point Boulevard station served practically no resident population by 1949?
... thatThos. W. Ward Ltd. used camels andan elephant named Lizzie to replace horses during World War I?
... thatFemke Bol's time of[[2024 World Athletics Indoor Championships –
... thatInky the octopus attracted worldwide media attention after escaping from theNational Aquarium of New Zealand?
... that former archbishopPhilip Hannan became a world-traveling reporter forthe New Orleans TV station founded by his archdiocese?
... that a million tulips at the1939 New York World's Fair were destroyed and replaced the month after the fair began?
... thatLucien Laurent scored the first goal inFIFA World Cup history during the inaugural game ofGroup 1 of the 1930 World Cup?
... that theEdmonds' Clock Tower was split in two after theJune 2011 Christchurch earthquakes?

Countries of the world -show another

Mozambique, officially theRepublic of Mozambique, is a country located inSoutheast Africa bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east,Tanzania to the north,Malawi andZambia to the northwest,Zimbabwe to the west, andEswatini andSouth Africa to the south and southwest. Thesovereign state is separated from theComoros,Mayotte, andMadagascar through theMozambique Channel to the east. The capital and largest city isMaputo.

Between the 7th and 11th centuries, a series of Swahili port towns developed in the area, which contributed to the development of a distinctSwahili culture and dialect. In the late medieval period, these towns were frequented by traders from Somalia, Ethiopia,Egypt, Arabia, Persia, andIndia. The voyage ofVasco da Gama in 1498 marked the arrival of thePortuguese, who began a gradual process of colonisation and settlement in 1505. After over four centuries ofPortuguese rule, Mozambiquegained independence in 1975, becoming thePeople's Republic of Mozambique shortly thereafter. After only two years of independence, the country descended into an intense and protractedcivil war lasting from 1977 to 1992. In 1994, Mozambique held its first multiparty elections and has since remained a relatively stablepresidential republic, although it still faces alow-intensity insurgency mainly in the furthest regions from the southern capital and where Islam is dominant. (Full article...)

List of countries

See also:List of sovereign states

Wonders of the World -show another

Seven Wonders of the Industrial World is a 7-part Britishdocudrama televisionminiseries that originally aired from 4 September 2003 (2003-09-04) to 16 October 2003 (2003-10-16) onBBC and was later released on DVD. The programme examines seven engineering feats that occurred since theIndustrial Revolution. The same feats are covered in a companion book of the same name by producerDeborah Cadbury. (Full article...)

List of articles

Related portals

Protected areas of the world -load new batch

Image 1
Cape Spencer Lighthouse,Innes National Park

Protected areas of South Australia, consisting ofprotected areas located withinSouth Australia and itsimmediate onshore waters and which are managed bySouth Australian Government agencies. As of 2018, South Australia contained 359 separate protected areas declared under theNational Parks and Wildlife Act 1972, theCrown Land Management Act 2009 and theWilderness Protection Act 1992. Together, they cover a total land area of 211,387.48 km² (81,617.16 sq mi) or 21.5% of the state's area. (Full article...)
Image 2
The Valley of the Giants skywalk atWalpole-Nornalup National Park

Western Australia is the second largestcountry subdivision in the world.

As of 2022, based on the latest Collaborative Australian Protected Areas Database report, it contains1857 separate land-based protected areas with a total area of 76,142,710 hectares (188,152,700 acres), accounting for just over 30 percent of the state's land mass. By area,Indigenous Protected Areas account for the largest part of this, almost 67 percent while, by number,nature reserves hold the majority with two-third of all land-based protected areas being nature reserves. (Full article...)
Image 3
Theprotected areas of South Africa includenational parks and marine protected areas managed by thenational government, publicnature reserves managed byprovincial andlocal governments, and private nature reserves managed by private landowners. Most protected areas are intended for theconservation of flora and fauna. National parks are maintained bySouth African National Parks (SANParks). A number of national parks have been incorporated intransfrontier conservation areas.

Protected areas may also be protected for their value and importance as historical, cultural heritage or scientific sites. More information on these can be found in thelist of heritage sites in South Africa. (Full article...)
Image 4
Redwood grove inRedwood National Park

According to theCalifornia Protected Areas Database (CPAD), in the state ofCalifornia, United States, there are over 14,000 inventoriedprotected areas administered by public agencies and non-profits. In addition, there are private conservation areas and othereasements. They include almost one-third ofCalifornia's sceniccoastline, includingcoastal wetlands,estuaries,beaches, anddune systems. The CaliforniaState Parks system alone has 270 units and covers 1.3 million acres (5,300 km²), with over 280 miles (450 km) of coastline, 625 miles (1,006 km) of lake and river frontage, nearly 18,000 campsites, and 3,000 miles (5,000 km) of hiking, biking, and equestrian trails.

Obtaining an accurate total of all protected land in California and elsewhere is a complex task. Many parcels haveinholdings, private lands within the protected areas, which may or may not be accounted for when calculating total area. Also, occasionally one parcel of land is included in two or more inventories. Over 90% of Yosemite National Park for example, is listed both as wilderness by theNational Wilderness Preservation System, and as national park land by theNational Park Service. TheCosumnes River Preserve is an extreme example, owned and managed by a handful of public agencies and private landowners, including theBureau of Land Management, theCounty of Sacramento andThe Nature Conservancy. Despite the difficulties, the CPAD gives the total area of protected land at 49,294,000 acres (199,490 km²), or 47.05% of the state (not including easements); a considerable amount for the most populous state in the country. (Full article...)
Image 5
This is a list ofprotected areas ofSierra Leone, includingnational parks,game reserves,conservation areas,wetlands, and those that are listed as proposed protected areas in the UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP WCM) database. (Full article...)
Image 6
Mombacho Volcano Natural Reserve

Theprotected areas of Nicaragua are areas that have natural beauty or significance and are protected byNicaragua. Nicaragua has 78 protected areas that cover 22,422 km², about 17.3% of the nationslandmass. TheNational System of Protected Areas (SINAP) is administered by theMinistry of the Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA). (Full article...)
Image 7
This is alist ofprotected areas inBulgaria which includes 3national parks, 11nature parks and 55nature reserves. The national policy for governing and management of the protected areas is implemented by theMinistry of Environment and Water. The first nature park in Bulgaria and theBalkan Peninsula isVitosha Nature Park, established in 1934. All of the nationally protected areas inBulgaria are also part of theNatura 2000 network ofprotected natural areas in the territory of theEuropean Union. Bulgaria has some of the largestNatura 2000 areas in theEuropean Union covering 33.8% of its territory.
- Parks and reserves initalic letters are part ofGlobal 200 ecoregions.
(Full article...)
Image 8
TheAustralian Capital Territory as of 2014 contains 46 separateprotected areas with a total land area of 1,302 km² (503 sq mi) or 55.5% of the territory's area, and which managed by Territory and Municipal Services of theACT government: (Full article...)
Image 9
Cranes atSevan National Park

This is alist ofprotected areas inArmenia that are categorized as follows: 4 national parks, 3 state reserves, 27state sanctuaries and 5 botanical gardens. The percentage of protected land in Armenia is approximately 12.89% (2309.0853 km² 891.542819 sq mi). (Full article...)
Image 10
Protected areas of West Bengal cover 4% of the state area. Forests make up 14% of the geographical area ofWest Bengal, which is lower than the national average of 33%. West Bengal has a wide variety of fauna, includingBengal tigers,Indian leopards,sloth andHimalayan black bears,chital andsambar (deer),Indian boars,pygmy hogs,Indian elephants,Indian peafowl,great Indian hornbills,Eurasian spoonbills,brahminy ducks,king andIndian cobras,white-lipped pit viper,Indian andreticulated pythons,mugger crocodiles,saltwater crocodiles,gharials, and many more. A huge montane forest,Dooars, is situated in the Northern West Bengal districts ofAlipur Duar,Darjeeling, andKalimpong. Part of the world's largestmangrove forest,Sundarbans, is located in southern West Bengal.
There are 6national parks and 15wildlife sanctuaries inWest Bengal. (Full article...)
Image 11
Entrance toTanintharyi Nature Reserve.

This list ofprotected areas ofMyanmar includesnational parks, wildlife sanctuaries and botanical gardens that were established since 1927. (Full article...)
Image 12
This is a list ofprotected areas inThailand: (Full article...)
Image 13
Network of protected areas in Albania (2020)

Despite being a relatively small country,Albania is exceedingly rich inbiodiversity. Its ecosystems and habitats support over 5,550 species ofvascular andnon-vascular plants and more than 15,600 species ofconiferous andnon-coniferous evergreens, most of which are threatened at global and European levels. The country has made recent efforts to expand its network of protected areas which now include:11 national parks, 1marine park, 718nature monuments, 23managed nature reserves, 11protected landscapes, 4World Heritage Sites, 4Ramsar sites and other protected areas of various categories, that when combined, account for 21.36% of the territory. Furthermore, a biosphere reserve, 45 important plant areas and 16important bird areas are found in the country.

Meanwhile, the central government has proclaimed the Coastline and the Tirana Greenbelt as areas of national importance. (Full article...)
Image 14

Canada's National Parks and National Reserves by provinces and territories

This is alist ofprotected areas ofNunavut. (Full article...)
Image 15

Canada's National Parks and National Reserves by provinces and territories

Thislist ofprotected areas of Quebec includes federally, provincially and municipally administered parks and wildlife reserves inQuebec, the largest province inCanada. (Full article...)

List of protected areas

Selected world maps

Image 1Index map from theInternational Map of the World (1:1,000,000 scale)
Image 2Mollweide projection of the world
Image 3United NationsHuman Development Index map by country (2016)
Image 41516 map of the world byMartin Waldseemüller
Image 5The world map byGerardus Mercator (1569), the first map in the well-knownMercator projection
$Image 6Only a few of the largest large igneous provinces appear (coloured dark purple) on this geological map, which depicts crustal geologic provinces as seen in seismic refraction data$
Image 6Only a few of the largestlarge igneous provinces appear (coloured dark purple) on this geological map, which depicts crustal geologic provinces as seen inseismic refraction data
Image 7Time zones of the world
Image 8TheGoode homolosine projection is apseudocylindrical,equal-area, compositemap projection used for world maps.
Image 9Aplate tectonics map with volcano locations indicated with red circles

See also:Clickable world map • List of map projections

World records

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v t e World
Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of the Congo Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria São Tomé and Príncipe Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Central African Republic

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Federated States of Micronesia

Republic of the Congo

Romania

Russia

Rwanda

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

São Tomé and Príncipe

v t e Earth
Continents	Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America
Oceans	Arctic Ocean Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean
Geology	Age of Earth Geology Earth science Erosion Extremes on Earth Future Geological history time scale Geologic record Geophysics Gravity History of Earth Magnetic field Plate tectonics Structure
Atmosphere	Atmosphere of Earth Climate Global warming Weather
Environment	Biome Biosphere Ecology Ecosystem Human impact on the environment Evolutionary history of life Nature
Cartography	Digital mapping Satellite imagery Virtual globe World map
Culture and society	List of sovereign states dependent territories In culture Earth Day World economy Etymology World history Time zones World
Planetary science	Earth's orbit Evolution of Solar System Geology of solar terrestrial planets Location in the Universe The Moon Solar System
Outline of Earth

Afro-Eurasia (Old World)

Americas (New World)

Eurasia

Oceania

Other prehistoric continents
Amazonia
Arctica
Asiamerica
Atlantica
Avalonia
Baltica
Cimmeria
Congo Craton
Euramerica
Kalaharia
Kazakhstania
Laramidia
Laurentia
North China
Siberia
South China
East Antarctica
Pampia
Cuyania
Chilenia

Possible future supercontinents
Pangaea Proxima
Amasia
Novopangaea
Aurica

See also:Regions of the world
Continental fragment

Earth's primaryregions andsubregions

v t e Regions ofAfrica
Central	Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Cameroonian Highlands forests East Sudanian savanna Congolian rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau
East	African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj East African montane forests Eastern Arc Mountains Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al-Habash Barbaria Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Dahlak Archipelago Hanish Islands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Red Sea Indian Ocean islands Comoro Islands Lamu Archipelago Madagascar Central Highlands Northern Highlands Zanzibar Archipelago Swahili coast
North	Eastern Desert Maghreb Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Barbary Coast Gibraltar Arc Ifriqiya Nile Valley Nile Delta Bashmur Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Tibesti Mountains Western Sahara
South	Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Maputaland Highveld Fynbos Indian Ocean coastal belt Albany thickets Cape Floristic Region Skeleton Coast Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay
West	Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Guinean Forests of West Africa Upper Guinean forests Lower Guinean forests Guinean forest-savanna mosaic Guinea Highlands Gulf of Guinea Dahomey Gap Niger Basin Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta West Sudanian savanna Yorubaland
Macro-regions	Aethiopia Afromontane Arab world Commonwealth realm Equatorial Africa Françafrique Greater Middle East Guineo-Congolian region Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean basin MENASA Middle East Middle East and North Africa Miombo woodlands Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese-speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Southeast Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan (region) Sudanian savanna Tropical Africa Zambezian region

v t e Regions ofAsia
Central (Turkestan)	Roof of the World Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Arachosia Khwarazm Sistan Kazakhstania Kazakh Steppe Betpak-Dala Eurasian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Mongolian–Manchurian grassland Iranian plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans-Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier Tibetan Plateau
East (Northeast)	Orient Japanese Archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korea Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Greater Central Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Northeast China Northeast China Plain Outer Manchuria Mongolian–Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Liaodong Peninsula High-mountain Asia Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Karakoram Kunlun Mountains Qilian Mountains Hengduan Mountains Tarim Basin Qinling Mountains Sichuan Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze Yangtze Delta Yellow River Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Far East/Pacific Asia Ring of Fire Zomia Asia–Pacific Tropical Asia
North (Siberia)	Arctic Arctic Circle Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East/Pacific Asia Russian Far East Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga Beringia Chukchi Peninsula Kamchatka Peninsula Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia (Lake Baikal) Baraba steppe Khatanga Gulf Transbaikal West Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Sikhote-Alin Kolyma Bering Strait Ring of Fire Outer Manchuria Asia–Pacific
Southeast (East Indies)	Orient Sundaland Mainland/Indochina Northern Triangle temperate forests Maritime/Malay Archipelago Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago/Nusantara Wallacea Timor Philippine Archipelago Luzon Mindanao Visayas Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Far East/Pacific Asia Ring of Fire Southeast Asian Massif Zomia Asia–Pacific Tropical Asia
South (Indian Subcontinent)	Subregions Eastern Northern Northwestern Southern Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Kangchenjunga Nanda Devi Hindu Kush Bactria Carnatic region Tamilakam Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Guzgan Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Gedrosia Makran Marathwada Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo-Gangetic Plain Eastern Coastal Plains Kalinga Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit-Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley High-mountain Asia Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bengal Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Halar Gulf of Mannar Palk Strait Trans-Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Laccadive Islands Aminidivi Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldives Alpide belt Zomia Asia–Pacific Tropical Asia Tibetan Plateau
West (Middle East and South Caucasus)	Red Sea Hanish Islands Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Elam Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al-Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Al-Yamama Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Al-Sharat Tigris–Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh Plains Akkad (region) Babylonia Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Eber-Nari Kurdistan Levant Levantine corridor Syria region Palestine region Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Philistia Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Canaan Gilead Syrian Desert Judea Samaria Arabah Aram Aram-Naharaim Negev Phoenicia Retjenu Anti-Lebanon Mountains Bekaa valley Levantine Sea Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Fertile Crescent Iranian Azerbaijan Hauran Iranian plateau Dasht-e Kavir Armenian highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus South Caucasus Shirvan Kur-Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Kartli Anatolia Taurus Mountains Aeolis Paphlagonia Phasiane Isauria Ionia Bithynia Cilicia Cappadocia Caria Corduene Chaldia Doris Lycaonia Lycia Lydia Galatia Pisidia Pontus Mysia Arzawa Speri Sophene Biga Peninsula Troad Tuwana Alpide belt

v t e Regions ofEurope
North	Arctic Arctic Circle Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Jutland Gotland Sápmi Ingria West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Livonia Curonian Spit Nemunas Delta Cap of the North
East	Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Dacia Wallachia Transylvania Moldavia Bukovina Bessarabia Livonia Ruthenia Carpathian Ruthenia Donbas Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izium Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Crimea Caucasus Greater Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Arctic Arctic Circle Taman Peninsula Southern Russia Kola Peninsula East European Plain Ryn Desert Cap of the North
Central	North European Plain Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Rhineland Eastphalia Westphalia Prussia Greater Poland Kuyavia Lesser Poland Lusatia Bohemia Mazovia Moravia Silesia Czech Silesia Pomerania Pomerelia Kashubia Bukovina Istria Transdanubia Polesia Germania Germania Slavica
West	Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Doggerland Upper Rhine Plain Upper Rhine Gaul Gascony Normandy Brittany Septimania Batavia Gulf of Lion Iberia Al-Andalus Baetic System Meseta Central Pyrenees Alpide belt
South	Italy Po Valley (Padania) Italian Peninsula Tuscan Archipelago Insular Italy Aegadian Islands Occitania Iberia Al-Andalus Baetic System Meseta Central Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Epirus Rumelia Balkans Aegean Sea Aegean Islands Attica Boeotia Opuntian Locris Phocis Megaris Peloponnese Chalkidiki Aetolia Gulf of Chania Istria Great Vlachia Thrace Mediterranean Alpide belt
Related	Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic–Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Macaronesia
Regions of Europe

Regions ofNorth America

Upper Northern
(i.e.Canada andAlaska (US))

Eastern	Atlantic Canada The Maritimes Central Canada Great Lakes
Northern (Canada andAlaska)	North American Arctic Arctic Circle Canadian Arctic Archipelago Alaska Aleutian Arc Aleutian Islands Aleutian Range Alaska Peninsula Bering Strait Gulf of Alaska Greenland
Western	Pacific Northwest Cascadia Prairie Pothole Region
Acadia Acadian Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Banks Peninsula (Nunavut) Brodeur Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Canadian Prairies Canadian Shield Cook Peninsula Cypress Hills English Canada French Canada Gaspé Peninsula Georgian Bay Gulf Islands Gulf of Boothia Hudson Bay Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga James Bay Kodiak Island Labrador Peninsula Melville Peninsula Newfoundland Island Palliser's Triangle Peace River Country Quebec City–Windsor Corridor Strait of Georgia The Maritimes Vancouver Island

Lower Northern
(i.e.United States)

Central	Midwest Upper Midwest Old Southwest Tallgrass prairie
Eastern	Appalachia East Coast Northeast Atlantic Northeast Mid-Atlantic New England Southeast Thirteen Colonies
Northern	East North Central states Great Lakes
Southern	Deep South Old South South Central Gulf Coast Upland South
Southwestern	Four Corners Great Basin Llano Estacado West Texas Santa Fe de Nuevo México Southern Rocky Mountains
Western	Basin and Range Province Northwest Cascadia Inland Northwest Pacific Northwest West Coast
Pacific Coast Ranges Oregon Trail Mormon corridor Calumet Region Llano Estacado Third Coast Backcountry Trans-Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark-La-Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mountain states Intermountain West Mojave Desert The Dakotas Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska–Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile–Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula "Belt" regions Bible Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt

Mexico

Central	Bajío Huasteca Islas Marías La Mixteca Mezquital Valley Revillagigedo Islands Sierra Gorda Tierra Caliente Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests Valley of Mexico
Northern	Baja California peninsula Basin and Range Province Comarca Lagunera Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Isla Llave Lerdo Landing Pimería Alta Salton Trough Sierra de San Francisco
Southern	Chiapas Highlands Isthmus of Tehuantepec Ku-Maloob-Zaap Petén Basin Puuc Sierra Madre de Chiapas Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Sierra Madre del Sur Soconusco Triangle of the Sun Yucatán Peninsula
Gulf of Mexico Sierra Madre Occidental Sierra Madre Oriental

Central

West Indies

North America portal

Australian Capital Territory	Canberra
Jervis Bay Territory	Jervis Bay Village Wreck Bay Village
New South Wales	Central Coast Central Tablelands Central West Far West Greater Blue Mountains Area Hunter Illawarra Mid North Coast Monaro New England North West Slopes Northern Rivers Northern Tablelands Orana Riverina South Coast South West Slopes Southern Highlands Southern Tablelands
Northern Territory	Arnhem Land Barkly Tableland Central Australia Darwin Katherine Top End
Queensland	Central West Central Darling Downs Far North Gulf Country North South East South West Wide Bay–Burnett
South Australia	Adelaide Hills Barossa Light and Lower North Eastern Adelaide Eyre Western Far North Fleurieu and Kangaroo Island Limestone Coast Murray and Mallee Northern Adelaide Southern Adelaide Western Adelaide Yorke and Mid North
Victoria	Barwon South West Gippsland Grampians Greater Melbourne Hume Loddon Mallee
Western Australia	Gascoyne Goldfields–Esperance Great Southern Greater Perth Perth Metropolitan Area Kimberley Mid West Peel Pilbara South West Wheatbelt

Tasmania

External Territories

Australian Indian Ocean Territories	Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands

New Zealand‡

North Island

South Island

Outlying Islands

NZ Subantarctic Islands	Antipodes Islands Auckland Islands Bounty Islands Campbell Islands Snares Islands

Melanesia

Island Melanesia

East Melanesian Islands

Solomon Islands Archipelago	Bougainville Bonis Peninsula Solomon Islands

New Guinea

Aru Islands

Papua New Guinea	Highlands Region Momase Region Huon Gulf Huon Peninsula Southern Region
Western New Guinea	Central Papua Highland Papua Papua South Papua Southwest Papua West Papua

Micronesia

Polynesia

Polynesian Triangle

Phoenix Islands	Canton Island Howland and Baker Islands Baker Island Howland Island

Polynesian Outliers

‡also part of Polynesia

v t e Regions ofSouth America
East	Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado
North	Caribbean South America West Indies Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta
South	Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula Triple Frontier Río de la Plata Río de la Plata Basin
West	Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert
Middle Latin Hispanic Bolivarian American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC

v t e Earth'spolar regions
Antarctic	Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands
Arctic	Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic

v t e Earth'soceans andseas
Antarctic/Southern Ocean	Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser-Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea
Arctic Ocean	Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Pechora Sea Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea
Atlantic Ocean	Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea American Mediterranean Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Lion Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Sidra Gulf of St. Lawrence Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Sea of Marmara Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea
Indian Ocean	Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea
Pacific Ocean	Arafura Sea Bali Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Java Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seram Sea Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea West Philippine Sea Yellow Sea
Endorheic basins	Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea
Others	Ancient oceans Ocean Sea Superocean
Oceans portal Category

Geological history of Earth

Cenozoic Era
(present–66.0 Ma)

Quaternary(present–2.58 Ma)	Holocene (present–11.7 ka) Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
Neogene(2.58–23.0 Ma)	Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma) Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
Paleogene(23.0–66.0 Ma)	Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma) Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma) Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)

Mesozoic Era
(66.0–252 Ma)

Cretaceous(66.0–145 Ma)	Late (66.0–100 Ma) Early (100–145 Ma)
Jurassic(145–201 Ma)	Late (145–164 Ma) Middle (164–174 Ma) Early (174–201 Ma)
Triassic(201–252 Ma)	Late (201–237 Ma) Middle (237–247 Ma) Early (247–252 Ma)

Paleozoic Era
(252–539 Ma)

Permian(252–299 Ma)	Lopingian (252–260 Ma) Guadalupian (260–272 Ma) Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
Carboniferous(299–359 Ma)	Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma) Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
Devonian(359–419 Ma)	Late (359–383 Ma) Middle (383–393 Ma) Early (393–419 Ma)
Silurian(419–444 Ma)	Pridoli (419–423 Ma) Ludlow (423–427 Ma) Wenlock (427–433 Ma) Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
Ordovician(444–485 Ma)	Late (444–458 Ma) Middle (458–470 Ma) Early (470–485 Ma)
Cambrian(485–539 Ma)	Furongian (485–497 Ma) Miaolingian (497–509 Ma) Series 2 (509–521 Ma) Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)

Proterozoic Eon
(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)

Neoproterozoic(539 Ma–1 Ga)	Ediacaran (539–635 Ma) Cryogenian (635–720 Ma) Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
Mesoproterozoic(1–1.6 Ga)	Stenian (1–1.2 Ga) Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga) Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
Paleoproterozoic(1.6–2.5 Ga)	Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga) Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga) Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga) Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)

Archean Eon(2.5–4 Ga)

Hadean Eon(4–4.6 Ga)

ka = kiloannum (thousand years ago);Ma = megaannum (million years ago);Ga = gigaannum (billion years ago).
See also:Geologic time scale •

Geology portal •

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Africa

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Asia

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Europe

Eastern	Austria Belarus Czech Republic Germany German Turks Hungary Moldova Poland Romania Russia Russian Empire Soviet Union Slovakia Switzerland Ukraine
Northern	Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland Iceland Latvia Lithuania Norway Sweden
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Africa	Cape Town 1877 Kimberley 1892–1893 Johannesburg 1936–1937
Asia	Calcutta 1883–1884 Hanoi 1902 Nanking 1910 Semarang 1914 Hangzhou 1929 Taihoku (Taipei) 1935 Nagoya 1937 Clark 1998 Shenyang 2006
Europe	London 1756 Dublin 1853 Manchester 1857 Porto 1865 Stockholm 1866 London 1871–1874 Lyon 1872 Vienna 1873 Amsterdam 1883 Liverpool 1886 London 1886 Copenhagen 1888 Glasgow 1888 Frankfurt 1891 Prague 1891 Lyon 1894 Oporto 1894 Berlin 1896 Stockholm 1897 Glasgow 1901 Cork 1902 London 1905 London 1906 Marseille 1906 Dublin 1907 London 1908 Zaragoza 1908 London 1910 Dresden 1911 London 1911 London 1912 Lyon 1914 Cologne 1914 London 1914 Kristiania 1914 Malmö 1914 London 1921 Marseille 1922 Gothenburg 1923 British Empire Exhibition 1924–1925 Antwerp 1930 Stockholm 1930 Paris 1931 Porto 1934 Glasgow 1938 Stockholm 1943
North America	New York City 1826–1897 Bryant Park, New York City 1853 Atlanta 1881 Louisville 1883–1887 New Orleans 1884 Atlanta 1887 San Francisco 1894 Atlanta 1895 Nashville 1897 Omaha 1898 Buffalo 1901 Charleston 1901–1902 Portland, Oregon 1905 Jamestown 1907 Seattle 1909 Knoxville 1913 San Diego 1915–1917 Bronx 1918 Philadelphia 1926 San Diego 1935–1936 Dallas 1936 Cleveland 1936–1937 Dallas 1937 San Francisco 1939–1940 Chicago 1940 New York City 1964–1965
Oceania	Geelong 1862 Melbourne 1866 Sydney 1870 Melbourne 1875 Brisbane 1876 Sydney 1879 Adelaide 1887 Melbourne 1888 Dunedin 1889 Christchurch 1906 Auckland 1913–1914 Dunedin 1925 Wellington 1939–1940
South America	Santiago 1875 Buenos Aires 1910 Rio de Janeiro 1922

^†Postponed to 2021 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic

v t e Carnival around the world
Asia	Indonesia Solo Jember Jakarta
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^Cancelled due toWorld War I ^^a ^b ^c ^dCancelled due toWorld War II ^Postponed to 2021 due to theCOVID-19 pandemic

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Biological

Extinction	Extinction event Holocene extinction Human extinction List of extinction events Genetic erosion Genetic pollution
Others	Biodiversity loss Decline in amphibian populations Decline in insect populations Biotechnology risk Biological agent Biological warfare Bioterrorism Colony Collapse Disorder Defaunation Dysgenics Interplanetary contamination Pandemic Pollinator decline Overfishing

Astronomical

Eschatological

Others

Fictional

Organizations

Categories

World War I

Theatres

European	Balkans Serbia Western Front Eastern Front Romania Italian Front
Middle Eastern	Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia
African	South West East Kamerun Togoland North
Asian and Pacific	Tsingtao German Samoa German New Guinea
Naval warfare	U-boat campaign North Atlantic Mediterranean

Principal
participants

Entente powers	Leaders Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia Siam United Kingdom British Empire United States
Central Powers	Leaders Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

Timeline

Pre-War conflicts	Franco-Prussian War Scramble for Africa (1880–1914) Russo-Japanese War (1905) Tangier Crisis (1905–06) Bosnian Crisis (1908–09) Agadir Crisis (1911) Italo-Turkish War (1911–12) First Balkan War (1912–13) Second Balkan War (1913)
Prelude	Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis
Autumn 1914	Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia First Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres
1915	Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Sinking of the RMSLusitania Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice–Tarnów offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos
1916	Erzurum offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov offensive Baranovichi offensive Battle of Romani Monastir offensive Battle of Transylvania
1917	Capture of Baghdad February Revolution Zimmermann telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky offensive Battle of Mărăști Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) Battle of Mărășești Third Battle of Oituz Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine offensive October Revolution Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Focșani Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers
1918	Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest-Litovsk German spring offensive Zeebrugge Raid Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 Battle of Goychay Second Battle of the Piave River Second Battle of the Marne Hundred Days Offensive Vardar offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse–Argonne offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Second Romanian campaign Armistice with Germany Armistice of Belgrade
Other conflicts	Somaliland campaign (1900–1920) Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) Libyan resistance (1911–1932) Muscat rebellion (1913–1920) Maritz rebellion (1914–15) Zaian War (1914–1921) Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917) Kelantan rebellion (1915) Senussi campaign (1915–16) Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) Easter Rising (1916) Darfur Expedition (1916) Kaocen revolt (1916–17) Central Asian Revolt (1916-17) Russian Revolution (1917) Manchu Restoration (1917) Finnish Civil War (1918)
Post-War conflicts	Russian Civil War (1917–1921) Soviet–Ukrainian War (1917–1921) Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920) Armeno-Georgian War (1918) German Revolution (1918–19) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920) Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19) Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19) Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920) Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920) Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920) Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19) Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) Egyptian Revolution (1919) Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921) Irish War of Independence (1919–1921) Turkish War of Independence Franco-Turkish War (1918-1921) Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) Turkish–Armenian War (1920) Iraqi revolt (1920) Polish–Lithuanian War (1920) Vlora War (1920) Franco-Syrian War (1920) Soviet–Georgian War (1921)

Aspects

Warfare	Trench warfare Chemical weapons Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Strategic bombing Cryptography Horse use
Atrocities Civilian impact	Spanish flu Blockade of Germany Deportations from East Prussia Destruction of Kalisz Ottoman people Armenian genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Rape of Belgium Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia Bulgarian occupations Albania Serbia German occupations Belgium Luxembourg Northeastern France Ober Ost Russian occupations Eastern Galicia Western Armenia
Agreements	Constantinople Agreement Treaty of London Damascus Protocol Bulgaria–Germany treaty Sykes–Picot Agreement Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement Paris Economy Pact Treaty of Bucharest Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
Peace treaties	Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Treaty of Bucharest Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Lausanne

Category

World War II

Outline
Military engagements
- Battles
- Operations
Leaders
Casualties
Conferences

General

Topics	Air warfare of World War II In Europe Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Declarations of war Diplomacy Governments in exile Home front Australian United Kingdom United States Lend-Lease Manhattan Project British contribution Military awards Military equipment Military production Naval history Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Mulberry harbour Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II
Theaters	Asia and Pacific China South-East Asia Pacific North and Central Pacific South-West Pacific Indian Ocean Europe Western Front Eastern Front Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic timeline Americas
Aftermath	Chinese Civil War Cold War Decolonization Division of Korea First Indochina War Expulsion of Germans Greek Civil War Indonesian National Revolution Keelhaul Marshall Plan Occupation of Germany Occupation of Japan Osoaviakhim Paperclip Soviet occupations Baltic Hungary Poland Romania Territorial changes of Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany United Nations
War crimes	Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German war crimes forced labour Wehrmacht war crimes The Holocaust Aftermath Response Nuremberg trials Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes Genocide of Serbs Persecution of Jews Romanian war crimes Sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Ianjo Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Marocchinate Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland

Participants

Allies	Australia Belgium Brazil Bulgaria (from September 1944) Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia Eswatini (Swaziland) Finland (from September 1944) France Free France Greece India Italy (from September 1943) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands Newfoundland New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Romania (from August 1944) Sierra Leone South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union Tuva United Kingdom British Empire United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia
Axis	Albania protectorate Bulgaria (until September 1944) Wang Jingwei regime Croatia Finland (until September 1944) Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy (until September 1943) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines Romania (until August 1944) Slovakia Thailand Vichy France
Resistance	Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Dutch East Indies Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jews Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia
POWs	Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union German prisoners Soviet Union Azerbaijan United States United Kingdom Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners Soviet Union Soviet prisoners Finland mistreatment by Germans Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union

Timeline

Prelude	Africa Asia Europe
1939	Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China
1940	Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass
1941	East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union Summer War Finland (Silver Fox) Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo (1941–1942) Greek famine of 1941–1944
1942	Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu (occupation) Kiska Zhejiang-Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore St Nazaire Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch Chinese famine of 1942–1943
1943	Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde Bengal famine of 1943
1944	Monte Cassino /Anzio Narva Korsun–Cherkassy Tempest Ichi-Go Overlord Neptune Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines (1944–1945) Burma (1944–1945) Dutch famine of 1944–1945
1945	Vistula–Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy (Spring 1945) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany document Project Hula Manchuria Manila Taipei Naval bombardment of Japan Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Vietnamese famine of 1945 Surrender of Japan document End of World War II in Asia